<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betancourt, T. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Borisova, Ivelina</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Williams, Timothy P</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meyers-Ohki, Sarah E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rubin-Smith, Julia E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annan, Jeannie</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kohrt, Brandon A</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Psychosocial adjustment and mental health in former child soldiers--systematic review of the literature and recommendations for future research.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Child Psychol Psychiatry</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Child Psychol Psychiatry</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adolescent</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Child</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mental Health</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Military Personnel</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prevalence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Resilience, Psychological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk Factors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Social Adjustment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Social Support</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Violence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">War</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013 Jan</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">54</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17-36</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;AIMS AND SCOPE: This article reviews the available quantitative research on psychosocial adjustment and mental health among children (age &amp;lt;18&amp;emsp;years) associated with armed forces and armed groups (CAAFAG)--commonly referred to as child soldiers.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;METHODS: PRISMA standards for systematic reviews were used to search PubMed, PsycInfo, JSTOR, and Sociological Abstracts in February 2012 for all articles on former child soldiers and CAAFAG. Twenty-one quantitative studies from 10 countries were analyzed for author, year of publication, journal, objectives, design, selection population, setting, instruments, prevalence estimates, and associations with war experiences. Opinion pieces, editorials, and qualitative studies were deemed beyond the scope of this study. Quality of evidence was rated according to the systematic assessment of quality in observational research (SAQOR).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;FINDINGS: According to SAQOR criteria, among the available published studies, eight studies were of high quality, four were of moderate quality, and the remaining nine were of low quality. Common limitations were lack of validated mental health measures, unclear methodology including undefined sampling approaches, and failure to report missing data. Only five studies included a comparison group of youth not involved with armed forces/armed groups, and only five studies assessed mental health at more than one point in time. Across studies, a number of risk and protective factors were associated with postconflict psychosocial adjustment and social reintegration in CAAFAG. Abduction, age of conscription, exposure to violence, gender, and community stigma were associated with increased internalizing and externalizing mental health problems. Family acceptance, social support, and educational/economic opportunities were associated with improved psychosocial adjustment.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;CONCLUSIONS: Research on the social reintegration and psychosocial adjustment of former child soldiers is nascent. A number of gaps in the available literature warrant future study. Recommendations to bolster the evidence base on psychosocial adjustment in former child soldiers and other war-affected youth include more studies comprising longitudinal study designs, and validated cross-cultural instruments for assessing mental health, as well as more integrated community-based approaches to study design and research monitoring.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betancourt, T. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McBain, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Newnham, E. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brennan, R. T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trajectories of internalizing problems in war-affected Sierra Leonean youth: examining conflict and postconflict factors.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Child Dev</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Child Dev</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adaptation, Psychological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adolescent</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Child</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Internal-External Control</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mental Disorders</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prospective Studies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk Factors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sierra Leone</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">War</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013 Mar-Apr</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">84</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">455-70</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Three waves of data from a prospective longitudinal study in Sierra Leone were used to examine internalizing trajectories in 529 war-affected youth (ages 10-17 at baseline; 25% female). Latent class growth analyses identified 4 trajectories: A large majority of youth maintained lower levels of internalizing problems (41.4%) or significantly improved over time (47.6%) despite very limited access to care, but smaller proportions continued to report severe difficulties 6&amp;nbsp;years postwar (4.5%) or their symptoms worsened (6.4%). Continued internalizing problems were associated with loss of a caregiver, family abuse and neglect, and community stigma. Despite the comparative resilience of most war-affected youth in the face of extreme adversity, there remains a compelling need for interventions that address family- and community-level stressors.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betancourt, T. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meyers-Ohki, Sarah E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Charrow, Alexandra P</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tol, Wietse A</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interventions for children affected by war: an ecological perspective on psychosocial support and mental health care.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harv Rev Psychiatry</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harv Rev Psychiatry</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adolescent</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Child</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mental Disorders</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mental Health Services</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Psychotherapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">War</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013 Mar-Apr</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">70-91</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;BACKGROUND: Children and adolescents exposed to armed conflict are at high risk of developing mental health problems. To date, a range of psychosocial approaches and clinical/psychiatric interventions has been used to address mental health needs in these groups.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;AIMS: To provide an overview of peer-reviewed psychosocial and mental health interventions designed to address mental health needs of conflict-affected children, and to highlight areas in which policy and research need strengthening.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;METHODS: We used standard review methodology to identify interventions aimed at improving or treating mental health problems in conflict-affected youth. An ecological lens was used to organize studies according to the individual, family, peer/school, and community factors targeted by each intervention. Interventions were also evaluated for their orientation toward prevention, treatment, or maintenance, and for the strength of the scientific evidence of reported effects.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;RESULTS: Of 2305 studies returned from online searches of the literature and 21 sources identified through bibliography mining, 58 qualified for full review, with 40 peer-reviewed studies included in the final narrative synthesis. Overall, the peer-reviewed literature focused largely on school-based interventions. Very few family and community-based interventions have been empirically evaluated. Only two studies assessed multilevel or stepped-care packages.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;CONCLUSIONS: The evidence base on effective and efficacious interventions for conflict-affected youth requires strengthening. Postconflict development agendas must be retooled to target the vulnerabilities characterizing conflict-affected youth, and these approaches must be collaborative across bodies responsible for the care of youth and families.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betancourt, T. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fazel, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Commentary: Advancing an implementation science agenda on mental health and psychosocial responses in war-affected settings: comment on trials of a psychosocial intervention for youth affected by the Syrian crisis - by Panter-Brick et al. (2018)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Child Psychol Psychiatry</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May</style></date></pub-dates></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">59</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">542-544</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1469-7610 (Electronic)&lt;br/&gt;0021-9630 (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syria's civil conflict has created the largest humanitarian disaster of our time, causing massive population displacement, tremendous exposure to trauma, and loss. Advancing the mental health and psychosocial responses of war-affected populations both during acute humanitarian emergencies and in post-conflict transition is imperative in forging a constructive implementation agenda. This study makes an important contribution in building evidence toward effective interventions to advance the mental health and well-being of those affected by the Syrian crisis. Using an innovative approach, this work demonstrates that a thoughtful, ethical, and scientifically valid trial can be carried out in the midst of mass displacement. Further research is urgently needed on the effectiveness of interventions for vulnerable populations, with a growing need to embed studies of evidence-based mental health interventions within humanitarian responses.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29667736</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betancourt, Theresa S&lt;br/&gt;Fazel, Mina&lt;br/&gt;eng&lt;br/&gt;England&lt;br/&gt;2018/04/19 06:00&lt;br/&gt;J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2018 May;59(5):542-544. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.12870.</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boston College School of Social Work, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA.&lt;br/&gt;University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betancourt, T. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thomson, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">VanderWeele, T. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">War-Related Traumas and Mental Health Across Generations</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JAMA Psychiatry</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jan 1</style></date></pub-dates></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5-6</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2168-6238 (Electronic)&lt;br/&gt;2168-622X (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29188290</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betancourt, Theresa S&lt;br/&gt;Thomson, Dana&lt;br/&gt;VanderWeele, Tyler J&lt;br/&gt;eng&lt;br/&gt;2017/12/01 06:00&lt;br/&gt;JAMA Psychiatry. 2018 Jan 1;75(1):5-6. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.3530.</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research Program on Children and Adversity, Boston College School of Social Work, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts.&lt;br/&gt;Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betancourt, T. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Newnham, E. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Birman, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lee, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ellis, B. H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Layne, C. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Comparing Trauma Exposure, Mental Health Needs, and Service Utilization Across Clinical Samples of Refugee, Immigrant, and U.S.-Origin Children</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Trauma Stress</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adolescent</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Child</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Emigrants and Immigrants/psychology/*statistics &amp; numerical data</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Exposure to Violence/psychology/*statistics &amp; numerical data</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Health Services Needs and Demand/*statistics &amp; numerical data</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mental Disorders/epidemiology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Patient Acceptance of Health Care/*statistics &amp; numerical data</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Refugees/psychology/*statistics &amp; numerical data</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/epidemiology/psychology</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jun</style></date></pub-dates></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">209-218</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1573-6598 (Electronic)&lt;br/&gt;0894-9867 (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Most mental health services for trauma-exposed children and adolescents were not originally developed for refugees. Information is needed to help clinicians design services to address the consequences of trauma in refugee populations. We compared trauma exposure, psychological distress, and mental health service utilization among children and adolescents of refugee-origin, immigrant-origin, and U.S.-origin referred for assessment and treatment by U.S. providers in the National Child Traumatic Stress Network (NCTSN). We used propensity score matching to compare trauma profiles, mental health needs, and service use across three groups. Our sample comprised refugee-origin youth (n = 60, 48.3% female, mean age = 13.07 years) and propensity-matched samples of immigrant-origin youth (n = 143, 60.8% female, mean age = 13.26 years), and U.S.-origin youth (n = 140, 56.1% female, mean age = 12.11 years). On average, there were significantly more types of trauma exposure among refugee youth than either U.S.-origin youth (p &lt; .001) or immigrant youth (p &lt;/= .001). Compared with U.S.-origin youth, refugee youth had higher rates of community violence exposure, dissociative symptoms, traumatic grief, somatization, and phobic disorder. In contrast, the refugee group had comparably lower rates of substance abuse and oppositional defiant disorder (ps ranging from .030 to &lt; .001).This clinic-referred sample of refugee-origin youth presented with distinct patterns of trauma exposure, distress symptoms, and service needs that merit consideration in services planning.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">28585740</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betancourt, Theresa S&lt;br/&gt;Newnham, Elizabeth A&lt;br/&gt;Birman, Dina&lt;br/&gt;Lee, Robert&lt;br/&gt;Ellis, B Heidi&lt;br/&gt;Layne, Christopher M&lt;br/&gt;eng&lt;br/&gt;K01 MH077246/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/&lt;br/&gt;Comparative Study&lt;br/&gt;2017/06/07 06:00&lt;br/&gt;J Trauma Stress. 2017 Jun;30(3):209-218. doi: 10.1002/jts.22186. Epub 2017 Jun 6.</style></notes><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5711415</style></custom2><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.&lt;br/&gt;Francois-Xavier Bagnoud Center for Health and Human Rights, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.&lt;br/&gt;School of Psychology and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.&lt;br/&gt;School of Education and Human Development, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA.&lt;br/&gt;Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia.&lt;br/&gt;UCLA/Duke University National Center for Child Traumatic Stress, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.&lt;br/&gt;Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.&lt;br/&gt;UCLA/Duke University National Center for Child Traumatic Stress, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betancourt, T. