<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fehr, E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bernhard, H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rockenbach, B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Egalitarianism in young children</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nature</style></secondary-title><short-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nature</style></short-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Altruism</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Cooperative Behavior</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Age Factors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biological Evolution</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Candy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Child</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Child, Preschool</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Decision Making</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Morals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Motivation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sex Characteristics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Social Justice</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Switzerland</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aug 28</style></date></pub-dates></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7208</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">454</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1079-83</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1476-4687 (Electronic)&lt;br/&gt;0028-0836 (Linking)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Human social interaction is strongly shaped by other-regarding preferences, that is, a concern for the welfare of others. These preferences are important for a unique aspect of human sociality-large scale cooperation with genetic strangers-but little is known about their developmental roots. Here we show that young children's other-regarding preferences assume a particular form, inequality aversion that develops strongly between the ages of 3 and 8. At age 3-4, the overwhelming majority of children behave selfishly, whereas most children at age 7-8 prefer resource allocations that remove advantageous or disadvantageous inequality. Moreover, inequality aversion is strongly shaped by parochialism, a preference for favouring the members of one's own social group. These results indicate that human egalitarianism and parochialism have deep developmental roots, and the simultaneous emergence of altruistic sharing and parochialism during childhood is intriguing in view of recent evolutionary theories which predict that the same evolutionary process jointly drives both human altruism and parochialism.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18756249</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fehr, Ernst&lt;br/&gt;Bernhard, Helen&lt;br/&gt;Rockenbach, Bettina&lt;br/&gt;eng&lt;br/&gt;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't&lt;br/&gt;England&lt;br/&gt;2008/08/30 09:00&lt;br/&gt;Nature. 2008 Aug 28;454(7208):1079-83. doi: 10.1038/nature07155.</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">University of Zurich, Institute for Empirical Research in Economics, Blumlisalpstrasse 10, CH-8006 Zurich, Switzerland. efehr@iew.uzh.ch</style></auth-address></record></records></xml>