Getting to Yes: Negotiating Agreement Without Giving In - Fisher, R.; Ury, W.L.; Patton, B. (Penguin Publishing Group, 2011)

Prenatal attachment: using measurement invariance to test the validity of comparisons across eight culturally diverse countriesAbstract - Foley, Sarah; Hughes, Claire; Murray, Aja Louise; Baban, Adriana; Fernando, Asvini D.; Madrid, Bernadette; Osafo, Joseph; Sikander, Siham; Abbasi, Fahad; Walker, Susan; Luong-Thanh, Bao-Yen; Vo, Thang Van; et al. (Archives of Women's Mental Health, 2021)
Keywords: Cross-cultural; Lower-middle income; Maternal-fetal attachment; Measurement invariance; Parity; Pregnancy

Maternal Interpersonal Trauma and Child Social-Emotional Development: An Intergenerational Effect - Folger, A. T.; Putnam, K. T.; Putnam, F. W.; Peugh, J. L.; Eismann, E. A.; Sa, T.; Shapiro, R. A.; Van Ginkel, J. B.; Ammerman, R. T. (Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol, 2017)
BACKGROUND: Evidence suggests that maternal interpersonal trauma can adversely affect offspring health, but little is known about potential transmission pathways. We investigated whether interpersonal trauma exposure had direct and indirect associations with offspring social-emotional development at 12-months of age in an at-risk, home visited population. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted of 1172 mother-child dyads who participated in a multi-site, early childhood home visiting program. Children were born January 2007 to June 2010 and data were collected at enrolment (prenatal/birth) through 12-months of age. Multivariable path analyses were used to examine the relationship between maternal interpersonal trauma, subsequent psychosocial mediators (maternal depressive symptoms, social support, and home environment), and the outcome of child social-emotional development measured with the Ages and Stages Questionnaire: Social-Emotional (ASQ:SE). Maternal interpersonal trauma was characterized as any previous exposure, the level of exposure, and type (e.g. abuse) of exposure. RESULTS: The prevalence of maternal interpersonal trauma exposure was 69.1%, and exposures ranged from 1 type (19.3%) to 7 types (2.3%). Interpersonal trauma was associated with a 3.6 point (95% confidence interval 1.8, 5.4) higher ASQ:SE score among offspring and indicated greater developmental risk. An estimated 23.4% of the total effect was mediated by increased maternal depressive symptoms and lower social support. Differential effects were observed by the level and type of interpersonal trauma exposure. CONCLUSION: Maternal interpersonal trauma exposures can negatively impact child social-emotional development, acting in part through maternal psychosocial factors. Future research is needed to further elucidate the mechanisms of intergenerational risk.
1365-3016 Folger, Alonzo T Orcid: 0000-0002-0849-723x Putnam, Karen T Putnam, Frank W Peugh, James L Eismann, Emily A Sa, Ting Shapiro, Robert A Van Ginkel, Judith B Ammerman, Robert T R01 MH087499/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States Journal Article Multicenter Study Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't England Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2017 Mar;31(2):99-107. doi: 10.1111/ppe.12341. Epub 2017 Jan 31.
Keywords: *depression; *Emotions; *home visiting; *Interpersonal Relations; *maternal interpersonal trauma; *Social Support; *social-emotional development; Child; Depression/psychology; Developmental Disabilities/*psychology; exposure to violence; Female; Humans; Maternal Exposure; Mother-Child Relations; Mothers/psychology; Psychological Trauma/*psychology; Retrospective Studies; Young Adult

Empathy in neuroscience and practice - A report from the conference of "Empathy neuroscience: Translational relevance to conflict transformation" - FondazioneChild (2017)
Keywords: conflict transformation; Empathy; neuroscience

Violence against children in the time of COVID-19: What we have learned, what remains unknown and the opportunities that lie ahead - Fore, Henrietta H. (Child Abuse & Neglect, 2021)
Keywords: children; COVID-19; pandemic; violence exposure

UK Chief Medical Officers' Physical Activity Guidelines - Foster, C (Gov.UK, 2019)
Keywords: Health; physical activity

Education and Social Cohesion Country Report: South Africa - K. Foulds; Yusuf Sayed; A. Badroodien; Z. McDonald; A. Hanayo; T. Salmon; L. Balie; T. De Kock; W. Sirkotte-Kriel; C. Garisch; J. Gaston (Centre for International Teacher Education (CITE) Cape Peninsula University of Technology (CPUT) UNICEF Amsterdam Institute for Social Science Research (AISSR), University of Amsterdam Centre for International Education, University of Suss, 2016)

How the timing and quality of early experiences influence the development of brain architecture. - Fox, Sharon E; Levitt, Pat; Nelson, Charles A (Child Dev, 2010)
Early life events can exert a powerful influence on both the pattern of brain architecture and behavioral development. In this study a conceptual framework is provided for considering how the structure of early experience gets "under the skin." The study begins with a description of the genetic framework that lays the foundation for brain development, and then proceeds to the ways experience interacts with and modifies the structures and functions of the developing brain. Much of the attention is focused on early experience and sensitive periods, although it is made clear that later experience also plays an important role in maintaining and elaborating this early wiring diagram, which is critical to establishing a solid footing for development beyond the early years.
Keywords: Age Factors; Brain; Child; Child Behavior; Child Development; Critical Period (Psychology); Humans; Psychoanalytic Theory; Time Factors

The problem of institutionalization of young children and its consequences for efforts to build peaceful societies - Fox, Nathan A.; Nelson, Charles A.; Zeanah, Charles H. (Pathways to peace: The transformative power of children and families, 2014)
Institutionalization of children is a worldwide problem. The consequences of these deprived early experiences have been known for some time. Indeed, neuroscientists have long been aware of the effects of early adverse experience, particularly profound deprivation, on the developing brain. However, the majority of work to date has focused on examining the effects of experience on brain and brain development in rodents and nonhuman primates. In a rigorous attempt to examine how profound early neglect impacts the course of human development, we designed the Bucharest Early Intervention Project. The Bucharest Early Intervention Project is the first randomized controlled trial of family care intervention on young children institutionalized in infancy. The study is unique in that it includes measures of brain structure and function. Results suggest that early psychosocial deprivation has profound effects on gray matter structure that do not appear to remediate, although subtle intervention effects were observed for white matter volume. EEG activity was significantly affected by early psychosocial deprivation, but there appeared to be remediation of this functioning by the time children were eight years old and had spent close to six or seven years in families. The data from this project argue for changes in the manner in which societies address abandoned children. An important step toward building just and peaceful societies is to provide family-type care for young children instead of institutional life, as being raised in a family1 greatly (p.146) enhances a child’s skills in emotion regulation. The link to peaceful societies is through these processes.
Keywords: brain development; early childhood interventions; Institutionalization; regulation of emotions

Experiences of Community Youth Leaders in a Youth-Led Early Childhood Education Program in Rural Pakistan - Franchett, Emily E.; Yousafzai, Aisha K.; Rasheed, Muneera A.; Siyal, Saima; Reyes, Chin R.; Ponguta, Liliana Angelica (Zeitschrift für Psychologie, 2019)

