<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acheson, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Feifel, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">de Wilde, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McKinney, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lohr, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risbrough, V.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The effect of intranasal oxytocin treatment on conditioned fear extinction and recall in a healthy human sample.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Psychopharmacology (Berl)</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Psychopharmacology (Berl.)</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conditioning (Psychology)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Extinction, Psychological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fear</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mental Recall</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxytocin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reflex, Startle</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Treatment Outcome</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Young Adult</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013 Sep</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">229</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">199-208</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;RATIONALE: To improve outcomes for patients undergoing extinction-based therapies (e.g., exposure therapy) for anxiety disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), there has been interest in identifying pharmaceutical compounds that might facilitate fear extinction learning and recall. Oxytocin (OT) is a mammalian neuropeptide that modulates activation of fear extinction-based neural circuits and fear responses. Little is known, however, about the effects of OT treatment on conditioned fear responding and extinction in humans.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the present study was to assess the effects of OT in a fear-potentiated startle task of fear conditioning and extinction.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;METHODS: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 44 healthy human participants was conducted. Participants underwent a conditioned fear acquisition procedure, after which they were randomized to treatment group and delivered OT (24&amp;nbsp;IU) or placebo via intranasal (IN) spray. Forty-five minutes after treatment, participants underwent extinction training. Twenty-four hours later, subjects were tested for extinction recall.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;RESULTS: Relative to placebo, the OT group showed increased fear-potentiated startle responding during the earliest stage of extinction training relative to placebo; however, all treatment groups showed the same level of reduced responding by the end of extinction training. Twenty-four hours later, the OT group showed significantly higher recall of extinction relative to placebo.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;CONCLUSIONS: The current study provides preliminary evidence that OT may facilitate fear extinction recall in humans. These results support further study of OT as a potential adjunctive treatment for extinction-based therapies in fear-related disorders.&lt;/p&gt;
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