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smith Fawzi, M. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stevenson, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kanyanganzi, F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kirk, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ng, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mushashi, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bizimana, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beardslee, W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Raviola, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smith, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kayiteshonga, Y.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Binagwaho, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correction: Ethics in Community-Based Research with Vulnerable Children: Perspectives from Rwanda</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PLoS One</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">e0163384</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1932-6203 (Electronic)&lt;br/&gt;1932-6203 (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157042.].</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27631364</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betancourt, Theresa S&lt;br/&gt;Smith Fawzi, Mary C&lt;br/&gt;Stevenson, Anne&lt;br/&gt;Kanyanganzi, Fredrick&lt;br/&gt;Kirk, Catherine&lt;br/&gt;Ng, Lauren&lt;br/&gt;Mushashi, Christina&lt;br/&gt;Bizimana, Justin&lt;br/&gt;Beardslee, William&lt;br/&gt;Raviola, Giuseppe&lt;br/&gt;Smith, Stephanie&lt;br/&gt;Kayiteshonga, Yvonne&lt;br/&gt;Binagwaho, Agnes&lt;br/&gt;eng&lt;br/&gt;Published Erratum&lt;br/&gt;2016/09/16 06:00&lt;br/&gt;PLoS One. 2016 Sep 15;11(9):e0163384. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163384. eCollection 2016.</style></notes><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5025136</style></custom2></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betancourt, T. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smith Fawzi, M. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stevenson, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kanyanganzi, F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kirk, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ng, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mushashi, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bizimana, J. I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beardslee, W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Raviola, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smith, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kayiteshonga, Y.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Binagwaho, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ethics in Community-Based Research with Vulnerable Children: Perspectives from Rwanda</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PLoS One</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Vulnerable Populations</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/diagnosis/*epidemiology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adolescent</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Child</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Community-Based Participatory Research/*ethics/methods</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mental Health/statistics &amp; numerical data</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rwanda</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Socioeconomic Factors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Suicide/statistics &amp; numerical data</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">e0157042</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1932-6203 (Electronic)&lt;br/&gt;1932-6203 (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A &quot;risk of harm&quot; protocol to identify youth in need of immediate emergency assistance in a study on mental health and HIV in Rwanda among 680 youth ages 10-17 is described. Cases are presented that describe the experience in using this protocol to ensure safety of participants, with ethical and logistical challenges considered. Among the population of the study, 3.2% were deemed &quot;risk of harm.&quot; The most prevalent presenting problem was non-fatal suicidal behavior (91% of risk of harm cases), with 36% having a history of a reported previous attempt. Challenges included: acute food insecurity/significant poverty; lack of support/adequate supervision from family members; family violence; alcohol abuse; and HIV-related stigma. Development of a &quot;risk of harm&quot; protocol and collaboration between study staff, community leadership, health authorities, and health workers are critical to ensuring participants' safety in research among vulnerable populations.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27351337</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betancourt, Theresa&lt;br/&gt;Smith Fawzi, Mary C&lt;br/&gt;Stevenson, Anne&lt;br/&gt;Kanyanganzi, Fredrick&lt;br/&gt;Kirk, Catherine&lt;br/&gt;Ng, Lauren&lt;br/&gt;Mushashi, Christina&lt;br/&gt;Bizimana, Justin I&lt;br/&gt;Beardslee, William&lt;br/&gt;Raviola, Giuseppe&lt;br/&gt;Smith, Stephanie&lt;br/&gt;Kayiteshonga, Yvonne&lt;br/&gt;Binagwaho, Agnes&lt;br/&gt;eng&lt;br/&gt;R34 MH084679/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/&lt;br/&gt;T32 MH093310/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/&lt;br/&gt;2016/06/29 06:00&lt;br/&gt;PLoS One. 2016 Jun 28;11(6):e0157042. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157042. eCollection 2016.</style></notes><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4924793</style></custom2><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Global Health and Population, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.&lt;br/&gt;Harvard Medical School, Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.&lt;br/&gt;Partners In Health-Rwanda/ Inshuti Mu Buzima (PIH-IMB), Kigali, Rwanda.&lt;br/&gt;Ministry of Health, Government of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda.&lt;br/&gt;Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.&lt;br/&gt;Partners In Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.&lt;br/&gt;University of Global Health Equity, Kigali, Rwanda.&lt;br/&gt;Rwanda Biomedical Center, Kigali, Rwanda.&lt;br/&gt;Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America.</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betancourt, T. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chambers, D. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optimizing an Era of Global Mental Health Implementation Science</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JAMA Psychiatry</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Global Health</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Health Services Research</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Mental Health Services</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Feb</style></date></pub-dates></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">73</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">99-100</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2168-6238 (Electronic)&lt;br/&gt;2168-622X (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26720304</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betancourt, Theresa S&lt;br/&gt;Chambers, David A&lt;br/&gt;eng&lt;br/&gt;Review&lt;br/&gt;2016/01/01 06:00&lt;br/&gt;JAMA Psychiatry. 2016 Feb;73(2):99-100. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.2705.</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.&lt;br/&gt;Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland.</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betancourt, T. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zuilkowski, S. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ravichandran, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Einhorn, H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arora, N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bhattacharya Chakravarty, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brennan, R. T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development of the SAFE Checklist Tool for Assessing Site-Level Threats to Child Protection: Use of Delphi Methods and Application to Two Sites in India</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PLoS One</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Child Protective Services/methods/statistics &amp; numerical data</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Checklist</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Child</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Construction Industry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Delphi Technique</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">India</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Railroads</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Safety/standards</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">e0141222</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1932-6203 (Electronic)&lt;br/&gt;1932-6203 (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND: The child protection community is increasingly focused on developing tools to assess threats to child protection and the basic security needs and rights of children and families living in adverse circumstances. Although tremendous advances have been made to improve measurement of individual child health status or household functioning for use in low-resource settings, little attention has been paid to a more diverse array of settings in which many children in adversity spend time and how context contributes to threats to child protection. The SAFE model posits that insecurity in any of the following fundamental domains threatens security in the others: Safety/freedom from harm; Access to basic physiological needs and healthcare; Family and connection to others; Education and economic security. Site-level tools are needed in order to monitor the conditions that can dramatically undermine or support healthy child growth, development and emotional and behavioral health. From refugee camps and orphanages to schools and housing complexes, site-level threats exist that are not well captured by commonly used measures of child health and well-being or assessments of single households (e.g., SDQ, HOME). METHODS: The present study presents a methodology and the development of a scale for assessing site-level child protection threats in various settings of adversity. A modified Delphi panel process was enhanced with two stages of expert review in core content areas as well as review by experts in instrument development, and field pilot testing. RESULTS: Field testing in two diverse sites in India-a construction site and a railway station-revealed that the resulting SAFE instrument was sensitive to the differences between the sites from the standpoint of core child protection issues.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26540159</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betancourt, Theresa S&lt;br/&gt;Zuilkowski, Stephanie S&lt;br/&gt;Ravichandran, Arathi&lt;br/&gt;Einhorn, Honora&lt;br/&gt;Arora, Nikita&lt;br/&gt;Bhattacharya Chakravarty, Aruna&lt;br/&gt;Brennan, Robert T&lt;br/&gt;eng&lt;br/&gt;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't&lt;br/&gt;2015/11/06 06:00&lt;br/&gt;PLoS One. 2015 Nov 5;10(11):e0141222. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141222. eCollection 2015.</style></notes><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4634981</style></custom2><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, United States of America.&lt;br/&gt;Learning Systems Institute and Department of Educational Leadership and Policy Studies, Florida State University, University Center C4600, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, United States of America.&lt;br/&gt;FXB Center for Health and Human Rights, Harvard University, 651 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, United States of America.&lt;br/&gt;Indian Institute of Public Health-Delhi, Public Health Foundation of India, Plot No. 47, Sector 44, Institutional Area, Gurgaon, 122002, India.</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betancourt, T. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gilman, S. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brennan, R. T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zahn, I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">VanderWeele, T. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Identifying Priorities for Mental Health Interventions in War-Affected Youth: A Longitudinal Study</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pediatrics</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Health Priorities</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Mental Health Services</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Needs Assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Warfare</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adolescent</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Longitudinal Studies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mental Disorders/*therapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sierra Leone</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aug</style></date></pub-dates></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">136</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">e344-50</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1098-4275 (Electronic)&lt;br/&gt;0031-4005 (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND: War-affected youth often suffer from multiple co-occurring mental health problems. These youth often live in low-resource settings where it may be infeasible to provide mental health services that simultaneously address all of these co-occurring mental health issues. It is therefore important to identify the areas where targeted interventions would do the most good. METHODS: This analysis uses observational data from 3 waves of a longitudinal study on mental health in a sample of 529 war-affected youth (24.2% female; ages 10-17 at T1, 2002) in Sierra Leone. We regressed 4 mental health outcomes at T3 (2008) on internalizing (depression/anxiety) and externalizing (hostility/aggression) problems and prosocial attitudes/behaviors and community variables at T2 (2004) controlling for demographics, war exposures, and previous mental health scores at T1, allowing us to assess the relative impact of potential mental health intervention targets in shaping mental health outcomes over time. RESULTS: Controlling for baseline covariates at T1 and all other exposures/potential intervention targets at T2, we observed a significant association between internalizing problems at T2 and 3 of the 4 outcomes at T3: internalizing (beta = 0.27, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.11-0.42), prosocial attitudes (beta = -0.20, 95% CI: -0.33 to -0.07) and posttraumatic stress symptoms (beta = 0.22, 95% CI: 0.02-0.43). No other potential intervention target had similar substantial effects. CONCLUSIONS: Reductions in internalizing may have multiple benefits for other mental health outcomes at a later point in time, even after controlling for confounding variables.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26148954</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betancourt, Theresa S&lt;br/&gt;Gilman, Stephen E&lt;br/&gt;Brennan, Robert T&lt;br/&gt;Zahn, Ista&lt;br/&gt;VanderWeele, Tyler J&lt;br/&gt;eng&lt;br/&gt;1K01MH077246-01A2/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/&lt;br/&gt;R01ES017876/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/&lt;br/&gt;R01HD073349-01/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/&lt;br/&gt;Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural&lt;br/&gt;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't&lt;br/&gt;2015/07/08 06:00&lt;br/&gt;Pediatrics. 2015 Aug;136(2):e344-50. doi: 10.1542/peds.2014-1521. Epub 2015 Jul 6.</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Departments of Global Health and Population, theresa_betancourt@harvard.edu.&lt;br/&gt;Social and Behavioral Sciences, and Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts;&lt;br/&gt;Departments of Global Health and Population.&lt;br/&gt;FXB Center for Health and Human Rights and The Institute for Quantitative Social Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.&lt;br/&gt;Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts;</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betancourt, T. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Frounfelker, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mishra, T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hussein, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Falzarano, R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Addressing health disparities in the mental health of refugee children and adolescents through community-based participatory research: a study in 2 communities</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Am J Public Health</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Community-Based Participatory Research</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Health Services Needs and Demand</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Health Status Disparities</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Healthcare Disparities</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adolescent</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bhutan/ethnology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Child</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Massachusetts/epidemiology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mental Disorders/*epidemiology/*ethnology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Refugees/*psychology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Somalia/ethnology</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jul</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">105 Suppl 3</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">S475-82</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1541-0048 (Electronic)&lt;br/&gt;0090-0036 (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">OBJECTIVES: We sought to understand the problems, strengths, and help-seeking behaviors of Somali Bantu and Bhutanese refugees and determine local expressions of mental health problems among youths in both communities. METHODS: We used qualitative research methods to develop community needs assessments and identify local terms for child mental health problems among Somali Bantu and Bhutanese refugees in Greater Boston and Springfield, Massachusetts, between 2011 and 2014. A total of 56 Somali Bantu and 93 Bhutanese refugees participated in free list and key informant interviews. RESULTS: Financial and language barriers impeded the abilities of families to assist youths who were struggling academically and socially. Participants identified resources both within and outside the refugee community to help with these problems. Both communities identified areas of distress corresponding to Western concepts of conduct disorders, depression, and anxiety. CONCLUSIONS: There are numerous challenges faced by Somali Bantu and Bhutanese youths, as well as strengths and resources that promote resilience. Future steps include using culturally informed methods for identifying those in need of services and developing community-based prevention programs.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25905818</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betancourt, Theresa S&lt;br/&gt;Frounfelker, Rochelle&lt;br/&gt;Mishra, Tej&lt;br/&gt;Hussein, Aweis&lt;br/&gt;Falzarano, Rita&lt;br/&gt;eng&lt;br/&gt;R24 MD008057/MD/NIMHD NIH HHS/&lt;br/&gt;5R24MD008057-02/MD/NIMHD NIH HHS/&lt;br/&gt;Multicenter Study&lt;br/&gt;Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural&lt;br/&gt;2015/04/24 06:00&lt;br/&gt;Am J Public Health. 2015 Jul;105 Suppl 3:S475-82. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302504. Epub 2015 Apr 23.</style></notes><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4455528</style></custom2><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Theresa S. Betancourt and Tej Mishra are with the Department of Global Health and Population, Research Program on Children and Global Adversity, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Rochelle Frounfelker is with the Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Research Program on Children and Global Adversity, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health. Aweis Hussein and Rita Falzarano are with Shanbaro Association, Chelsea Collaborative, Chelsea, MA.</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betancourt, T. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McBain, R. K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Newnham, E. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brennan, R. T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The intergenerational impact of war: longitudinal relationships between caregiver and child mental health in postconflict Sierra Leone</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Child Psychol Psychiatry</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adolescent</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anxiety</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anxiety/*psychology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Caregivers/psychology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Child</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Depression</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Depression/*psychology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dyadic analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Family Relations/psychology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Family/*psychology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">intergenerational</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Longitudinal Studies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Military Personnel/*psychology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Psychological Trauma/*psychology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sierra Leone</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Social Stigma</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">War</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Warfare and Armed Conflicts/*psychology</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oct</style></date></pub-dates></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">56</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1101-7</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1469-7610 (Electronic)&lt;br/&gt;0021-9630 (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND: Trauma from witnessing events such as bombings and killings as well as direct victimization or participation in violence has been associated with psychosocial distress and poor mental health among war-exposed children and adolescents. This study examines the relationship between caregiver mental health and child internalizing (anxiety and depression) symptoms over a 4-year period in postconflict Sierra Leone. METHODS: The sample included 118 adolescent Sierra Leonean youth (73% male; mean age = 16.5 years at Time 1) and their caregivers (40% male; mean age = 39.0 at Time 1). To measure depression and anxiety symptoms, the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 was used with adults and the Oxford Measure of Psychosocial Adjustment - previously validated for use with children and adolescents in the region - was used to assess youth. A multivariate hierarchical linear model (HLM) for studying change within dyads was implemented to study covariation in internalizing symptoms among caregivers and youth over time; these models also included covariates at the individual, family and community levels. The relationship of caregiver mental health to child's internalizing was tested in a latent variable extension of the HLM. RESULTS: The latent variable extension estimated that a one standard deviation (SD) change in caregiver anxiety/depression was associated with a .43 SD change in youth internalizing (p &lt; .01) over the 4-year period. Family acceptance was negatively related to youth internalizing (p &lt; .001), while community stigma was positively associated (p &lt; .001). CONCLUSIONS: The findings highlight an important interplay between caregiver and child mental health within the postconflict setting and the need for psychosocial interventions to extend beyond the individual to account for family dynamics.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25665018</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betancourt, Theresa S&lt;br/&gt;McBain, Ryan K&lt;br/&gt;Newnham, Elizabeth A&lt;br/&gt;Brennan, Robert T&lt;br/&gt;eng&lt;br/&gt;1K01MH077246-01A2/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/&lt;br/&gt;Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural&lt;br/&gt;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't&lt;br/&gt;England&lt;br/&gt;2015/02/11 06:00&lt;br/&gt;J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2015 Oct;56(10):1101-7. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.12389. Epub 2015 Feb 9.</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.&lt;br/&gt;Francois-Xavier Bagnoud Center for Health and Human Rights, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.&lt;br/&gt;School of Psychology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betancourt, T. S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The intergenerational effect of war</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JAMA Psychiatry</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Intergenerational Relations</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Warfare</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Child</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Child Development/*physiology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Violence/*psychology</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mar</style></date></pub-dates></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">72</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">199-200</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2168-6238 (Electronic)&lt;br/&gt;2168-622X (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25565552</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betancourt, Theresa S&lt;br/&gt;eng&lt;br/&gt;2015/01/08 06:00&lt;br/&gt;JAMA Psychiatry. 2015 Mar;72(3):199-200. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.2669.</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betancourt, T. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McBain, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Newnham, E. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Akinsulure-Smith, A. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brennan, R. T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weisz, J. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hansen, N. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A behavioral intervention for war-affected youth in Sierra Leone: a randomized controlled trial</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Am Acad Child Adolesc PsychiatryJ Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Warfare</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adolescent</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cognitive Therapy/*methods</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">intervention</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mental Disorders/etiology/*therapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mental Health</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">randomized controlled trial</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">report no biomedical interests or potential conflicts of interest.</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sierra Leone</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Treatment Outcome</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">War-affected</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Young Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">youth</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dec</style></date></pub-dates></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">53</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1288-97</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1527-5418 (Electronic)&lt;br/&gt;0890-8567 (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">OBJECTIVE: Youth in war-affected regions are at risk for poor psychological, social, and educational outcomes. Effective interventions are needed to improve mental health, social behavior, and school functioning. This randomized controlled trial tested the effectiveness of a 10-session cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)-based group mental health intervention for multisymptomatic war-affected youth (aged 15-24 years) in Sierra Leone. METHOD: War-affected youth identified by elevated distress and impairment via community screening were randomized (stratified by sex and age) to the Youth Readiness Intervention (YRI) (n = 222) or to a control condition (n = 214). After treatment, youth were again randomized and offered an education subsidy immediately (n = 220) or waitlisted (n = 216). Emotion regulation, psychological distress, prosocial attitudes/behaviors, social support, functional impairment, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms were assessed at pre- and postintervention and at 6-month follow-up. For youth in school, enrollment, attendance, and classroom performance were assessed after 8 months. Linear mixed-effects regressions evaluated outcomes. RESULTS: The YRI showed significant postintervention effects on emotion regulation, prosocial attitudes/behaviors, social support, and reduced functional impairment, and significant follow-up effects on school enrollment, school attendance, and classroom behavior. In contrast, education subsidy was associated with better attendance but had no effect on mental health or functioning, school retention, or classroom behavior. Interactions between education subsidy and YRI were not significant. CONCLUSION: YRI produced acute improvements in mental health and functioning as well as longer-term effects on school engagement and behavior, suggesting potential to prepare war-affected youth for educational and other opportunities. Clinical trial registration information-Trial of the Youth Readiness Intervention (YRI); http://clinicaltrials.gov; NCT01684488.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25457927</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betancourt, Theresa S&lt;br/&gt;McBain, Ryan&lt;br/&gt;Newnham, Elizabeth A&lt;br/&gt;Akinsulure-Smith, Adeyinka M&lt;br/&gt;Brennan, Robert T&lt;br/&gt;Weisz, John R&lt;br/&gt;Hansen, Nathan B&lt;br/&gt;eng&lt;br/&gt;K01 MH077246/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/&lt;br/&gt;5K01MH077246-05/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/&lt;br/&gt;P30 AG024409/AG/NIA NIH HHS/&lt;br/&gt;5P30AG024409-08/AG/NIA NIH HHS/&lt;br/&gt;1F31MH097333-01A1/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/&lt;br/&gt;F31 MH097333/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/&lt;br/&gt;Randomized Controlled Trial&lt;br/&gt;Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural&lt;br/&gt;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't&lt;br/&gt;2014/12/03 06:00&lt;br/&gt;J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2014 Dec;53(12):1288-97. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2014.09.011. Epub 2014 Oct 2.</style></notes><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5022359</style></custom2><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvard School of Public Health, Cambridge, MA. Electronic address: Theresa_Betancourt@harvard.edu.&lt;br/&gt;Francois-Xavier Bagnoud (FXB) Center for Health and Human Rights at Harvard University and the Harvard School of Public Health.&lt;br/&gt;The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, and the FXB Center for Health and Human Rights at Harvard University.&lt;br/&gt;City College of the City University of New York.&lt;br/&gt;FXB Center for Health and Human Rights at Harvard University.&lt;br/&gt;Harvard University Faculty of Arts and Sciences and Harvard Medical School.&lt;br/&gt;College of Public Health at the University of Georgia, Athens, GA.</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betancourt, T. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abdi, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ito, B. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lilienthal, G. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agalab, N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ellis, H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We left one war and came to another: resource loss, acculturative stress, and caregiver-child relationships in Somali refugee families</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Acculturation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adolescent</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boston</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Caregivers/*psychology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Family/ethnology/*psychology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Focus Groups</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Refugees/*psychology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Somalia/ethnology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stress, Psychological/ethnology/*etiology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Warfare</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Young Adult</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jan</style></date></pub-dates></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">114-25</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1099-9809 (Print)&lt;br/&gt;1077-341X (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Refugee families often encounter a number of acculturative and resettlement stressors as they make lives for themselves in host countries. These difficulties may be compounded by past trauma and violence exposure, posing increased risk for mental health problems. Greater knowledge is needed about protective processes contributing to positive development and adjustment in refugee families despite risk (e.g., resilience). The aims of this research were to identify and examine strengths and resources utilized by Somali refugee children and families in the Boston area to overcome resettlement and acculturative stressors. We used maximum variation sampling to conduct a total of 9 focus groups: 5 focus groups (total participants N = 30) among Somali refugee adolescents and youth, capturing gender and a range of ages (15 to 25 years), as well as 4 focus groups of Somali refugee mothers and fathers in groups (total participants N = 32) stratified by gender. Drawing from conservation of resources theory (COR), we identified 5 forms of resources comprising individual, family, and collective/community strengths: religious faith, healthy family communication, support networks, and peer support. &quot;Community talk&quot; was identified as a community dynamic having both negative and positive implications for family functioning. Protective resources among Somali refugee children and families can help to offset acculturative and resettlement stressors. Many of these locally occurring protective resources have the potential to be leveraged by family and community-based interventions. These findings are being used to design preventative interventions that build on local strengths among Somali refugees in the Boston area.