<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Doyle, O.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harmon, C. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heckman, J. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tremblay, R. E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Investing in early human development: timing and economic efficiency</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Econ Hum Biol</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Economics and human biology</style></alt-title><short-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Economics and human biologyEconomics and human biology</style></short-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Child Development/*physiology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Child, Preschool</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cognition/physiology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Early Intervention (Education)/*economics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infant</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neurosciences</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mar</style></date></pub-dates></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009/02/14</style></edition><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-6</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1570-677x</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Policy discussions to ameliorate socioeconomic (SES) inequalities are increasingly focused on investments in early childhood. Yet such interventions are costly to implement, and clear evidence on the optimal time to intervene to yield a high economic and social return in the future is meagre. The majority of successful early childhood interventions start in the preschool years. However socioeconomic gradients in cognitive skills, socio-emotional functioning and health can be observed by age three, suggesting that preventative programmes starting earlier in childhood may be even more effective. We discuss the optimal timing of early childhood intervention with reference to recent research in developmental neuroscience. We motivate the need for early intervention by providing an overview of the impact of adverse risk factors during the antenatal and early childhood periods on outcomes later in life. We provide a brief review of the economic rationale for investing early in life and propose the &quot;antenatal investment hypothesis&quot;. We conclude by discussing a suite of new European interventions that will inform this optimal timing debate.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19213617</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1873-6130&lt;br/&gt;Doyle, Orla&lt;br/&gt;Harmon, Colm P&lt;br/&gt;Heckman, James J&lt;br/&gt;Tremblay, Richard E&lt;br/&gt;R01 HD054702/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States&lt;br/&gt;R01 HD054702-01/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States&lt;br/&gt;Journal Article&lt;br/&gt;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't&lt;br/&gt;Netherlands&lt;br/&gt;Econ Hum Biol. 2009 Mar;7(1):1-6. doi: 10.1016/j.ehb.2009.01.002. Epub 2009 Jan 21.</style></notes><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PMC2929559</style></custom2><custom6><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NIHMS224563</style></custom6><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">UCD Geary Institute &amp; UCD School of Public Health and Population Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland. orla.doyle@ucd.ie</style></auth-address><remote-database-provider><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NLM</style></remote-database-provider></record></records></xml>