"We would never forget who we are": resettlement, cultural negotiation, and family relationships among Somali Bantu refugees - Frounfelker, R. L.; Assefa, M. T.; Smith, E.; Hussein, A.; Betancourt, T. S. (Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 2017)
Somali refugees are resettling in large numbers in the US, but little is known about the Somali Bantu, an ethnic minority within this population. Refugee youth mental health is linked to the functioning of the larger family unit. Understanding how the process of culturally adjusting to life after resettlement relates to family functioning can help identify what kind of interventions might strengthen families and lead to better mental health outcomes for youth. This paper seeks to address the following research questions: (1) How do different groups of Somali Bantu refugees describe their experiences of culturally adapting to life in the US?; and (2) How, if at all, do processes of cultural adaptation in a new country affect Somali Bantu family functioning? We conducted 14 focus groups with a total of 81 Somali Bantu refugees in New England. Authors analyzed focus groups using principles of thematic analysis to develop codes and an overarching theoretical model about the relationship between cultural adaptation, parent-child relationships, and family functioning. Views and expectations of parent-child relationships were compared between Somali Bantu youth and adults. Cultural negotiation was dependent upon broader sociocultural contexts in the United States that were most salient to the experience of the individual. Adult and youth participants had conflicting views around negotiating Somali Bantu culture, which often led to strained parent-child relationships. In contrast, youth sibling relationships were strengthened, as they turned to each other for support in navigating the process of cultural adaptation.
Frounfelker, Rochelle L Assefa, Mehret T Smith, Emily Hussein, Aweis Betancourt, Theresa S eng U01 MD010613/MD/NIMHD NIH HHS/ Germany 2017/05/06 06:00 Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2017 Nov;26(11):1387-1400. doi: 10.1007/s00787-017-0991-1. Epub 2017 May 4.
Keywords: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Cultural negotiation; Emigration and Immigration/*trends; Family Relations/*psychology; Family relationships; Female; Humans; Male; Negotiating; Refugees; Refugees/*psychology; Resettlement; Somali Bantu; Somalia; United States; Young Adult; Youth mental health

Group identity as an obstacle and catalyst of peace - D. P. Fry (Pathways to peace: The transformative power of children and families, 2014)
Social identity is not only an obstacle to peace; it can also be engaged to advance peace, such as when children are raised to develop multiple and cross-cutting forms of identification. This chapter considers the evidence that nomadic forager band social organization is not particularly conducive to the formation of hostile “us versus them” social identities and that, consequently, “ us versus them” distinctions have only become strongly manifested with the development of more complex forms of social organization (e.g., tribes, kingdoms, nations) within the last 12,500 years or so. Such a proposition highlights the malleability of the concept of identity and contradicts the school of thought that sees “us versus them” identity formation as a long-standing innate tendency. This chapter will also consider how social identity can contribute to peace when it is employed in inclusive and unifying ways, in contrast to exclusionary and dehumanizing ways. This occurs, for example, within non-warring peace systems, when additional overarching identities are developed in the service of peace. In terms of promoting peace and inclusive social identities during childhood, it is suggested that explicitly teaching global citizenship can contribute to raising a peaceful world.
Keywords: childhood development; global citizenship; non-warring peace systems; social identity; social organization

War, Peace, and Human Nature: The Convergence of Evolutionary and Cultural Views - Fry, D.P. (OUP USA, 2013)

Webinar Tiempo de cuidarnos: volver a ser niños y niñas. - FundaciónCINDE (Fundación CINDE, 2020)
In alliance with the Comfenalco compensation fund, our Master's Program in Early Childhood: Education and Development leads this webinar that invites you to enjoy time with the boys and girls who, due to current contingencies, must stay home.
Keywords: COVID-19; Early childhood education; Parenting

Parenting Matters (National Academies Press, 2016)

Violence, Peace, and Peace Research - Galtung, J. (Journal of Peace Research, 1969)

Violence, peace and peace research - Galtung, J. (J Peace ResJ Peace Res, 1969)
Keywords: Humans; peacefulness; Peacetime; Police; Social Justice; Social order; Social structures; Urban violence; Violence; Violent extremism

Peace by Peaceful Means: Peace and Conflict, Development and Civilization - Galtung, J.; International Peace Research Institute (SAGE Publications, 1996)

Implication of sperm RNAs in transgenerational inheritance of the effects of early trauma in mice. - Gapp, Katharina; Jawaid, Ali; Sarkies, Peter; Bohacek, Johannes; Pelczar, Pawel; Prados, Julien; Farinelli, Laurent; Miska, Eric; Mansuy, Isabelle M (Nat Neurosci, 2014)
Small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) are potential vectors at the interface between genes and environment. We found that traumatic stress in early life altered mouse microRNA (miRNA) expression, and behavioral and metabolic responses in the progeny. Injection of sperm RNAs from traumatized males into fertilized wild-type oocytes reproduced the behavioral and metabolic alterations in the resulting offspring.
Keywords: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Cell Line, Tumor; Dark Adaptation; Disease Models, Animal; Energy Intake; Female; Gene Expression Regulation; Male; Maternal Deprivation; Maze Learning; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; MicroRNAs; Oocytes; Reaction Time; RNA, Small Interfering; RNA, Small Untranslated; Spermatozoa; Stress, Psychological

Infant Language Production and Parenting Skills: A Randomized Controlled Trial - Garcia, Dainelys; Rodriquez, Gabriela M.; Hill, Ryan M.; Lorenzo, Nicole E.; Bagner, Daniel M. (Behavior Therapy, 2019)

Boosting Intergenerational Mobility: The Lasting Effects of Early Childhood Education on Skills and Social Mobility - García, J.L.; Heckman, J.J.; Ronda, V. (Heckman, 2022)
Keywords: Early childhood education; Perry Preschool program

Quantifying the Life-Cycle Benefits of an Influential Early-Childhood Program - García, Jorge Luis; Heckman, James J.; Leaf, Duncan Ermini; Prados, María José (Journal of Political Economy, 2020)
Keywords: early childhood programs; Economics

Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences - Gardner, H. (Basic Books, 2011)

To what extent can evidence-based parenting interventions be transported from one country to another? A systematic review. - F. Gardner; W. Knerr; P. Montgomery; K. Sundell

Education for a Civil Society: How Guidance Teaches Young Children Democratic Life Skills - Gartrell, D. (NAEYC, 2012)

The effects of antipoverty programs on children's cumulative level of poverty-related risk - Gassman-Pines, A.; Yoshikawa, H. (Dev Psychol, 2006)
The authors examined the effects of antipoverty programs on children's cumulative poverty-related risk and the relationship between cumulative poverty-related risk and child outcomes among low-income families. Samples included 419 children ages 3-10 years in the New Hope program and 759 children ages 2-9 years in the Minnesota Family Investment Program (MFIP), which tested 2 program approaches. Nine poverty-related risks made up the measure of cumulative risk. Both MFIP program approaches reduced cumulative poverty-related risk. New Hope reduced cumulative poverty-related risk among long-term welfare recipients. In both New Hope and MFIP, significant linear relationships between cumulative poverty-related risk and parent-reported behavior problems and school achievement were found. Cumulative poverty-related risk partially mediated the impacts of the MFIP programs on children's behavior problems. Among long-term welfare recipients, cumulative poverty-related risk partially mediated New Hope's impact on parent-reported school achievement.
Gassman-Pines, Anna Yoshikawa, Hirokazu eng F31-MH70128/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ Comparative Study Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. 2006/11/08 09:00 Dev Psychol. 2006 Nov;42(6):981-99. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.42.6.981.
Keywords: *Risk; *Social Support; Child; Child Behavior Disorders/etiology/*prevention & control; Child, Preschool; Employment; Female; Health Services Accessibility/*statistics & numerical data; Humans; Male; Poverty/*prevention & control; Predictive Value of Tests; Public Policy; Regression Analysis; Socioeconomic Factors

