<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Connor, Richard C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cooperation beyond the dyad: on simple models and a complex society</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010-09-12 </style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/365/1553/2687.full.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1553</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">365</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2687-2697</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Players in Axelrod and Hamilton's model of cooperation were not only in a Prisoner's Dilemma, but by definition, they were also trapped in a dyad. But animals are rarely so restricted and even the option to interact with third parties allows individuals to escape from the Prisoner's Dilemma into a much more interesting and varied world of cooperation, from the apparently rare ‘parcelling’ to the widespread phenomenon of market effects. Our understanding of by-product mutualism, pseudo-reciprocity and the snowdrift game is also enriched by thinking ‘beyond the dyad’. The concepts of by-product mutualism and pseudo-reciprocity force us to think again about our basic definitions of cooperative behaviour (behaviour by a single individual) and cooperation (the outcome of an interaction between two or more individuals). Reciprocity is surprisingly rare outside of humans, even among large-brained ‘intelligent’ birds and mammals. Are humans unique in having extensive cooperative interactions among non-kin and an integrated cognitive system for mediating reciprocity? Perhaps, but our best chance for finding a similar phenomenon may be in delphinids, which also live in large societies with extensive cooperative interactions among non-relatives. A system of nested male alliances in bottlenose dolphins illustrates the potential and difficulties of finding a complex system of cooperation close to our own.</style></abstract></record></records></xml>