<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vollmer, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harttgen, K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Subramanyam, M. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Finlay, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Klasen, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Subramanian, S. V.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Association between economic growth and early childhood undernutrition: evidence from 121 Demographic and Health Surveys from 36 low-income and middle-income countries</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lancet Glob Health</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Body Height</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Body Weight</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Developing Countries</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Economic Development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Gross Domestic Product</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Income</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Child Nutrition Disorders/*economics/epidemiology/pathology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Child, Preschool</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Demography</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth Disorders/economics/epidemiology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Health Surveys</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infant</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infant, Newborn</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logistic Models</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Odds Ratio</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Poverty</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prevalence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinness/economics/epidemiology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wasting Syndrome/economics/epidemiology</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Apr</style></date></pub-dates></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">e225-34</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2214-109X (Electronic)&lt;br/&gt;2214-109X (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND: Economic growth is widely regarded as a necessary, and often sufficient, condition for the improvement of population health. We aimed to assess whether macroeconomic growth was associated with reductions in early childhood undernutrition in low-income and middle-income countries. METHODS: We analysed data from 121 Demographic and Health Surveys from 36 countries done between Jan 1, 1990, and Dec 31, 2011. The sample consisted of nationally representative cross-sectional surveys of children aged 0-35 months, and the outcome variables were stunting, underweight, and wasting. The main independent variable was per-head gross domestic product (GDP) in constant prices and adjusted for purchasing power parity. We used logistic regression models to estimate the association between changes in per-head GDP and changes in child undernutrition outcomes. Models were adjusted for country fixed effects, survey-year fixed effects, clustering, and demographic and socioeconomic covariates for the child, mother, and household. FINDINGS: Sample sizes were 462,854 for stunting, 485,152 for underweight, and 459,538 for wasting. Overall, 35.6% (95% CI 35.4-35.9) of young children were stunted (ranging from 8.7% [7.6-9.7] in Jordan to 51.1% [49.1-53.1] in Niger), 22.7% (22.5-22.9) were underweight (ranging from 1.8% [1.3-2.3] in Jordan to 41.7% [41.1-42.3] in India), and 12.8% (12.6-12.9) were wasted (ranging from 1.2% [0.6-1.8] in Peru to 28.8% [27.5-30.0] in Burkina Faso). At the country level, no association was seen between average changes in the prevalence of child undernutrition outcomes and average growth of per-head GDP. In models adjusted only for country and survey-year fixed effects, a 5% increase in per-head GDP was associated with an odds ratio (OR) of 0.993 (95% CI 0.989-0.995) for stunting, 0.986 (0.982-0.990) for underweight, and 0.984 (0.981-0.986) for wasting. ORs after adjustment for the full set of covariates were 0.996 (0.993-1.000) for stunting, 0.989 (0.985-0.992) for underweight, and 0.983 (0.979-0.986) for wasting. These findings were consistent across various subsamples and for alternative variable specifications. Notably, no association was seen between per-head GDP and undernutrition in young children from the poorest household wealth quintile. ORs for the poorest wealth quintile were 0.997 (0.990-1.004) for stunting, 0.999 (0.991-1.008) for underweight, and 0.991 (0.978-1.004) for wasting. INTERPRETATION: A quantitatively very small to null association was seen between increases in per-head GDP and reductions in early childhood undernutrition, emphasising the need for direct health investments to improve the nutritional status of children in low-income and middle-income countries. FUNDING: None.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25103063</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vollmer, Sebastian&lt;br/&gt;Harttgen, Kenneth&lt;br/&gt;Subramanyam, Malavika A&lt;br/&gt;Finlay, Jocelyn&lt;br/&gt;Klasen, Stephan&lt;br/&gt;Subramanian, S V&lt;br/&gt;eng&lt;br/&gt;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't&lt;br/&gt;England&lt;br/&gt;2014/08/12 06:00&lt;br/&gt;Lancet Glob Health. 2014 Apr;2(4):e225-34. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70025-7. Epub 2014 Mar 27.</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Department of Economics and Courant Research Centre &quot;Poverty, Equity and Growth in Developing Countries&quot;, University of Gottingen, Gottingen, Germany; Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies, Harvard School of Public Health, Cambridge, MA, USA. Electronic address: svollmer@uni-goettingen.de.&lt;br/&gt;NADEL, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.&lt;br/&gt;Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.&lt;br/&gt;Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies, Harvard School of Public Health, Cambridge, MA, USA.&lt;br/&gt;Department of Economics and Courant Research Centre &quot;Poverty, Equity and Growth in Developing Countries&quot;, University of Gottingen, Gottingen, Germany.&lt;br/&gt;Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies, Harvard School of Public Health, Cambridge, MA, USA. Electronic address: svsubram@hsph.harvard.edu.</style></auth-address></record></records></xml>