Maternal education preferences moderate the effects of mandatory employment and education programs on child positive and problem behaviors - Gassman-Pines, A.; Godfrey, E. B.; Yoshikawa, H. (Child Dev, 2013)
Grounded in person-environment fit theory, this study examined whether low-income mothers' preferences for education moderated the effects of employment- and education-focused welfare programs on children's positive and problem behaviors. The sample included 1,365 families with children between ages 3 and 5 years at study entry. Results 5 years after random assignment, when children were ages 8-10 years, indicated that mothers' education preferences did moderate program impacts on teacher-reported child behavior problems and positive behavior. Children whose mothers were assigned to the education program were rated by teachers to have less externalizing behavior and more positive behavior than children whose mothers were assigned to the employment program but only when mothers had strong preferences for education.
Gassman-Pines, Anna Godfrey, Erin B Yoshikawa, Hirokazu eng P2C HD065563/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ R24 HD065563/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ F31 MH082535/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ F31 MH070128/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ F31-MH082535/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ F31-MH070128/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. 2012/08/07 06:00 Child Dev. 2013 Jan-Feb;84(1):198-208. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01832.x. Epub 2012 Aug 3.
Keywords: *Child Behavior; *Education; *Mandatory Programs; Child; Child Behavior Disorders/*psychology; Choice Behavior; Educational Status; Employment/*psychology; Female; Humans; Interpersonal Relations; Mothers/*psychology; Personal Satisfaction; Random Allocation; Social Security; United States

The voices of children in the global health debate - Gatera, Grace; Pavarini, Gabriela (The Lancet, 2020)
Keywords: children; Global Health

Global, regional, and national under-5 mortality, adult mortality, age-specific mortality, and life expectancy, 1970-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 - GBDMortalityCollaborators (Lancet, 2017)
BACKGROUND: Detailed assessments of mortality patterns, particularly age-specific mortality, represent a crucial input that enables health systems to target interventions to specific populations. Understanding how all-cause mortality has changed with respect to development status can identify exemplars for best practice. To accomplish this, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) estimated age-specific and sex-specific all-cause mortality between 1970 and 2016 for 195 countries and territories and at the subnational level for the five countries with a population greater than 200 million in 2016. METHODS: We have evaluated how well civil registration systems captured deaths using a set of demographic methods called death distribution methods for adults and from consideration of survey and census data for children younger than 5 years. We generated an overall assessment of completeness of registration of deaths by dividing registered deaths in each location-year by our estimate of all-age deaths generated from our overall estimation process. For 163 locations, including subnational units in countries with a population greater than 200 million with complete vital registration (VR) systems, our estimates were largely driven by the observed data, with corrections for small fluctuations in numbers and estimation for recent years where there were lags in data reporting (lags were variable by location, generally between 1 year and 6 years). For other locations, we took advantage of different data sources available to measure under-5 mortality rates (U5MR) using complete birth histories, summary birth histories, and incomplete VR with adjustments; we measured adult mortality rate (the probability of death in individuals aged 15-60 years) using adjusted incomplete VR, sibling histories, and household death recall. We used the U5MR and adult mortality rate, together with crude death rate due to HIV in the GBD model life table system, to estimate age-specific and sex-specific death rates for each location-year. Using various international databases, we identified fatal discontinuities, which we defined as increases in the death rate of more than one death per million, resulting from conflict and terrorism, natural disasters, major transport or technological accidents, and a subset of epidemic infectious diseases; these were added to estimates in the relevant years. In 47 countries with an identified peak adult prevalence for HIV/AIDS of more than 0.5% and where VR systems were less than 65% complete, we informed our estimates of age-sex-specific mortality using the Estimation and Projection Package (EPP)-Spectrum model fitted to national HIV/AIDS prevalence surveys and antenatal clinic serosurveillance systems. We estimated stillbirths, early neonatal, late neonatal, and childhood mortality using both survey and VR data in spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression models. We estimated abridged life tables for all location-years using age-specific death rates. We grouped locations into development quintiles based on the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and analysed mortality trends by quintile. Using spline regression, we estimated the expected mortality rate for each age-sex group as a function of SDI. We identified countries with higher life expectancy than expected by comparing observed life expectancy to anticipated life expectancy on the basis of development status alone. FINDINGS: Completeness in the registration of deaths increased from 28% in 1970 to a peak of 45% in 2013; completeness was lower after 2013 because of lags in reporting. Total deaths in children younger than 5 years decreased from 1970 to 2016, and slower decreases occurred at ages 5-24 years. By contrast, numbers of adult deaths increased in each 5-year age bracket above the age of 25 years. The distribution of annualised rates of change in age-specific mortality rate differed over the period 2000 to 2016 compared with earlier decades: increasing annualised rates of change were less frequent, although rising annualised rates of change still occurred in some locations, particularly for adolescent and younger adult age groups. Rates of stillbirths and under-5 mortality both decreased globally from 1970. Evidence for global convergence of death rates was mixed; although the absolute difference between age-standardised death rates narrowed between countries at the lowest and highest levels of SDI, the ratio of these death rates-a measure of relative inequality-increased slightly. There was a strong shift between 1970 and 2016 toward higher life expectancy, most noticeably at higher levels of SDI. Among countries with populations greater than 1 million in 2016, life expectancy at birth was highest for women in Japan, at 86.9 years (95% UI 86.7-87.2), and for men in Singapore, at 81.3 years (78.8-83.7) in 2016. Male life expectancy was generally lower than female life expectancy between 1970 and 2016, and the gap between male and female life expectancy increased with progression to higher levels of SDI. Some countries with exceptional health performance in 1990 in terms of the difference in observed to expected life expectancy at birth had slower progress on the same measure in 2016. INTERPRETATION: Globally, mortality rates have decreased across all age groups over the past five decades, with the largest improvements occurring among children younger than 5 years. However, at the national level, considerable heterogeneity remains in terms of both level and rate of changes in age-specific mortality; increases in mortality for certain age groups occurred in some locations. We found evidence that the absolute gap between countries in age-specific death rates has declined, although the relative gap for some age-sex groups increased. Countries that now lead in terms of having higher observed life expectancy than that expected on the basis of development alone, or locations that have either increased this advantage or rapidly decreased the deficit from expected levels, could provide insight into the means to accelerate progress in nations where progress has stalled. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and the National Institute on Aging and the National Institute of Mental Health of the National Institutes of Health.
eng MC_UU_12017/13/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom R01 MH110163/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ R01 AI043596/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ U01 AI096299/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ P30 AG047845/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ D43 TW009775/TW/FIC NIH HHS/ SPHSU13/Chief Scientist Office/United Kingdom R01 HD084233/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ R01 HD087993/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ SPHSU15/Chief Scientist Office/United Kingdom U54 HG007479/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ SCAF/15/02/Chief Scientist Office/United Kingdom MR/K013351/1/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom R01 AI124389/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom MC_UU_12017/15/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom CDF-2011-04-048/Department of Health/United Kingdom P01 AG041710/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ R01 AI112339/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ England 2017/09/19 06:00 Lancet. 2017 Sep 16;390(10100):1084-1150. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31833-0.

What Ministries Can Do to Protect Education from Attack and Schools from Military Use A Menu of Actions - GCPEA; Global Coalition to Protect Education from Attack (2015)

Protecting Education Personnel from Targeted Attack in Conflict-Affected Countries - GCPEA; Global Coalition to Protect Education from Attack (2014)

The Role of Communities in Protecting Education from Attack: Lessons Learned - GCPEA; Global Coalition to Protect Education from Attack (2014)

A Summary of: Education Under Attack 2014 - GCPEA; Global Coalition to Protect Education from Attack (2014)

What Schools Can Do to Protect Education from Attack and Military Use - GCPEA; Global Coalition to Protect Education from Attack (2016)

Studying perceived needs for information on maternal and infant health care in the puerperium period among fathers of newborns in China - Ge, Binqian; Wan, Shen-xian; Li, Hui-ling; Shen, Qian; Wang, Wei; MO, Yuanyuan; Kelly, Brian C.; Wang, Ji-chuan (Midwifery, 2019)
Keywords: Fathers of newborns; Perceived need for information on maternal and infant healthcare; China; Puerperium

Brain Matters. A ground-breaking documentary on the critical nature of the early years of life - GenesisFoundation (Genesis Foundation, 2019)