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25090142</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betancourt, Theresa S&lt;br/&gt;Abdi, Saida&lt;br/&gt;Ito, Brandon S&lt;br/&gt;Lilienthal, Grace M&lt;br/&gt;Agalab, Naima&lt;br/&gt;Ellis, Heidi&lt;br/&gt;eng&lt;br/&gt;K01 MH077246/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/&lt;br/&gt;1K01MH077246-01A2/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/&lt;br/&gt;2U79SM060444/SM/CMHS SAMHSA HHS/&lt;br/&gt;5U79SM058141/SM/CMHS SAMHSA HHS/&lt;br/&gt;Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural&lt;br/&gt;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.&lt;br/&gt;2014/08/05 06:00&lt;br/&gt;Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol. 2015 Jan;21(1):114-25. doi: 10.1037/a0037538. Epub 2014 Aug 4.</style></notes><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4315611</style></custom2><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health.&lt;br/&gt;Department of Psychiatry, Children's Hospital Boston.&lt;br/&gt;Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health.&lt;br/&gt;Refugee and Immigrant Assistance Center (RIAC).&lt;br/&gt;Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital.</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betancourt, T. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yang, F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bolton, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Normand, S. L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Developing an African youth psychosocial assessment: an application of item response theory</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Int J Methods Psychiatr Res</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Models, Theoretical</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adolescent</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adolescent Behavior/*psychology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adolescent Development/*physiology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Africa</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">children and adolescents</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Factor Analysis, Statistical</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">item response theory (IRT)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mental health assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">psychometric measurement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Psychometrics/*methods</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Surveys and Questionnaires</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Uganda</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jun</style></date></pub-dates></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">142-60</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1557-0657 (Electronic)&lt;br/&gt;1049-8931 (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study aimed to refine a dimensional scale for measuring psychosocial adjustment in African youth using item response theory (IRT). A 60-item scale derived from qualitative data was administered to 667 war-affected adolescents (55% female). Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) determined the dimensionality of items based on goodness-of-fit indices. Items with loadings less than 0.4 were dropped. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to confirm the scale's dimensionality found under the EFA. Item discrimination and difficulty were estimated using a graded response model for each subscale using weighted least squares means and variances. Predictive validity was examined through correlations between IRT scores (theta) for each subscale and ratings of functional impairment. All models were assessed using goodness-of-fit and comparative fit indices. Fisher's Information curves examined item precision at different underlying ranges of each trait. Original scale items were optimized and reconfigured into an empirically-robust 41-item scale, the African Youth Psychosocial Assessment (AYPA). Refined subscales assess internalizing and externalizing problems, prosocial attitudes/behaviors and somatic complaints without medical cause. The AYPA is a refined dimensional assessment of emotional and behavioral problems in African youth with good psychometric properties. Validation studies in other cultures are recommended.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24478113</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betancourt, Theresa S&lt;br/&gt;Yang, Frances&lt;br/&gt;Bolton, Paul&lt;br/&gt;Normand, Sharon-Lise&lt;br/&gt;eng&lt;br/&gt;K01 MH077246/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/&lt;br/&gt;P60 MD002261/MD/NIMHD NIH HHS/&lt;br/&gt;1K01MH077246-01A2/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/&lt;br/&gt;Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural&lt;br/&gt;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't&lt;br/&gt;2014/01/31 06:00&lt;br/&gt;Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2014 Jun;23(2):142-60. doi: 10.1002/mpr.1420. Epub 2014 Jan 30.</style></notes><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4098666</style></custom2><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betancourt, T. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McBain, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Newnham, E. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brennan, R. T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Context matters: community characteristics and mental health among war-affected youth in Sierra Leone</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Child Psychol Psychiatry</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Social Environment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Social Stigma</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Warfare</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adolescent</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">child soldiers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Combat Disorders/complications</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">externalizing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Follow-Up Studies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">internalizing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mental Disorders/etiology/*psychology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mental Health</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Military Personnel/psychology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Post-conflict</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Residence Characteristics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sierra Leone</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Social ecology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">War</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Young Adult</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mar</style></date></pub-dates></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">55</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">217-26</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1469-7610 (Electronic)&lt;br/&gt;0021-9630 (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND: Worldwide, over one billion children and adolescents live in war-affected settings. At present, only limited research has investigated linkages between disrupted social ecology and adverse mental health outcomes among war-affected youth. In this study, we examine three community-level characteristics - social disorder and collective efficacy within the community, as reported by caregivers, and perceived stigma as reported by youth - in relation to externalizing behaviors and internalizing symptoms among male and female former child soldiers in postconflict Sierra Leone. METHODS: A total of 243 former child soldiers (30% female, mean age at baseline: 16.6 years) and their primary caregivers participated in interviews in 2004 and 2008, as part of a larger prospective cohort study of war-affected youth in Sierra Leone. Two-point growth models were estimated to examine the relationship between community-level characteristics and externalizing and internalizing outcomes across the time points. RESULTS: Both social disorder within the community, reported by caregivers, and perceived stigma, reported by youth, positively covaried with youths' externalizing and internalizing scores - indicating that higher levels of each at baseline and follow-up were associated with higher levels of mental health problems at both time points (p &lt; .05). The relationship between collective efficacy and mental health outcomes was nonsignificant (p &gt; .05). CONCLUSIONS: This study offers a rare glimpse into the role that the postconflict social context plays in shaping the mental health among former child soldiers. Results indicate that both social disorder and perceived stigma within the community demonstrate an important relationship to externalizing and internalizing problems among adolescent ex-combatants. Moreover, these relationships persisted over a 4-year period of follow-up. These results underscore the importance of the postconflict social environment and the need to develop postconflict interventions that address community-level processes in addition to the needs of families and individuals.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24102324</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betancourt, Theresa S&lt;br/&gt;McBain, Ryan&lt;br/&gt;Newnham, Elizabeth A&lt;br/&gt;Brennan, Robert T&lt;br/&gt;eng&lt;br/&gt;K01 MH077246/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/&lt;br/&gt;R01 HD073349/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/&lt;br/&gt;1K01MH077246-01A2/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/&lt;br/&gt;R01HD073349-01/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/&lt;br/&gt;Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural&lt;br/&gt;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't&lt;br/&gt;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.&lt;br/&gt;England&lt;br/&gt;2013/10/10 06:00&lt;br/&gt;J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2014 Mar;55(3):217-26. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.12131. Epub 2013 Sep 14.</style></notes><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3944104</style></custom2><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; FXB Center for Health and Human Rights, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betancourt, T. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shaahinfar, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kellner, S. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dhavan, N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Williams, T. P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A qualitative case study of child protection issues in the Indian construction industry: investigating the security, health, and interrelated rights of migrant families</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BMC Public Health</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Child Welfare</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Construction Industry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Child</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Child, Preschool</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Focus Groups</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Health Services Needs and Demand</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">India</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infant</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infant, Newborn</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transients and Migrants/*statistics &amp; numerical data</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sep 17</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">858</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1471-2458 (Electronic)&lt;br/&gt;1471-2458 (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND: Many of India's estimated 40 million migrant workers in the construction industry migrate with their children. Though India is undergoing rapid economic growth, numerous child protection issues remain. Migrant workers and their children face serious threats to their health, safety, and well-being. We examined risk and protective factors influencing the basic rights and protections of children and families living and working at a construction site outside Delhi. METHODS: Using case study methods and a rights-based model of child protection, the SAFE model, we triangulated data from in-depth interviews with stakeholders on and near the site (including employees, middlemen, and managers); 14 participants, interviews with child protection and corporate policy experts in greater Delhi (8 participants), and focus group discussions (FGD) with workers (4 FGDs, 25 members) and their children (2 FGDs, 9 members). RESULTS: Analyses illuminated complex and interrelated stressors characterizing the health and well-being of migrant workers and their children in urban settings. These included limited access to healthcare, few educational opportunities, piecemeal wages, and unsafe or unsanitary living and working conditions. Analyses also identified both protective and potentially dangerous survival strategies, such as child labor, undertaken by migrant families in the face of these challenges. CONCLUSIONS: By exploring the risks faced by migrant workers and their children in the urban construction industry in India, we illustrate the alarming implications for their health, safety, livelihoods, and development. Our findings, illuminated through the SAFE model, call attention to the need for enhanced systems of corporate and government accountability as well as the implementation of holistic child-focused and child-friendly policies and programs in order to ensure the rights and protection of this hyper-mobile, and often invisible, population.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24044788</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betancourt, Theresa S&lt;br/&gt;Shaahinfar, Ashkon&lt;br/&gt;Kellner, Sarah E&lt;br/&gt;Dhavan, Nayana&lt;br/&gt;Williams, Timothy P&lt;br/&gt;eng&lt;br/&gt;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't&lt;br/&gt;England&lt;br/&gt;2013/09/21 06:00&lt;br/&gt;BMC Public Health. 2013 Sep 17;13:858. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-858.</style></notes><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3848774</style></custom2><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, 651 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Theresa_betancourt@harvard.edu.</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betancourt, T. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Newnham, E. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McBain, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brennan, R. T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Post-traumatic stress symptoms among former child soldiers in Sierra Leone: follow-up study</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Br J Psychiatry</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Warfare</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adolescent</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Combat Disorders/*epidemiology/rehabilitation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Family Relations</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Follow-Up Studies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Military Personnel/*psychology/statistics &amp; numerical data</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prospective Studies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sierra Leone/epidemiology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stereotyping</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Violence/statistics &amp; numerical data</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sep</style></date></pub-dates></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">203</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">196-202</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1472-1465 (Electronic)&lt;br/&gt;0007-1250 (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND: Former child soldiers are at risk of developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD); however, the trajectory of symptoms has yet to be examined. AIMS: The risk and protective factors associated with PTSD symptom change among former child soldiers in Sierra Leone were investigated. METHOD: Data from 243 former child soldiers (mean age 16.6 years, 30% female) were analysed. RESULTS: Self-reported rates of possible PTSD using standard cut-off points declined from 32% to 16% 4 years later (P&lt;0.05). Symptoms of PTSD at baseline were significantly associated with war experiences (P&lt;0.01) and post-conflict family abuse (P&lt;0.001). Reliable improvement in symptoms was reported by 30%. In growth models examining symptom change, worsening of symptoms was associated with death of a parent (P&lt;0.05) and post-conflict stigma (P&lt;0.001). Protective effects were observed for increases in family acceptance (P&lt;0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicated improvement in PTSD symptoms among former child soldiers despite limited access to care. Family and community support played a vital part in promoting psychological adjustment.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23887999</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betancourt, Theresa S&lt;br/&gt;Newnham, Elizabeth A&lt;br/&gt;McBain, Ryan&lt;br/&gt;Brennan, Robert T&lt;br/&gt;eng&lt;br/&gt;P60 MD002261/MD/NIMHD NIH HHS/&lt;br/&gt;1K01MH07724601A2/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/&lt;br/&gt;Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural&lt;br/&gt;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't&lt;br/&gt;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.&lt;br/&gt;England&lt;br/&gt;2013/07/28 06:00&lt;br/&gt;Br J Psychiatry. 2013 Sep;203(3):196-202. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.112.113514. Epub 2013 Jul 25.</style></notes><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3759030</style></custom2><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Francois-Xavier Bagnoud Center for Health and Human Rights, and Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betancourt, T. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meyers-Ohki, S. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Charrow, A. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tol, W. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interventions for children affected by war: an ecological perspective on psychosocial support and mental health care</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harv Rev PsychiatryHarv Rev Psychiatry</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Warfare</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adolescent</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Child</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mental Disorders/etiology/prevention &amp; control/*therapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mental Health Services/*standards</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Psychotherapy/methods/*standards</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mar-Apr</style></date></pub-dates></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">70-91</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1465-7309 (Electronic)&lt;br/&gt;1067-3229 (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND: Children and adolescents exposed to armed conflict are at high risk of developing mental health problems. To date, a range of psychosocial approaches and clinical/psychiatric interventions has been used to address mental health needs in these groups. AIMS: To provide an overview of peer-reviewed psychosocial and mental health interventions designed to address mental health needs of conflict-affected children, and to highlight areas in which policy and research need strengthening. METHODS: We used standard review methodology to identify interventions aimed at improving or treating mental health problems in conflict-affected youth. An ecological lens was used to organize studies according to the individual, family, peer/school, and community factors targeted by each intervention. Interventions were also evaluated for their orientation toward prevention, treatment, or maintenance, and for the strength of the scientific evidence of reported effects. RESULTS: Of 2305 studies returned from online searches of the literature and 21 sources identified through bibliography mining, 58 qualified for full review, with 40 peer-reviewed studies included in the final narrative synthesis. Overall, the peer-reviewed literature focused largely on school-based interventions. Very few family and community-based interventions have been empirically evaluated. Only two studies assessed multilevel or stepped-care packages. CONCLUSIONS: The evidence base on effective and efficacious interventions for conflict-affected youth requires strengthening. Postconflict development agendas must be retooled to target the vulnerabilities characterizing conflict-affected youth, and these approaches must be collaborative across bodies responsible for the care of youth and families.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23656831</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betancourt, Theresa S&lt;br/&gt;Meyers-Ohki, Sarah E&lt;br/&gt;Charrow, Alexandra P&lt;br/&gt;Tol, Wietse A&lt;br/&gt;eng&lt;br/&gt;K01 MH077246/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/&lt;br/&gt;R01 HD073349/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/&lt;br/&gt;Review&lt;br/&gt;2013/05/10 06:00&lt;br/&gt;Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2013 Mar-Apr;21(2):70-91. doi: 10.1097/HRP.0b013e318283bf8f.</style></notes><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4098699</style></custom2><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Theresa_ Betancourt@harvard.edu</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betancourt, T. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Newnham, E. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Layne, C. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kim, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Steinberg, A. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ellis, H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Birman, D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trauma history and psychopathology in war-affected refugee children referred for trauma-related mental health services in the United States</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Trauma Stress</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Warfare</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adolescent</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Child</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Child, Preschool</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mental Disorders/*epidemiology/etiology/psychology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mental Health Services</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Refugees/*psychology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*epidemiology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">United States</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dec</style></date></pub-dates></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">682-90</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1573-6598 (Electronic)&lt;br/&gt;0894-9867 (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">There is an increasing need to deliver effective mental health services to refugee children and adolescents across the United States; however, the evidence base needed to guide the design and delivery of services is nascent. We investigated the trauma history profiles, psychopathology, and associated behavioral and functional indicators among war-affected refugee children presenting for psychological treatment. From the National Child Traumatic Stress Network's Core Data Set, 60 war-affected refugee children were identified (51.7% males, mean age = 13.1 years, SD = 4.13). Clinical assessments indicated high rates of probable posttraumatic stress disorder (30.4%), generalized anxiety (26.8%), somatization (26.8%), traumatic grief (21.4%), and general behavioral problems (21.4%). Exposure to war or political violence frequently co-occurred with forced displacement; traumatic loss; bereavement or separation; exposure to community violence; and exposure to domestic violence. Academic problems and behavioral difficulties were prevalent (53.6% and 44.6%, respectively); however, criminal activity, alcohol/drug use, and self-harm were rare (all &lt; 5.45%). These findings highlight the complex trauma profiles, comorbid conditions, and functional problems that are important to consider in providing mental health interventions for refugee children and adolescents. Given the difficulties associated with access to mental health services for refugees, both preventive and community-based interventions within family, school, and peer systems hold particular promise.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23225034</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betancourt, Theresa S&lt;br/&gt;Newnham, Elizabeth A&lt;br/&gt;Layne, Christopher M&lt;br/&gt;Kim, Soeun&lt;br/&gt;Steinberg, Alan M&lt;br/&gt;Ellis, Heidi&lt;br/&gt;Birman, Dina&lt;br/&gt;eng&lt;br/&gt;1K01MH077246-01A2/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/&lt;br/&gt;3U79SM054284-10S/SM/CMHS SAMHSA HHS/&lt;br/&gt;Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural&lt;br/&gt;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't&lt;br/&gt;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.&lt;br/&gt;2012/12/12 06:00&lt;br/&gt;J Trauma Stress. 2012 Dec;25(6):682-90. doi: 10.1002/jts.21749.</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. Theresa_Betancourt@harvard.edu</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betancourt, T. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scorza, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meyers-Ohki, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mushashi, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kayiteshonga, Y.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Binagwaho, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stulac, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beardslee, W. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Validating the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Children in Rwanda</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Depression/diagnosis/epidemiology/psychology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Mass Screening/methods/standards</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adolescent</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Behavioral Symptoms/*diagnosis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Child</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Predictive Value of Tests</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Psychiatric Status Rating Scales/*standards</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproducibility of Results</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ROC Curve</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rwanda/epidemiology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Translations</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dec</style></date></pub-dates></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">51</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1284-92</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1527-5418 (Electronic)&lt;br/&gt;0890-8567 (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">OBJECTIVE: We assessed the validity of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Children (CES-DC) as a screen for depression in Rwandan children and adolescents. Although the CES-DC is widely used for depression screening in high-income countries, its validity in low-income and culturally diverse settings, including sub-Saharan Africa, is unknown. METHOD: The CES-DC was selected based on alignment with local expressions of depression-like problems in Rwandan children and adolescents. To examine criterion validity, we compared CES-DC scores to depression diagnoses on a structured diagnostic interview, the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview for Children (MINI KID), in a sample of 367 Rwandan children and adolescents aged 10 through 17 years. Caregiver and child or adolescent self-reports endorsing the presence of local depression-like problems agahinda kenshi (persistent sorrow) and kwiheba (severe hopelessness) were also examined for agreement with MINI KID diagnosis. RESULTS: The CES-DC exhibited good internal reliability (alpha = .86) and test-retest reliability (r = .85). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the CES-DC was 0.825 when compared to MINI KID diagnoses, indicating a strong ability to distinguish between depressed and nondepressed children and adolescents in Rwanda. A cut point of&gt;/=30 corresponded with a sensitivity of 81.9% and a specificity of 71.9% in this referred sample. MINI KID diagnosis was well aligned with local expressions of depression-like problems. CONCLUSION: The CES-DC demonstrates good psychometric properties for clinical screening and evaluation in Rwanda, and should be considered for use in this and other low-resource settings. Population samples are needed to determine a generalizable cut point in nonreferred samples.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23200285</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betancourt, Theresa&lt;br/&gt;Scorza, Pamela&lt;br/&gt;Meyers-Ohki, Sarah&lt;br/&gt;Mushashi, Christina&lt;br/&gt;Kayiteshonga, Yvonne&lt;br/&gt;Binagwaho, Agnes&lt;br/&gt;Stulac, Sara&lt;br/&gt;Beardslee, William R&lt;br/&gt;eng&lt;br/&gt;K01 MH077246/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/&lt;br/&gt;R34MH084679-02/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/&lt;br/&gt;K01MH077246-05/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/&lt;br/&gt;T32 MH096724/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/&lt;br/&gt;R34 MH084679/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/&lt;br/&gt;Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural&lt;br/&gt;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't&lt;br/&gt;2012/12/04 06:00&lt;br/&gt;J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2012 Dec;51(12):1284-92. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2012.09.003. Epub 2012 Nov 8.</style></notes><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5730330</style></custom2><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research Program on Children and Global Adversity, Francois-Xavier Bagnoud (FXB) Center for Health and Human Rights, Harvard School of Public Health, 651 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Theresa_Betancourt@harvard.edu</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betancourt, T. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Newnham, E. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brennan, R. T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Verdeli, H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Borisova, I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neugebauer, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bass, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bolton, P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moderators of treatment effectiveness for war-affected youth with depression in northern Uganda</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Adolesc Health</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Psychology, Adolescent</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Warfare</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adolescent</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Depressive Disorder/diagnosis/etiology/*therapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Military Personnel/*psychology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Psychotherapy/*methods</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Refugees/*psychology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sex Distribution</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/diagnosis/etiology/*therapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Treatment Outcome</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Uganda</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dec</style></date></pub-dates></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">51</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">544-50</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1879-1972 (Electronic)&lt;br/&gt;1054-139X (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PURPOSE: As we build the evidence base of interventions for depression among war-affected youth, it is critical to understand factors moderating treatment outcomes. The current study investigated how gender and history of abduction by Lord's Resistance Army rebels moderated treatment outcomes for war-affected youth. METHODS: The study-a three-armed, randomized, controlled trial-was conducted with internally displaced war-affected adolescents in northern Uganda. Participants with significant depression symptoms (N = 304; 57% female; 14-17 years of age) were randomly assigned to an interpersonal psychotherapy group (IPT-G), a creative play/recreation group, or a wait-list control condition. Secondary analyses were conducted on data from this randomized controlled trial. RESULTS: A history of abduction by Lord's Resistance Army rebels was reported by 42% of the sample. Gender and abduction history interacted to moderate the effectiveness of IPT-G for the treatment of depression. In the IPT-G intervention arm, treatment effectiveness was greatest among female subjects without an abduction history, with effect size = 1.06. IPT-G was effective for the treatment of depression for both male and female subjects with a history of abduction (effect size = .92 and .50, respectively). Male subjects with no abduction history in IPT-G showed no significant improvement compared with those in the control conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Abduction history and gender are potentially important moderators of treatment effects, suggesting that these factors need to be considered when providing interventions for war-affected youth. IPT-G may be an effective intervention for female subjects without an abduction history, as well as for both male and female former child soldiers, but less so for male subjects without an abduction history.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23174463</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betancourt, Theresa S&lt;br/&gt;Newnham, Elizabeth A&lt;br/&gt;Brennan, Robert T&lt;br/&gt;Verdeli, Helen&lt;br/&gt;Borisova, Ivelina&lt;br/&gt;Neugebauer, Richard&lt;br/&gt;Bass, Judith&lt;br/&gt;Bolton, Paul&lt;br/&gt;eng&lt;br/&gt;1K01MH077246-01A2/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/&lt;br/&gt;P60 MD002261/MD/NIMHD NIH HHS/&lt;br/&gt;Randomized Controlled Trial&lt;br/&gt;Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural&lt;br/&gt;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't&lt;br/&gt;2012/11/24 06:00&lt;br/&gt;J Adolesc Health. 