Reflections on Gender, Patriarchy, and Peace: Results from the International Men and Gender Equality Survey (IMAGES) in Afghanistan - Gereš, N.; Heilman, B.; Hashimi, S.I.; Kakar, R.; Kelberg, M.; Hakobyan, L.; El Feki, S.; Barker, G. (Promundo-US, UN Women, and Global Affairs Canada, 2018)
Keywords: Conflict Prevention; Economic Participation; Sexual and Gender-Based Violence (SGBV); Violent Conflict

Effect of the Jamaica Early Childhood Stimulation Intervention on Labor Market Outcomes at Age 31 - Gertler, P.; Heckman, J.J.; Pinto, R.; Chang, S.M.; Grantham-McGregor, S.; Vermeersch, C.; Walker, S.; Wright, A. (National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), 2021)
Keywords: early childhood development; Jamaican Study; Labor Market Outcomes

Labor market returns to an early childhood stimulation intervention in Jamaica - Gertler, P.; Heckman, J.; Pinto, R.; Zanolini, A.; Vermeersch, C.; Walker, S.; Chang, S. M.; Grantham-McGregor, S. (Science, 2014)
A substantial literature shows that U.S. early childhood interventions have important long-term economic benefits. However, there is little evidence on this question for developing countries. We report substantial effects on the earnings of participants in a randomized intervention conducted in 1986-1987 that gave psychosocial stimulation to growth-stunted Jamaican toddlers. The intervention consisted of weekly visits from community health workers over a 2-year period that taught parenting skills and encouraged mothers and children to interact in ways that develop cognitive and socioemotional skills. The authors reinterviewed 105 out of 129 study participants 20 years later and found that the intervention increased earnings by 25%, enough for them to catch up to the earnings of a nonstunted comparison group identified at baseline (65 out of 84 participants).
1095-9203 Gertler, Paul Heckman, James Pinto, Rodrigo Zanolini, Arianna Vermeersch, Christel Walker, Susan Chang, Susan M Grantham-McGregor, Sally R01 HD054702/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States R37 HD065072/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States R01HD54702/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States R37HD065072/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States Journal Article Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't United States Science. 2014 May 30;344(6187):998-1001. doi: 10.1126/science.1251178.
Keywords: *Child Development; Child, Preschool; Cognition; Developing Countries/*statistics & numerical data; Early Intervention (Education)/*statistics & numerical data; Emotions; Employment/*economics/trends; Female; Humans; Infant; Jamaica; Male; Mother-Child Relations/*psychology; Parenting/psychology; Psychology; Salaries and Fringe Benefits/*statistics & numerical data; Young Adult

A Qualitative Study of Mechanisms Underlying Effects of a Parenting Intervention in Rural Liberia - Giusto, Ali; Friis, Elsa; Sim, Amanda L.; Chase, Rhea M.; Zayzay, John O.; Green, Eric; Puffer, Eve (The European Journal of Development Research, 2017)
Keywords: harsh discipline; Liberia; Parenting; young children

Caseworker-recipient interaction: welfare office differences, economic trajectories, and child outcomes - Godfrey, E. B.; Yoshikawa, H. (Child Dev, 2012)
Drawing on developmental and policy research, this study examined whether 3 dimensions of caseworker-recipient interaction in welfare offices functioned as critical ecological contexts for recipient families. The sample consisted of 1,098 families from 10 welfare offices in National Evaluation of Welfare to Work Strategies (NEWWS). In multilevel analyses, caseworker support, caseload size, and emphasis on employment predicted 5-year quarterly trajectories of earnings, income, and welfare receipt. Recipients in offices characterized by high support had steeper increases in earnings and income; those in offices with high caseload size had steeper decreases in income and welfare receipt; and those in offices with high emphasis on employment had steeper decreases in welfare receipt. These economic trajectories were associated with children's reading and math achievement and internalizing behavior at ages 8-10.
Godfrey, Erin B Yoshikawa, Hirokazu eng Comparative Study Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. 2011/12/21 06:00 Child Dev. 2012 Jan-Feb;83(1):382-98. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01697.x. Epub 2011 Dec 19.
Keywords: *Goals; *Outcome Assessment (Health Care); *Professional-Patient Relations; Achievement; Adult; Aid to Families with Dependent Children/economics; California; Child; Child Behavior Disorders/economics/therapy; Child Welfare/*economics; Child, Preschool; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Income; Internal-External Control; Male; Models, Statistical; Rehabilitation, Vocational/economics; Social Support; Social Welfare/*economics; Social Work/*economics; Statistics as Topic; United States; Vocational Education/economics; Workload

Early Childhood Development in the Global South - Goldhill, S; Lewis, P (Journal of the British Academy, 2020)
Keywords: early childhood development

Medical humanitarianism: Research insights in a changing field of practice Introduction - Good, B. J.; Good, M. J. D.; Abramowitz, S.; Kleinman, A.; Panter-Brick, C. (Social Science & MedicineSocial Science & MedicineSocial Science & Medicine, 2014)
At8ju Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:60
Keywords: agency; conflict; health-care; im/migrants; ngos; Refugees; tel-aviv; Violence

Prolactin, Oxytocin, and the development of paternal behavior across the first six months of fatherhood. - Gordon, I.; Zagoory-Sharon, O.; Leckman, J. F.; Feldman, R. (Horm Behav, 2010)
Animal studies have implicated the neuropeptides Prolactin (PRL) and Oxytocin (OT) in processes of maternal bonding and PRL has similarly been shown to play a role in the neurophysiology of fatherhood. Yet, very little is known on the involvement of PRL and OT in human fathering. Forty-three fathers and their firstborn infant were seen twice: in the second and sixth postpartum months. Paternal plasma PRL and OT were sampled at both time-points and analyzed with ELISA methods. At six months fathers were videotaped interacting with their child in social and exploratory play contexts and interactions were micro-analyzed for father-infant Affect Synchrony and father facilitation of child toy exploration. PRL and OT showed high individual stability across time and were correlated at the second observation. PRL was related to father-infant Coordinated Exploratory Play in the toy context whereas OT was associated with father-infant Affect Synchrony in the social context. Results point to the role of PRL and OT in the development of human fathering and underscore their differential relations with patterns of paternal care.
Keywords: Adult; Father-Child Relations; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Oxytocin; Paternal Behavior; Play and Playthings; Prolactin; Young Adult

Oxytocin, cortisol, and triadic family interactions. - Gordon, I.; Zagoory-Sharon, O.; Leckman, J. F.; Feldman, R. (Physiol Behav, 2010)
The neuropeptide oxytocin (OT) supports the development of parenting in mammals primarily through its impact on parent-infant proximity and touch behaviors; however, much less is known about the links between OT and parental touch and contact in humans. In this study, we examined the relations between maternal and paternal OT and patterns of touch and contact in the family unit during triadic interactions. Thirty-seven parents and their firstborn child were seen twice: during the 2nd and 6th postpartum month. Plasma OT and salivary cortisol (CT) were assessed with ELISA methods. At six months, triadic mother-father-infant interactions were videotaped and micro-coded for patterns of proximity, touch, and gaze behavior. Triadic synchrony, defined as moments of coordination between physical proximity and affectionate touch between the parents as well as between parent and infant while both parent and child are synchronizing their social gaze, was predicted by both maternal and paternal OT. Among mothers, triadic synchrony was also independently related to lower levels of CT. Results highlight the role of OT in the early formation of the family unit at the transition to parenthood.
Keywords: Adult; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Family Relations; Female; Humans; Hydrocortisone; Infant; Male; Oxytocin; Parenting; Saliva; Touch

Oxytocin and the development of parenting in humans. - Gordon, I.; Zagoory-Sharon, O.; Leckman, J. F.; Feldman, R. (Biol Psychiatry, 2010)
BACKGROUND: The nonapeptide oxytocin (OT) has been repeatedly implicated in processes of parent-infant bonding in animal models; yet, its role in the development of human parenting has received less attention and no research has addressed the involvement of OT in the transition to fatherhood. METHODS: Using a prospective longitudinal design, 160 cohabitating mothers and fathers and their firstborn infant were visited at home during the first postpartum weeks and again at 6 months postpartum. Mothers' and fathers' plasma OT was analyzed at each time point with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methodology. Interactions between each parent and the infant were observed in the postpartum and microcoded for parenting behavior. RESULTS: Overall, parental OT increased across the study period and there were no differences between maternal and paternal OT at each time point. Oxytocin showed high intraindividual stability across the first 6 months of parenting and the OT levels of husband and wife were interrelated at both assessments. Maternal OT was related to the amount of affectionate parenting behaviors, including "motherese" vocalizations, the expression of positive affect, and affectionate touch, whereas paternal OT correlated with the degree of stimulatory parenting behaviors, including proprioceptive contact, tactile stimulation, and object presentation. CONCLUSIONS: Results are the first to describe plasma OT levels in new fathers and mothers across the transition to parenthood in relation to maternal and paternal typical parenting behaviors. These data may provide a normative basis for the study of parenting under conditions of high risk.
Keywords: Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Maternal Behavior; Object Attachment; Oxytocin; Parent-Child Relations; Parenting; Paternal Behavior; Prospective Studies; Reference Values; Sex Factors

Oxytocin and cortisol in romantically unattached young adults: associations with bonding and psychological distress. - Gordon, I.; Zagoory-Sharon, O.; Schneiderman, I.; Leckman, J. F.; Weller, A.; Feldman, R. (Psychophysiology, 2008)
Despite extensive research on the involvement of oxytocin (OT) in mammalian bonding, less is known about its role in human social affiliation across the life cycle. Forty-five romantically unattached young adults participated. Plasma oxytocin and salivary cortisol were assessed using enzyme immuno-assay, and self-report measures of bonding, attachment, anxiety, and depression were collected. Oxytocin was associated with bonding to own parents and inversely related to psychological distress, particularly depressive symptoms. Cortisol was related to attachment anxiety. Regression analysis indicated that the adult's representations of bonding to parents predicted OT levels above and beyond cortisol, psychological distress, and attachment. Findings are consistent with antistress models of oxytocin and suggest that oxytocin may play a role in bonding-related cognitions across the life span.
Keywords: Adult; Family; Female; Humans; Hydrocortisone; Male; Neuropsychological Tests; Object Attachment; Oxytocin; Regression Analysis; Stress, Psychological

From attachment to groups: tapping into the neurobiology of our interconnectedness. - Gordon, I.; Leckman, J. F.; Berg, D. N. (J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 2014)
Keywords: Animals; Group Processes; Humans; Interpersonal Relations; Nervous System Physiological Phenomena; Object Attachment

Oxytocin and social motivation. - Gordon, I.; Martin, C.; Feldman, R.; Leckman, J. F. (Dev Cogn Neurosci, 2011)
Humans are fundamentally social creatures who are ‘motivated’ to be with others. In this review we examine the role of oxytocin (OT) as it relates to social motivation. OT is synthesized in the brain and throughout the body, including in the heart, thymus, gastrointestinal tract, as well as reproductive organs. The distribution of the OT receptor (OTR) system in both the brain and periphery is even more far-reaching and its expression is subject to changes over the course of development. OTR expression is also sensitive to changes in the external environment and the internal somatic world. The OT system functions as an important element within a complex, developmentally sensitive biobehavioral system. Other elements include sensory inputs, the salience, reward, and threat detection pathways, the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal stress response axis. Despite an ever expanding scientific literature, key unresolved questions remain concerning the interplay of the central and peripheral components of this complex biobehavioral system that dynamically engages the brain and the body as humans interact with social partners over the course of development.
Keywords: Animals; Brain; Humans; Motivation; Oxytocin; Receptors, Oxytocin; Social Behavior

Breaking the silence on early child care and education costs - Gould, E.; Whitebook, M.; Mokhiber, Z.; Austin, L.J.E. (Economic Policy Institute, 2019)
Keywords: children; Cost of Child Care; early childhood; Education; Teacher pay; Wages

Developmental potential in the first 5 years for children in developing countries - Grantham-McGregor, S.; Cheung, Y. B.; Cueto, S.; Glewwe, P.; Richter, L.; Strupp, B.; International Child Development Steering, Group (Lancet, 2007)
Many children younger than 5 years in developing countries are exposed to multiple risks, including poverty, malnutrition, poor health, and unstimulating home environments, which detrimentally affect their cognitive, motor, and social-emotional development. There are few national statistics on the development of young children in developing countries. We therefore identified two factors with available worldwide data--the prevalence of early childhood stunting and the number of people living in absolute poverty--to use as indicators of poor development. We show that both indicators are closely associated with poor cognitive and educational performance in children and use them to estimate that over 200 million children under 5 years are not fulfilling their developmental potential. Most of these children live in south Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. These disadvantaged children are likely to do poorly in school and subsequently have low incomes, high fertility, and provide poor care for their children, thus contributing to the intergenerational transmission of poverty.
Grantham-McGregor, Sally Cheung, Yin Bun Cueto, Santiago Glewwe, Paul Richter, Linda Strupp, Barbara eng 068599/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom G0700837/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom England 2007/01/09 09:00 Lancet. 2007 Jan 6;369(9555):60-70. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60032-4.
Keywords: *Child Development; *Developing Countries; *Poverty; Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Cognition/*classification; Cross-Sectional Studies; Developmental Disabilities/epidemiology/*etiology; Educational Status; Female; Growth Disorders/*complications; Humans; Infant; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Risk Factors

Effects of early childhood supplementation with and without stimulation on later development in stunted Jamaican children. - Grantham-McGregor, S M; Walker, S P; Chang, S M; Powell, C A (Am J Clin Nutr, 1997)
It is not known whether nutritional supplementation in early childhood has long-term benefits on stunted children's mental development. We followed up 127 7-8-y old children who had been stunted in early childhood and received supplementation, stimulation, or both. At 9-24 mo of age, the children had been randomly assigned to four treatment groups: nutritional supplementation, stimulation, both treatments, and control. After 2 y, supplementation and stimulation had independent benefits on the children's development and the effects were additive. The group receiving both treatments caught up to a matched group of 32 nonstunted children. Four years after the end of the 2-y intervention 97% of the children were given a battery of cognitive function, school achievement, and fine motor tests. An additional 52 nonstunted children were included. Factor analyses of the test scores produced three factors: general cognitive, perceptual-motor, and memory. One, the perceptual-motor factor, showed a significant benefit from stimulation, and supplementation benefited only those children whose mothers had higher verbal intelligence quotients. However, each intervention group had higher scores than the control subjects on more tests than would be expected by chance (supplemented and both groups on 14 of 15 tests, P = 0.002; stimulated group in 13 of 15 tests, P = 0.01), suggesting a very small global benefit. There was no longer an additive effect of combined treatments at the end of the intervention. The stunted control group had significantly lower scores than the nonstunted children on most tests. Stunted children's heights and head circumferences on enrollment significantly predicted intelligence quotient at follow-up.
Keywords: Anthropometry; Child; Developmental Disabilities; Food, Fortified; Humans; Infant; Intelligence; Intervention Studies; Jamaica; Questionnaires

A home-visiting intervention programme with Jamaican mothers and children. - Grantham-McGregor, S M; Desai, P (Dev Med Child Neurol, 1975)
In order to promote better mental development in three-year-old children from poor Jamaican families, a home-visiting project was carried out with the aim of helping mothers to interact with and stimulate their children. Homes were visited once a week, and the use of toys and books was demonstrated to the mothers. The play equipment was then left with the family and exchanged at the following visit. After a maximum of 29 visits, the children had made significant gains (average 13 IQ points) compared with children in a previously matched control group. The mothers' knowledge of child-rearing had also improved. Similar intervention programmes may be useful on a larger scale, and need not be expensive if full use is made of the mothers' help.
Keywords: Child Rearing; Child, Preschool; Female; Home Care Services; Humans; Intellectual Disability; Intelligence; Jamaica