2012 Dec;51(6):544-50. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.02.010. Epub 2012 Apr 5.</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. Theresa_Betancourt@harvard.edu</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betancourt, T. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Borisova, I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Williams, T. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meyers-Ohki, S. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rubin-Smith, J. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annan, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kohrt, B. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Psychosocial adjustment and mental health in former child soldiers--systematic review of the literature and recommendations for future research</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Child Psychol Psychiatry</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Mental Health</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Resilience, Psychological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Social Adjustment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Warfare</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adolescent</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Child</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Military Personnel/*psychology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prevalence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk Factors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Social Support</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/epidemiology/etiology/rehabilitation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Violence/*psychology</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jan</style></date></pub-dates></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">54</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17-36</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1469-7610 (Electronic)&lt;br/&gt;0021-9630 (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AIMS AND SCOPE: This article reviews the available quantitative research on psychosocial adjustment and mental health among children (age &lt;18 years) associated with armed forces and armed groups (CAAFAG)--commonly referred to as child soldiers. METHODS: PRISMA standards for systematic reviews were used to search PubMed, PsycInfo, JSTOR, and Sociological Abstracts in February 2012 for all articles on former child soldiers and CAAFAG. Twenty-one quantitative studies from 10 countries were analyzed for author, year of publication, journal, objectives, design, selection population, setting, instruments, prevalence estimates, and associations with war experiences. Opinion pieces, editorials, and qualitative studies were deemed beyond the scope of this study. Quality of evidence was rated according to the systematic assessment of quality in observational research (SAQOR). FINDINGS: According to SAQOR criteria, among the available published studies, eight studies were of high quality, four were of moderate quality, and the remaining nine were of low quality. Common limitations were lack of validated mental health measures, unclear methodology including undefined sampling approaches, and failure to report missing data. Only five studies included a comparison group of youth not involved with armed forces/armed groups, and only five studies assessed mental health at more than one point in time. Across studies, a number of risk and protective factors were associated with postconflict psychosocial adjustment and social reintegration in CAAFAG. Abduction, age of conscription, exposure to violence, gender, and community stigma were associated with increased internalizing and externalizing mental health problems. Family acceptance, social support, and educational/economic opportunities were associated with improved psychosocial adjustment. CONCLUSIONS: Research on the social reintegration and psychosocial adjustment of former child soldiers is nascent. A number of gaps in the available literature warrant future study. Recommendations to bolster the evidence base on psychosocial adjustment in former child soldiers and other war-affected youth include more studies comprising longitudinal study designs, and validated cross-cultural instruments for assessing mental health, as well as more integrated community-based approaches to study design and research monitoring.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23061830</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betancourt, Theresa S&lt;br/&gt;Borisova, Ivelina&lt;br/&gt;Williams, Timothy P&lt;br/&gt;Meyers-Ohki, Sarah E&lt;br/&gt;Rubin-Smith, Julia E&lt;br/&gt;Annan, Jeannie&lt;br/&gt;Kohrt, Brandon A&lt;br/&gt;eng&lt;br/&gt;K01 MH077246/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/&lt;br/&gt;P60 MD002261/MD/NIMHD NIH HHS/&lt;br/&gt;1K01MH077246-01A2/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/&lt;br/&gt;Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural&lt;br/&gt;Review&lt;br/&gt;England&lt;br/&gt;2012/10/16 06:00&lt;br/&gt;J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2013 Jan;54(1):17-36. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02620.x. Epub 2012 Oct 12.</style></notes><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4167714</style></custom2><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Department of Global Health and Population, Francois-Xavier Bagnoud Center for Health and Human Rights, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betancourt, T. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McBain, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Newnham, E. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brennan, R. T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trajectories of internalizing problems in war-affected Sierra Leonean youth: examining conflict and postconflict factors</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Child Dev</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Adaptation, Psychological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Internal-External Control</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Warfare</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adolescent</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Child</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mental Disorders/*psychology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prospective Studies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk Factors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sierra Leone</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mar-Apr</style></date></pub-dates></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">84</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">455-70</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1467-8624 (Electronic)&lt;br/&gt;0009-3920 (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Three waves of data from a prospective longitudinal study in Sierra Leone were used to examine internalizing trajectories in 529 war-affected youth (ages 10-17 at baseline; 25% female). Latent class growth analyses identified 4 trajectories: A large majority of youth maintained lower levels of internalizing problems (41.4%) or significantly improved over time (47.6%) despite very limited access to care, but smaller proportions continued to report severe difficulties 6 years postwar (4.5%) or their symptoms worsened (6.4%). Continued internalizing problems were associated with loss of a caregiver, family abuse and neglect, and community stigma. Despite the comparative resilience of most war-affected youth in the face of extreme adversity, there remains a compelling need for interventions that address family- and community-level stressors.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23002719</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betancourt, Theresa S&lt;br/&gt;McBain, Ryan&lt;br/&gt;Newnham, Elizabeth A&lt;br/&gt;Brennan, Robert T&lt;br/&gt;eng&lt;br/&gt;K01 MH077246/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/&lt;br/&gt;R01 HD073349/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/&lt;br/&gt;1K01MH077246-01A2/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/&lt;br/&gt;Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural&lt;br/&gt;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't&lt;br/&gt;2012/09/26 06:00&lt;br/&gt;Child Dev. 2013 Mar-Apr;84(2):455-70. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01861.x. Epub 2012 Sep 24.</style></notes><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3656826</style></custom2><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA. theresa_betancourt@harvard.edu</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betancourt, T. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Williams, T. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kellner, S. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gebre-Medhin, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hann, K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kayiteshonga, Y.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interrelatedness of child health, protection and well-being: an application of the SAFE model in Rwanda</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soc Sci Med</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Caregivers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Child Welfare</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Poverty</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Social Environment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Social Problems</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adolescent</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Child</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Child, Orphaned</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Critical Illness</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Focus Groups</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HIV Infections/complications/psychology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Homicide/psychology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interviews as Topic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rwanda</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Safety</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May</style></date></pub-dates></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">74</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1504-11</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1873-5347 (Electronic)&lt;br/&gt;0277-9536 (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study examines the core components of children's basic security and well-being in order to examine issues central to improving child protection in Rwanda. Sources of data included 15 focus groups with adults, 7 focus groups with children ages 10-17, and 11 key informant interviews with child protection stakeholders, including representatives from international NGOs, community-based groups, and the Rwandan Government, all of which took place in April and May of 2010. Participants painted a complex picture of threats to children's basic security in Rwanda. Three key themes were pervasive across all interviews: (1) deterioration of social and community cohesion in post-genocide Rwanda; (2) the cascading effects of poverty; and (3) the impact of caregiver illness and death on the caregiving environment. Consistent with the SAFE (Safety/freedom from harm; Access to basic physiological needs and healthcare; Family and connection to others; Education and economic security) model of child protection, participants rarely elaborated on a child protection threat independent of other basic security needs and rights. Findings suggest a need for integrated approaches to child protection that recognize this interrelatedness and extend beyond issue-specific child protection responses. This study contributes to a growing body of work highlighting the interrelated nature of child protection threats and the implications of adaptive and dangerous survival strategies that children and families engage in to meet their basic security needs. Analysis of this interrelatedness provides a roadmap for improving policies and implementing integrated and robust child protection strategies in Rwanda and other settings.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22459187</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betancourt, Theresa S&lt;br/&gt;Williams, Timothy P&lt;br/&gt;Kellner, Sarah E&lt;br/&gt;Gebre-Medhin, Joy&lt;br/&gt;Hann, Katrina&lt;br/&gt;Kayiteshonga, Yvonne&lt;br/&gt;eng&lt;br/&gt;England&lt;br/&gt;2012/03/31 06:00&lt;br/&gt;Soc Sci Med. 2012 May;74(10):1504-11. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.01.030. Epub 2012 Mar 9.</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Department of Global Health and Population, Francois-Xavier Bagnoud Center for Health and Human Rights at the Harvard School of Public Health, 651 Huntington Ave., 7th Floor, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Theresa_betancourt@harvard.edu</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betancourt, T. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Borisova,, II</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">de la Soudiere, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Williamson, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sierra Leone's child soldiers: war exposures and mental health problems by gender</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Adolesc HealthJ Adolesc Health</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Warfare</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adolescent</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cohort Studies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cross-Sectional Studies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mental Disorders/*epidemiology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Military Personnel/*psychology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sex Factors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sierra Leone/epidemiology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Young Adult</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jul</style></date></pub-dates></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">49</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21-8</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1879-1972 (Electronic)&lt;br/&gt;1054-139X (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PURPOSE: To examine associations between war experiences, mental health, and gender in a sample of male and female Sierra Leonean former child soldiers. METHODS: A total of 273 former child soldiers (29% females) were assessed for depression and anxiety by using the Hopkins Symptoms Checklist, and for hostility, confidence, and prosocial attitudes by using an instrument developed for use with Sierra Leonean child soldiers. RESULTS: The former child soldiers had witnessed and perpetrated violence at largely comparable rates, although females experienced higher rates of rape (p &lt; .0001). More females scored within clinical ranges for depression (p = .008) and anxiety (p &lt; .0001). In multiple regression analyses, female gender was a significant predictor of lower levels of confidence but not of mental health problems. Children who perpetrated injury or killing reported greater levels of depression (p &lt; .0001), anxiety (p &lt; .0001), and hostility (p &lt; .0001). Surviving rape was associated with increased anxiety (p &lt; .05) and hostility (p &lt; .05), in males. Surviving rape was also related to higher confidence levels (p &lt; .05) and prosocial attitudes (p &lt; .05). Male former child soldiers who lost caregivers were also more vulnerable to depression (p &lt; .05) and anxiety (p &lt; .05), strong and significant effects noted among male child soldiers. CONCLUSIONS: In our sample, female and male child soldiers experienced comparable levels of most war exposures. Female soldiers reported higher rates of rape and lower levels of adaptive outcomes. Toxic forms of violence (killing or injuring; rape) were associated with particularly poor outcomes. Although all boys and girls who experience rape and loss of caregivers are generally at risk for mental health problems, boys in our sample demonstrated increased vulnerability; these findings indicate a need for more inclusive mental health services.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21700152</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betancourt, Theresa S&lt;br/&gt;Borisova, Ivelina I&lt;br/&gt;de la Soudiere, Marie&lt;br/&gt;Williamson, John&lt;br/&gt;eng&lt;br/&gt;K01 MH077246/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/&lt;br/&gt;K01 MH077246-01A2/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/&lt;br/&gt;1K01MH077246-01A2/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/&lt;br/&gt;Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural&lt;br/&gt;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't&lt;br/&gt;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.&lt;br/&gt;2011/06/28 06:00&lt;br/&gt;J Adolesc Health. 2011 Jul;49(1):21-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.09.021. Epub 2010 Dec 24.