Developmental potential in the first 5 years for children in developing countries - Grantham-McGregor, S.; Cheung, Y. B.; Cueto, S.; Glewwe, P.; Richter, L.; Strupp, B. (Lancet, 2007)
Many children younger than 5 years in developing countries are exposed to multiple risks, including poverty, malnutrition, poor health, and unstimulating home environments, which detrimentally affect their cognitive, motor, and social-emotional development. There are few national statistics on the development of young children in developing countries. We therefore identified two factors with available worldwide data--the prevalence of early childhood stunting and the number of people living in absolute poverty--to use as indicators of poor development. We show that both indicators are closely associated with poor cognitive and educational performance in children and use them to estimate that over 200 million children under 5 years are not fulfilling their developmental potential. Most of these children live in south Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. These disadvantaged children are likely to do poorly in school and subsequently have low incomes, high fertility, and provide poor care for their children, thus contributing to the intergenerational transmission of poverty.
1474-547x Grantham-McGregor, Sally Cheung, Yin Bun Cueto, Santiago Glewwe, Paul Richter, Linda Strupp, Barbara International Child Development Steering Group 068599/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom G0700837/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom Journal Article England Lancet. 2007 Jan 6;369(9555):60-70. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60032-4.
Keywords: *Child Development; *Developing Countries; *Poverty; Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Cognition/*classification; Cross-Sectional Studies; Developmental Disabilities/epidemiology/*etiology; Educational Status; Female; Growth Disorders/*complications; Humans; Infant; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Risk Factors

Men’s roles in care seeking for maternal and newborn health: a qualitative study applying the three delays model to male involvement in Morogoro Region, Tanzania - Greenspan, Jesse A.; Chebet, Joy J.; Mpembeni, Rose; Mosha, Idda; Mpunga, Maurus; Winch, Peter J.; Killewo, Japhet; Baqui, Abdullah H.; McMahon, Shannon A. (BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 2019)
Keywords: Care seeking; Gender; Healthcare financing; Male involvement; maternal health; Newborn health; Tanzania

Opium trade, insurgency, and HIV/AIDS in Afghanistan: relationships and regional consequences. - Griffin, Nevada; Khoshnood, Kaveh (Asia Pac J Public Health, 2010)
Global health and conflict studies share key linkages that have important research and policy implications but for which data are currently lacking. This analytical review examines the ongoing conflict in Afghanistan, using it as a basis to develop a conceptual framework that integrates security and public health concepts. The analysis draws on recent peer-reviewed and gray literature to assess the interrelationship among 3 variable clusters and their impact on the emergence of the HIV epidemic in Afghanistan. The evidence suggests that there is a complex indirect relationship linking illicit opium trade, the ongoing insurgency, and forced and spontaneous migration to the emergence of an injection drug use-driven HIV epidemic in Afghanistan. These findings demonstrate a clear need for an integrated cross-disciplinary and regional approach to the emerging threat of HIV/AIDS in Afghanistan, to inform more balanced and effective policy making in this and other regions of strategic global import.
Keywords: Afghan Campaign 2001-; Afghanistan; Databases, Bibliographic; Disease Outbreaks; Heroin Dependence; HIV Infections; Humans; Opium; Refugees; Substance Abuse, Intravenous

Breastfeeding and family-friendly policies. An evidence brief - Griswold, M.; Palmquist, A.; UNICEF (UNICEF, 2019)
Keywords: breastfeeding; early childhood development; family-friendly policies; maternal physical and mental health

Childhood Vulnerabilities in South Africa: Some Ethical PerspectivesSeen but not heard? Engaging the mechanisms of faith to end violence against children - Palm, Selina (African Sun Media, 2020)
Keywords: child rights and protection; interfaith; South Africa; violence prevention

Long-term economic effect of early childhood nutrition - Grosse, S. D.; Roy, K. (Lancet, 2008)
Grosse, Scott D Roy, Kakoli eng Comment Multicenter Study England 2008/02/05 09:00 Lancet. 2008 Feb 2;371(9610):365-6. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60180-4.
Keywords: *Child Development; *Nutritional Status; Adult; Child, Preschool; Employment/*statistics & numerical data; Female; Humans; Male; Salaries and Fringe Benefits/*statistics & numerical data; Time Factors

History of socioeconomic disadvantage and allostatic load in later life. - Gruenewald, Tara L; Karlamangla, Arun S; Hu, Perry; Stein-Merkin, Sharon; Crandall, Carolyn; Koretz, Brandon; Seeman, Teresa E (Soc Sci Med, 2012)
There is a growing interest in understanding how the experience of socioeconomic status (SES) adversity across the life course may accumulate to negatively affect the functioning of biological regulatory systems important to functioning and health in later adulthood. The goal of the present analyses was to examine whether greater life course SES adversity experience would be associated with higher scores on a multi-system allostatic load (AL) index of physiological function in adulthood. Data for these analyses are from 1008 participants (92.2% White) from the Biomarker Substudy of the Study of Midlife in the US (MIDUS). Multiple indicators of SES adversity in childhood (parent educational attainment, welfare status, financial situation) and two points in adulthood (educational attainment, household income, difficulty paying bills, availability of money to meet basic needs, current financial situation) were used to construct SES adversity measures for each life course phase. An AL score was constructed using information on 24 biomarkers from 7 different physiological systems (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, cardiovascular, lipid metabolism, glucose metabolism, inflammatory immune activity). Analyses indicate higher AL as a function of greater SES adversity at each phase of, and cumulatively across, the life course. Associations were only moderately attenuated when accounting for a wide array of health status, behavioral and psychosocial factors. Findings suggest that SES adversity experience may cumulate across the life course to have a negative impact on multiple biological systems in adulthood. An important aim of future research is the replication of current findings in this predominantly White sample in more ethnically diverse populations.
Keywords: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Allostasis; Biological Markers; Female; Health Status Disparities; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Poverty; Questionnaires; Social Class; United States

Intranasal oxytocin improves emotion recognition for youth with autism spectrum disorders. - Guastella, Adam J; Einfeld, Stewart L; Gray, Kylie M; Rinehart, Nicole J; Tonge, Bruce J; Lambert, Timothy J; Hickie, Ian B (Biol Psychiatry, 2010)
BACKGROUND: A diagnostic hallmark of autism spectrum disorders is a qualitative impairment in social communication and interaction. Deficits in the ability to recognize the emotions of others are believed to contribute to this. There is currently no effective treatment for these problems. METHODS: In a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover design, we administered oxytocin nasal spray (18 or 24 IU) or a placebo to 16 male youth aged 12 to 19 who were diagnosed with Autistic or Asperger's Disorder. Participants then completed the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Task, a widely used and reliable test of emotion recognition. RESULTS: In comparison with placebo, oxytocin administration improved performance on the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Task. This effect was also shown when analysis was restricted to the younger participants aged 12 to 15 who received the lower dose. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides the first evidence that oxytocin nasal spray improves emotion recognition in young people diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders. Findings suggest the potential of earlier intervention and further evaluation of oxytocin nasal spray as a treatment to improve social communication and interaction in young people with autism spectrum disorders.
Keywords: Administration, Intranasal; Administration, Topical; Adolescent; Affect; Autistic Disorder; Child; Cross-Over Studies; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Male; Oxytocin; Recognition (Psychology); Young Adult

Maternal Inflammation and Neurodevelopmental Programming: A Review of Preclinical Outcomes and Implications for Translational Psychiatry - Gumusoglu, S. B.; Stevens, H. E. (Biol Psychiatry, 2019)
Early disruptions to neurodevelopment are highly relevant to understanding both psychiatric risk and underlying pathophysiology that can be targeted by new treatments. Much convergent evidence from the human literature associates inflammation during pregnancy with later neuropsychiatric disorders in offspring. Preclinical models of prenatal inflammation have been developed to examine the causal maternal physiological and offspring neural mechanisms underlying these findings. Here we review the strengths and limitations of preclinical models used for these purposes and describe selected studies that have shown maternal immune impacts on the brain and behavior of offspring. Maternal immune activation in mice, rats, nonhuman primates, and other mammalian model species have demonstrated convergent outcomes across methodologies. These outcomes include shifts and/or disruptions in the normal developmental trajectory of molecular and cellular processes in the offspring brain. Prenatal developmental origins are critical to a mechanistic understanding of maternal immune activation-induced alterations to microglia and immune molecules, brain growth and development, synaptic morphology and physiology, and anxiety- and depression-like, sensorimotor, and social behaviors. These phenotypes are relevant to brain functioning across domains and to anxiety and mood disorders, schizophrenia, and autism spectrum disorder, in which they have been identified. By turning a neurodevelopmental lens on this body of work, we emphasize the importance of acute changes to the prenatal offspring brain in fostering a better understanding of potential mechanisms for intervention. Collectively, overlapping results across maternal immune activation studies also highlight the need to examine preclinical offspring neurodevelopment alterations in terms of a multifactorial immune milieu, or immunome, to determine potential mechanisms of psychiatric risk.
1873-2402 Gumusoglu, Serena B Stevens, Hanna E P30 ES005605/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States Journal Article Review United States Biol Psychiatry. 2019 Jan 15;85(2):107-121. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.08.008. Epub 2018 Aug 27.
Keywords: Animal model; Behavioral neuroscience; Maternal immune activation; Molecular and cellular psychiatry; neurodevelopment; Prenatal inflammation

The neurobiology of stress and development - Gunnar, M.; Quevedo, K. (Annual Review of PsychologyAnnual Review of PsychologyAnnual Review of Psychology, Vol 63, 2007)
Stress is a part of every life to varying degrees, but individuals differ in their stress vulnerability. Stress is usefully viewed from a biological perspective; accordingly, it involves activation of neurobiological systems that preserve viability through change or allostasis. Although they are necessary for survival, frequent neurobiological stress responses increase the risk of physical and mental health problems, perhaps particularly when experienced during periods of rapid brain development. Recently, advances in noninvasive measurement techniques have resulted in a burgeoning of human developmental stress research. Here we review the anatomy and physiology of stress responding, discuss the relevant animal literature, and briefly outline what is currently known about the psychobiology of stress in human development, the critical role of social regulation of stress neurobiology, and the importance of individual differences as a lens through which to approach questions about stress experiences during development and child outcomes.
131vx Times Cited:454 Cited References Count:159 Annual Review of Psychology
Keywords: behavioral-inhibition; child-care; corticotropin-releasing-factor; early adverse experience; factor crf; hpa axis; maltreated children; multiple-regression analysis; neuroendocrine activity; pituitary-adrenal axis; Psychopathology; salivary cortisol

Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory - Guy-Evans, O. (Simple Psychology, 2020)
Keywords: Developmental psychology

Explore, Engage, Act! Children and young people and the Global Compact on Refugees and Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration - Mehta H. (Save the Children, 2018)
Keywords: children on the move; Human Rights; Migrant children; Refugees

Socioeconomic status and the brain: mechanistic insights from human and animal research. - Hackman, Daniel A; Farah, Martha J; Meaney, Michael J (Nat Rev Neurosci, 2010)
Human brain development occurs within a socioeconomic context and childhood socioeconomic status (SES) influences neural development--particularly of the systems that subserve language and executive function. Research in humans and in animal models has implicated prenatal factors, parent-child interactions and cognitive stimulation in the home environment in the effects of SES on neural development. These findings provide a unique opportunity for understanding how environmental factors can lead to individual differences in brain development, and for improving the programmes and policies that are designed to alleviate SES-related disparities in mental health and academic achievement.
Keywords: Animals; Brain; Cognition; Humans; Mental Disorders; Social Class

Cross-generational effects of discrimination among immigrant mothers: perceived discrimination predicts child's healthcare visits for illness - Halim, M. L.; Yoshikawa, H.; Amodio, D. M. (Health Psychol, 2013)
OBJECTIVE: This study tested whether an immigrant mother's perception of ethnic and language-based discrimination affects the health of her child (indexed by the child's frequency of sick visits to the doctor, adjusting for well-visits), as a function of her ethnic-group attachment and length of U.S. residency. METHOD: A community-based sample of 98 immigrant Dominican and Mexican mothers of normally developing 14-month-old children were interviewed. Mothers reported their perceived ethnic and language-based discrimination, degree of ethnic-group attachment, length of time in the United States, and frequency of their child's doctor visits for both illness and routine (healthy) exams. RESULTS: Among more recent immigrants, greater perceived ethnic and language-based discrimination were associated with more frequent sick-child visits, but only among those reporting low ethnic-group attachment. The associations between both forms of perceived discrimination and sick-child visits were not observed among mothers reporting high ethnic-group attachment. Among more established immigrants, perceived language-based discrimination was associated with more frequent sick-child visits regardless of ethnic-group attachment. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that a Latina mother's experience with ethnic and language-based discrimination is associated with her child's health, as indicated by doctor visits for illness, but that strong ethnic-group attachment may mitigate this association among recent immigrants.
Halim, May Ling Yoshikawa, Hirokazu Amodio, David M eng Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. 2012/03/07 06:00 Health Psychol. 2013 Feb;32(2):203-11. doi: 10.1037/a0027279. Epub 2012 Mar 5.
Keywords: *Cohort Effect; Adult; Child Health Services/*utilization; Dominican Republic/ethnology; Emigrants and Immigrants/*psychology/statistics & numerical data; Emigration and Immigration/statistics & numerical data; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Mexico/ethnology; Mothers/*psychology/statistics & numerical data; Prejudice/*psychology; Qualitative Research; Time Factors; United States; Young Adult

It’s Okay to Be a Different Kind of Parent During the Pandemic - Ham, MK (The Atlantic, 2020)
Keywords: COVID-19; Parenting

Narrative and the Politics of Identity: The Cultural Psychology of Israeli and Palestinian Youth - Hammack, P.L. (Oxford University Press, 2010)

Saving lives, preserving livelihoods: understanding risk, decision-making and child health in a food crisis. - Hampshire, K. R.; Panter-Brick, C.; Kilpatrick, K.; Casiday, R. E. (Soc Sci Med, 2009)
The purpose of this paper is to analyse household decision-making regarding resource allocation in the aftermath of a food crisis in rural Niger. International attention had resulted in humanitarian agencies launching emergency nutrition programmes to alleviate persistently high levels of acute child malnutrition. We conducted participant observation, 93 in-depth interviews, 15 focus groups, 44 feeding and illness histories for children under 5, and debriefing sessions with local humanitarian staff. The impetus for this study came from observations of marked intra-household differences in child growth and health status, despite the caregivers' ethos of treating children equally. Egalitarian input, however, does not always result in equal outcomes: vulnerable children become "victims of non-discrimination" through a form of benign neglect engendered by pervasive poverty. The ethos and practices of equal investment in children are rooted in a need to balance the perceived risks to children with the preservation of long-term livelihoods. We discuss the mismatch of views between external interventions, which focus on saving individual children's lives, and local priorities, aimed at spreading risk. This mismatch is rooted in the different ways in which humanitarian agencies and local communities weigh up risks and vulnerabilities in matters of child health.
Keywords: Caregivers; Child; Child, Preschool; Decision Making; Family Relations; Female; Humans; Infant; Interviews as Topic; Male; Niger; Poverty; Resource Allocation; Starvation