</style></notes><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3124662</style></custom2><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Department of Global Health and Population, Francois-Xavier Bagnoud Center for Health and Human Rights, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. theresa_betancourt@harvard.edu</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betancourt, T. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meyers-Ohki, S. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stevenson, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ingabire, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kanyanganzi, F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Munyana, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mushashi, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Teta, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fayida, I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cyamatare, F. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stulac, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beardslee, W. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Using Mixed-Methods Research to Adapt and Evaluate a Family Strengthening Intervention in Rwanda</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Afr J Trauma Stress</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jun</style></date></pub-dates></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32-45</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INTRODUCTION: Research in several international settings indicates that children and adolescents affected by HIV and other compounded adversities are at increased risk for a range of mental health problems including depression, anxiety, and social withdrawal. More intervention research is needed to develop valid measurement and intervention tools to address child mental health in such settings. OBJECTIVE: This article presents a collaborative mixed-methods approach to designing and evaluating a mental health intervention to assist families facing multiple adversities in Rwanda. METHODS: Qualitative methods were used to gain knowledge of culturally-relevant mental health problems in children and adolescents, individual, family and community resources, and contextual dynamics among HIV-affected families. This data was used to guide the selection and adaptation of mental health measures to assess intervention outcomes. Measures were subjected to a quantitative validation exercise. Qualitative data and community advisory board input also informed the selection and adaptation of a family-based preventive intervention to reduce the risk for mental health problems among children in families affected by HIV.. Community-based participatory methods were used to ensure that the intervention targeted relevant problems manifest in Rwandan children and families and built on local strengths. RESULTS: Qualitative data on culturally-appropriate practices for building resilience in vulnerable families has enriched the development of a Family-Strengthening Intervention (FSI). Input from community partners has also contributed to creating a feasible and culturally-relevant intervention. Mental health measures demonstrate strong performance in this population. CONCLUSION: The mixed-methods model discussed represents a refined, multi-phase protocol for incorporating qualitative data and community input in the development and evaluation of feasible, culturally-sound quantitative assessments and intervention models. The mixed-methods approach may be applied to research in other parts of sub-Saharan Africa and beyond.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25309851</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betancourt, Theresa S&lt;br/&gt;Meyers-Ohki, Sarah E&lt;br/&gt;Stevenson, Anne&lt;br/&gt;Ingabire, Charles&lt;br/&gt;Kanyanganzi, Fredrick&lt;br/&gt;Munyana, Morris&lt;br/&gt;Mushashi, Christina&lt;br/&gt;Teta, Sharon&lt;br/&gt;Fayida, Ildephonse&lt;br/&gt;Cyamatare, Felix Rwabukwisi&lt;br/&gt;Stulac, Sara&lt;br/&gt;Beardslee, William R&lt;br/&gt;eng&lt;br/&gt;R34 MH084679/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/&lt;br/&gt;Uganda&lt;br/&gt;2011/06/01 00:00&lt;br/&gt;Afr J Trauma Stress. 2011 Jun;2(1):32-45.</style></notes><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4189126</style></custom2><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvard School of Public Health, Francois-Xavier Bagnoud Center for Health and Human Rights.&lt;br/&gt;Partners In Health, Rwanda/ Inshuti Mu Buzima.&lt;br/&gt;Children's Hospital Boston.</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betancourt, T. S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Attending to the mental health of war-affected children: the need for longitudinal and developmental research perspectives</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Afghan Campaign 2001-</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Developing Countries</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Life Change Events</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Resilience, Psychological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Social Environment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*diagnosis</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Apr</style></date></pub-dates></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">50</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">323-5</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1527-5418 (Electronic)&lt;br/&gt;0890-8567 (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21421171</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betancourt, Theresa S&lt;br/&gt;eng&lt;br/&gt;Comment&lt;br/&gt;Editorial&lt;br/&gt;2011/03/23 06:00&lt;br/&gt;J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011 Apr;50(4):323-5. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2011.01.008.</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betancourt, T. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Borisova,, II</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Williams, T. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brennan, R. T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Whitfield, T. H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">de la Soudiere, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Williamson, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gilman, S. E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sierra Leone's former child soldiers: a follow-up study of psychosocial adjustment and community reintegration</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Child Dev</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Adaptation, Psychological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Social Adjustment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Warfare</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adolescent</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Child</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Family</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Follow-Up Studies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hostility</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interpersonal Relations</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Military Personnel/*psychology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prospective Studies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Psychology, Adolescent</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Psychology, Child</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Residence Characteristics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sierra Leone</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Socioeconomic Factors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Violence</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jul-Aug</style></date></pub-dates></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1077-95</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1467-8624 (Electronic)&lt;br/&gt;0009-3920 (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This is the first prospective study to investigate psychosocial adjustment in male and female former child soldiers (ages 10-18; n = 156, 12% female). The study began in Sierra Leone in 2002 and was designed to examine both risk and protective factors in psychosocial adjustment. Over the 2-year period of follow-up, youth who had wounded or killed others during the war demonstrated increases in hostility. Youth who survived rape not only had higher levels of anxiety and hostility but also demonstrated greater confidence and prosocial attitudes at follow-up. Of the potential protective resources examined, improved community acceptance was associated with reduced depression at follow-up and improved confidence and prosocial attitudes regardless of levels of violence exposure. Retention in school was also associated with greater prosocial attitudes.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20636683</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betancourt, Theresa Stichick&lt;br/&gt;Borisova, Ivelina Ivanova&lt;br/&gt;Williams, Timothy Philip&lt;br/&gt;Brennan, Robert T&lt;br/&gt;Whitfield, Theodore H&lt;br/&gt;de la Soudiere, Marie&lt;br/&gt;Williamson, John&lt;br/&gt;Gilman, Stephen E&lt;br/&gt;eng&lt;br/&gt;K01 MH077246/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/&lt;br/&gt;K01 MH077246-01A2/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/&lt;br/&gt;1K01MH077246-01A2/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/&lt;br/&gt;P60 MD002261/MD/NIMHD NIH HHS/&lt;br/&gt;Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural&lt;br/&gt;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.&lt;br/&gt;2010/07/20 06:00&lt;br/&gt;Child Dev. 2010 Jul-Aug;81(4):1077-95. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01455.x.</style></notes><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2921972</style></custom2><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Francois-Xavier Bagnoud Center for Health and Human Rights, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA. theresa_betancourt@harvard.edu</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betancourt, T. S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A Longitudinal Study of Psychosocial Adjustment and Community Reintegration among Former Child Soldiers in Sierra Leone</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Int Psychiatry</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jul</style></date></pub-dates></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">60-62</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1749-3676 (Print)&lt;br/&gt;1749-3676 (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25309620</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betancourt, Theresa S&lt;br/&gt;eng&lt;br/&gt;K01 MH077246/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/&lt;br/&gt;England&lt;br/&gt;2010/07/01 00:00&lt;br/&gt;Int Psychiatry. 2010 Jul;7(3):60-62.</style></notes><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4189185</style></custom2><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health.</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betancourt, T. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brennan, R. T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rubin-Smith, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fitzmaurice, G. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gilman, S. E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sierra Leone's former child soldiers: a longitudinal study of risk, protective factors, and mental health</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Adaptation, Psychological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Civil Disorders</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Developing Countries</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Internal-External Control</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Resilience, Psychological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Social Adjustment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Social Behavior</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adolescent</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aggression/psychology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anxiety Disorders/diagnosis/epidemiology/psychology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Child</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cross-Sectional Studies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Depressive Disorder/diagnosis/epidemiology/psychology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Homicide/psychology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Longitudinal Studies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mental Disorders/diagnosis/epidemiology/*psychology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Military Personnel/*psychology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prejudice</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rape/psychology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sierra Leone</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Social Identification</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Social Support</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/diagnosis/epidemiology/psychology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Violence/psychology/statistics &amp; numerical data</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wounds and Injuries/psychology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Young Adult</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jun</style></date></pub-dates></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">49</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">606-15</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1527-5418 (Electronic)&lt;br/&gt;0890-8567 (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">OBJECTIVE: To investigate the longitudinal course of internalizing and externalizing problems and adaptive/prosocial behaviors among Sierra Leonean former child soldiers and whether postconflict factors contribute to adverse or resilient mental health outcomes. METHOD: Male and female former child soldiers (N = 260, aged 10 to 17 years at baseline) were recruited from the roster of an non-governmental organization (NGO)-run Interim Care Center in Kono District and interviewed in 2002, 2004, and 2008. The retention rate was 69%. Linear growth models were used to investigate trends related to war and postconflict experiences. RESULTS: The long-term mental health of former child soldiers was associated with war experiences and postconflict risk factors, which were partly mitigated by postconflict protective factors. Increases in externalizing behavior were associated with killing/injuring others during the war and postconflict stigma, whereas increased community acceptance was associated with decreases in externalizing problems (b = -1.09). High baseline levels of internalizing problems were associated with being raped, whereas increases were associated with younger involvement in armed groups and social and economic hardships. Improvements in internalizing problems were associated with higher levels of community acceptance and increases in community acceptance (b = -0.86). Decreases in adaptive/prosocial behaviors were associated with killing/injuring others during the war and postconflict stigma, but partially mitigated by social support, being in school and increased community acceptance (b = 1.93). CONCLUSIONS: Psychosocial interventions for former child soldiers may be more effective if they account for postconflict factors in addition to war exposures. Youth with accumulated risk factors, lack of protective factors, and persistent distress should be identified. Sustainable services to promote community acceptance, reduce stigma, and expand social supports and educational access are recommended.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20494270</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betancourt, Theresa S&lt;br/&gt;Brennan, Robert T&lt;br/&gt;Rubin-Smith, Julia&lt;br/&gt;Fitzmaurice, Garrett M&lt;br/&gt;Gilman, Stephen E&lt;br/&gt;eng&lt;br/&gt;K01 MH077246/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/&lt;br/&gt;K01 MH077246-01A2/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/&lt;br/&gt;1K01MH077246-01A2/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/&lt;br/&gt;Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural&lt;br/&gt;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't&lt;br/&gt;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.&lt;br/&gt;2010/05/25 06:00&lt;br/&gt;J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2010 Jun;49(6):606-15. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2010.03.008. Epub 2010 May 1.</style></notes><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3157024</style></custom2><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Francois-Xavier Bagnoud Center for Health and Human Rights, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Theresa_Betancourt@harvard.edu</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betancourt, T. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agnew-Blais, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gilman, S. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Williams, D. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ellis, B. H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Past horrors, present struggles: the role of stigma in the association between war experiences and psychosocial adjustment among former child soldiers in Sierra Leone</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soc Sci Med</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Adaptation, Psychological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Psychology, Adolescent</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Psychology, Child</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Stereotyping</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adolescent</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Child</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Family/psychology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interpersonal Relations</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interviews as Topic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Life Change Events</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mental Disorders/epidemiology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Military Personnel/*psychology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prospective Studies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Regression Analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Residence Characteristics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sierra Leone/epidemiology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stress, Psychological/epidemiology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Warfare</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jan</style></date></pub-dates></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">70</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17-26</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1873-5347 (Electronic)&lt;br/&gt;0277-9536 (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Upon returning to their communities, children formerly associated with armed forces and armed groups--commonly referred to as child soldiers--often confront significant community stigma. Much research on the reintegration and rehabilitation of child soldiers has focused on exposure to past war-related violence and mental health outcomes, yet no empirical work has yet examined the role that post-conflict stigma plays in shaping long-term psychosocial adjustment. Two waves of data are used in this paper from the first prospective study of male and female former child soldiers in Sierra Leone. We examined the role of stigma (manifest in discrimination as well as lower levels of community and family acceptance) in the relationship between war-related experiences and psychosocial adjustment (depression, anxiety, hostility and adaptive behaviors). Former child soldiers differ from one another with regard to their post-war experiences, and these differences profoundly shape their psychosocial adjustment over time. Consistent with social stress theory, we observed that post-conflict factors such as stigma can play an important role in shaping psychosocial adjustment in former child soldiers. We found that discrimination was inversely associated with family and community acceptance. Additionally, higher levels of family acceptance were associated with decreased hostility, while improvements in community acceptance were associated with adaptive attitudes and behaviors. We found that post-conflict experiences of discrimination largely explained the relationship between past involvement in wounding/killing others and subsequent increases in hostility. Stigma similarly mediated the relationship between surviving rape and depression. However, surviving rape continued to demonstrate independent effects on increases in anxiety, hostility and adaptive/prosocial behaviors after adjusting for other variables. These findings point to the complexity of psychosocial adjustment and community reintegration in these youth and have a number of programmatic and policy implications.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19875215</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betancourt, Theresa S&lt;br/&gt;Agnew-Blais, Jessica&lt;br/&gt;Gilman, Stephen E&lt;br/&gt;Williams, David R&lt;br/&gt;Ellis, B Heidi&lt;br/&gt;eng&lt;br/&gt;K01 MH077246/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/&lt;br/&gt;P60 MD002261/MD/NIMHD NIH HHS/&lt;br/&gt;1K01MH077246-01A2/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/&lt;br/&gt;Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural&lt;br/&gt;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.&lt;br/&gt;England&lt;br/&gt;2009/10/31 06:00&lt;br/&gt;Soc Sci Med. 2010 Jan;70(1):17-26. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.09.038. Epub 2009 Oct 28.</style></notes><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3756934</style></custom2><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Department of Global Health &amp; Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA. tstichic@hsph.harvard.edu</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betancourt, T. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Speelman, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Onyango, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bolton, P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A qualitative study of mental health problems among children displaced by war in northern Uganda</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transcult PsychiatryTranscult Psychiatry</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Cross-Cultural Comparison</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Developing Countries</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adolescent</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anxiety Disorders/diagnosis/*ethnology/psychology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Child</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cross-Sectional Studies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Depressive Disorder/diagnosis/*ethnology/psychology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dysthymic Disorder/diagnosis/*ethnology/psychology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interview, Psychological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Refugees/*psychology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Social Problems/psychology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Uganda</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jun</style></date></pub-dates></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">46</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">238-56</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1363-4615 (Print)&lt;br/&gt;1363-4615 (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">While multiple studies have found that children affected by war are at increased risk for a range of mental health problems, little research has investigated how mental health problems are perceived locally. In this study we used a previously developed rapid ethnographic assessment method to explore local perceptions of mental health problems among children and adults from the Acholi ethnic group displaced by the war in northern Uganda. We conducted 45 free list interviews and 57 key informant interviews. The rapid assessment approach appears to have worked well for interviewing caretakers and children aged 10-17 years. We describe several locally defined syndromes: two tam/par/kumu (depression and dysthymia-like syndromes), ma lwor (a mixed anxiety and depression-like syndrome), and a category of conduct problems referred to as kwo maraco/gin lugero. The descriptions of these local syndromes were similar to western mood, anxiety and conduct disorders, but included culture-specific elements.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19541749</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betancourt, Theresa Stichick&lt;br/&gt;Speelman, Liesbeth&lt;br/&gt;Onyango, Grace&lt;br/&gt;Bolton, Paul&lt;br/&gt;eng&lt;br/&gt;K01 MH077246/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/&lt;br/&gt;K01 MH077246-01A2/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/&lt;br/&gt;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't&lt;br/&gt;England&lt;br/&gt;2009/06/23 09:00&lt;br/&gt;Transcult Psychiatry. 2009 Jun;46(2):238-56. doi: 10.1177/1363461509105815.</style></notes><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2775515</style></custom2><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Francois-Xavier Bagnoud Center for Health and Human Rights, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Theresa_Betancourt@harvard.edu</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betancourt, T. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simmons, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Borisova, I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brewer, S. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Iweala, U.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soudiere, M. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">High Hopes, Grim Reality: Reintegration and the Education of Former Child Soldiers in Sierra Leone</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Comp Educ Rev</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nov 1</style></date></pub-dates></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">52</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">565-587</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0010-4086 (Print)&lt;br/&gt;0010-4086 (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19337570</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betancourt, Theresa S&lt;br/&gt;Simmons, Stephanie&lt;br/&gt;Borisova, Ivelina&lt;br/&gt;Brewer, Stephanie E&lt;br/&gt;Iweala, Uzo&lt;br/&gt;Soudiere, Marie de la&lt;br/&gt;eng&lt;br/&gt;K01 MH077246/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/&lt;br/&gt;K01 MH077246-01A2/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/&lt;br/&gt;2009/04/02 09:00&lt;br/&gt;Comp Educ Rev. 2008 Nov 1;52(4):565-587. doi: 10.1086/591298.</style></notes><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2662600</style></custom2></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betancourt, T. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Khan, K. T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The mental health of children affected by armed conflict: protective processes and pathways to resilience</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Int Rev Psychiatry</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Adaptation, Psychological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Warfare</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adolescent</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Child</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Child, Orphaned/psychology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Community Mental Health Services</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cultural Characteristics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">culture</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Family/psychology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Psychological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Object Attachment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Refugees/psychology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk Factors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Social Environment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Social Support</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/diagnosis/*psychology/therapy</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jun</style></date></pub-dates></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">317-28</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1369-1627 (Electronic)&lt;br/&gt;0954-0261 (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This paper examines the concept of resilience in the context of children affected by armed conflict. Resilience has been frequently viewed as a unique quality of certain 'invulnerable' children. In contrast, this paper argues that a number of protective processes contribute to resilient mental health outcomes in children when considered through the lens of the child's social ecology. While available research has made important contributions to understanding risk factors for negative mental health consequences of war-related violence and loss, the focus on trauma alone has resulted in inadequate attention to factors associated with resilient mental health outcomes. This paper presents key studies in the literature that address the interplay between risk and protective processes in the mental health of war-affected children from an ecological, developmental perspective. It suggests that further research on war-affected children should pay particular attention to coping and meaning making at the individual level; the role of attachment relationships, caregiver health, resources and connection in the family, and social support available in peer and extended social networks. Cultural and community influences such as attitudes towards mental health and healing as well as the meaning given to the experience of war itself are also important aspects of the larger social ecology.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18569183</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betancourt, Theresa Stichick&lt;br/&gt;Khan, Kashif Tanveer&lt;br/&gt;eng&lt;br/&gt;K01 MH077246/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/&lt;br/&gt;K01 MH077246-01A2/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/&lt;br/&gt;Review&lt;br/&gt;England&lt;br/&gt;2008/06/24 09:00&lt;br/&gt;Int Rev Psychiatry. 2008 Jun;20(3):317-28. doi: 10.1080/09540260802090363.</style></notes><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2613765</style></custom2><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvard School of Public Health, Cambridge, MA 02115, USA. Theresa_Betancourt@Harvard.edu</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betancourt, T. S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Child soldiers: reintegration, pathways to recovery, and reflections from the field</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Dev Behav Pediatr</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Relief Work</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Warfare</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Child</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Child Abuse/*rehabilitation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Crime/*psychology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Military Personnel/*psychology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sierra Leone</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Uganda</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Apr</style></date></pub-dates></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">138-41</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0196-206X (Print)&lt;br/&gt;0196-206X (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18408537</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betancourt, Theresa Stichick&lt;br/&gt;eng&lt;br/&gt;2008/04/15 09:00&lt;br/&gt;J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2008 Apr;29(2):138-41. doi: 10.1097/DBP.0b013e31816be946.</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Child Health and Human Rights, Department of Population and International Health/Francois-Xavier Bagnoud Center for Health &amp; Human Rights, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. Theresa_Betancourt@harvard.edu</style></auth-address></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betancourt, T. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Williams, T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Building an evidence base on mental health interventions for children affected by armed conflict</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Intervention (Amstelveen)</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39-56</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1571-8883 (Print)&lt;br/&gt;1571-8883 (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This paper reviews what is currently known from research about the effectiveness of interventions to address mental health problems in children and adolescents affected by armed conflict. The focus will be on interventions delivered in conflict affected countries either during active humanitarian emergencies or during the post conflict period. The paper will discuss two main paradigms of intervention dominating the field: psychosocial approaches and clinical/psychiatric approaches. The paper reviews some of the basic literature, theories and issues involved in assessment, programme planning, monitoring and evaluation of both approaches. In order to explore these issues in depth, the paper will draw from the author's field experiences with research in the Russian Federation and in northern Uganda. The paper also presents a brief review of a handful of other published evaluations of mental health interventions for war affected children. We will close with a discussion of what future research is needed to build an evidence base regarding mental health interventions for children affected by armed conflict as well as the ethical and feasibility issues associated with carrying out this work.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19997531</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betancourt, Theresa S&lt;br/&gt;Williams, Timothy&lt;br/&gt;eng&lt;br/&gt;K01 MH077246/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/&lt;br/&gt;K01 MH077246-01A2/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/&lt;br/&gt;Netherlands&lt;br/&gt;2008/01/01 00:00&lt;br/&gt;Intervention (Amstelveen). 2008;6(1):39-56. doi: 10.1097/WTF.0b013e3282f761ff.</style></notes><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2789493</style></custom2><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Department of Population and International Health. Francois-Xavier Bagnoud Center for Health and Human Rights, Harvard School of Public Health, 651 Huntington Avenue, 7th floor, Boston, MA 02115 USA, Theresa_Betancourt@harvard.edu.</style></auth-address></record></records></xml>