The social context of childcare practices and child malnutrition in Niger's recent food crisis. - Hampshire, K.; Casiday, R.; Kilpatrick, K.; Panter-Brick, C. (Disasters, 2009)
In 2004-05, Niger suffered a food crisis during which global attention focused on high levels of acute malnutrition among children. In response, decentralised emergency nutrition programmes were introduced into much of southern Niger. Child malnutrition, however, is a chronic problem and its links with food production and household food security are complex. This qualitative, anthropological study investigates pathways by which children are rendered vulnerable in the context of a nutritional 'emergency'. It focuses on household-level decisions that determine resource allocation and childcare practices in order to explain why practices apparently detrimental to children's health persist. Risk aversion, the need to maintain self-identity and status, and constrained decision making result in a failure to invest extra necessary resources ingrowth-faltering children. Understanding and responding to the social context of child malnutrition will help humanitarian workers to integrate their efforts more effectively with longer-term development programmes aimed at improving livelihood security.
Keywords: Child Care; Child Nutrition Disorders; Child, Preschool; Decision Making; Food Supply; Humans; Infant; Interviews as Topic; Niger; Parent-Child Relations; Resource Allocation; Starvation

The social context of childcare practices and child malnutrition in Niger's recent food crisis - Hampshire, K.; Casiday, R.; Kilpatrick, K.; Panter-Brick, C. (Disasters, 2009)
In 2004-05, Niger suffered a food crisis during which global attention focused on high levels of acute malnutrition among children. In response, decentralised emergency nutrition programmes were introduced into much of southern Niger. Child malnutrition, however, is a chronic problem and its links with food production and household food security are complex. This qualitative, anthropological study investigates pathways by which children are rendered vulnerable in the context of a nutritional 'emergency'. It focuses on household-level decisions that determine resource allocation and childcare practices in order to explain why practices apparently detrimental to children's health persist. Risk aversion, the need to maintain self-identity and status, and constrained decision making result in a failure to invest extra necessary resources ingrowth-faltering children. Understanding and responding to the social context of child malnutrition will help humanitarian workers to integrate their efforts more effectively with longer-term development programmes aimed at improving livelihood security.
Hampshire, Katherine Casiday, Rachel Kilpatrick, Kate Panter-Brick, Catherine eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't England 2008/06/03 09:00 Disasters. 2009 Mar;33(1):132-51. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-7717.2008.01066.x. Epub 2008 May 29.
Keywords: *Decision Making; *Parent-Child Relations; *Resource Allocation; *Starvation; Child Care; Child Nutrition Disorders; Child, Preschool; Food Supply; Humans; Infant; Interviews as Topic; Niger

Policy Briefing Note: Early Childhood Development and Its Promise for Peace - Hanöz-Penney, Suna; ECPC Policy & Advocacy Working Group (Early Childhood Peace Consortium, 2023)
The Challenge Inequality is on the rise globally. International conflict is also increasing. Conflicts impact people of all ages but children are particularly vulnerable to violence and neglect. That impact is magnified by the increased stress children and parents experience when adapting to the realities of war and displacement that substantially disrupt their daily lives. Exposure to these adversities at an early age can cause children to experience “toxic stress”, which is associated with a broad range of negative life outcomes, including major emotional and behavioral problems. Hundreds of millions of children are now at great risk of not reaching their full developmental potential and perpetuating cycles of violence and marginalization, affecting not just this generation but those to come. How ECD can make a difference In such periods of disparity and unrest, it is vital to invest in solutions that will disrupt cycles of violence, build strong foundations for sustainable development and social cohesion, and promote a “culture of peace”. READ the full policy briefing note.
Keywords: child rights and protection; early childhood development; economic investment; partnerships; peacebuilding; programs and interventions; research science; Social cohesion; Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

ECPC Call-to-Action for Justice, Peace, and the Protection of All Children Affected by the War in Israel and Palestine - Hanöz-Penney, Suna; ECPC Advocacy Working Group (Early Childhood Peace Consortium, 2023)
Thousands have died. The killing, maiming, and abduction of children must stop. Attacks on schools and hospitals, and the impedance of humanitarian aid to affected children and families/parents/caregivers, are unacceptable. These are among the most serious violations of international human rights laws protecting children and constitute four of the six grave violations against children during armed conflict as identified by the united nations security council resolution S/RES/1612 (2005). The Early Childhood Peace Consortium (ECPC) is extremely concerned with the impact of the current war in Israel and Palestine on innocent children. Every conflict profoundly impacts people of all age groups, but children are disproportionately affected. Being far more vulnerable to violence, hardship, and toxic stress, they can suffer physical, psychological, and emotional effects for the rest of their lives. That impact can pass from one generation to the next. Any delay in bringing this catastrophic conflict to an end will have enduring consequences. More►
Keywords: child rights and protection; early childhood development; humanitarian action; Israel-Palestine War 2023; peacebuilding; violence prevention

Policy Briefing Note: Taking Action on the Safety, Well-being, and Development of Children in Conflict/Post Conflict Countries - Hanöz-Penney, Suna; ECPC Policy & Advocacy Working Group (Early Childhood Peace Consortium, 2023)
Executive Summary Humanitarian crises including the war in Ukraine and the ongoing crisis in Syria, among others—pose a substantial threat to children’s health, safety, and development. In addition to the physical threats and psychological traumas posed by war and mass displacement, children in such crises suffer severe deprivation, including lack of adequate nutrition, medicine, education, and clean drinking water. Exposure to such and resulting toxic stress leads to significant harm for children’s short- and long-term health and well-being. Early child development (ECD) interventions are critical to addressing these threats globally. Growing evidence suggests appropriate ECD programming, supported by psychological first aid and psychosocial support, can mitigate harms to young children and families living in contexts of war, displacement, and other humanitarian crises. Yet, it is disturbing that neither integrated ECD interventions, nor early care and learning for children more generally, have been prioritized by governments and agencies in emergency contexts. Governments, donors, organizations, and other international actors must act now to uphold international commitments to prioritize the rights of children and ensure adequate funding and support for all children in crisis. The ECD research and practitioner community must also act with urgency to strengthen the case for ECD interventions in emergencies, including employing more effective communications and addressing research gaps. Frontline workers, including families, should be empowered with the knowledge and tools to support the holistic development of children, especially in situations of conflict and crisis. We urge governments, donors, organizations, and other international actors to prioritize integrated ECD interventions inclusive of early learning and early care in emergencies. READ the full policy briefing note.
Keywords: child rights and protection; early childhood development; Governance and policymaking; humanitarian response; peacebuilding; programs and interventions; Social cohesion; toxic stress

Inflammation: A Proposed Intermediary Between Maternal Stress and Offspring Neuropsychiatric Risk - Hantsoo, L.; Kornfield, S.; Anguera, M. C.; Epperson, C. N. (Biol Psychiatry, 2019)
During pregnancy, programming of the fetal central nervous system establishes vulnerabilities for emergence of neuropsychiatric phenotypes later in life. Psychosocial influences during pregnancy, such as stressful life events and chronic stress, correlate with offspring neuropsychiatric disorders and inflammation, respectively. Stress promotes inflammation, but the role of inflammation as a mediator between maternal psychosocial stress and offspring neuropsychiatric outcomes has not been extensively studied in humans. This review summarizes clinical evidence linking specific types of stress to maternal inflammatory load during pregnancy. We propose that inflammation is a mediator in the relationship between psychosocial stress and offspring neuropsychiatric outcomes, potentially influenced by poor maternal glucocorticoid-immune coordination. We present relevant experimental animal research supporting this hypothesis. We conclude that clinical and preclinical research supports the premise that stress-induced maternal immune activation contributes in part to prenatal programming of risk. Programming of risk is likely due to a combination of vulnerabilities, including multiple or repeated inflammatory events; timing of such events; poor maternal regulation of inflammation; genetic vulnerability; and lifestyle contributors.
1873-2402 Hantsoo, Liisa Kornfield, Sara Anguera, Montserrat C Epperson, C Neill K23 MH107831/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States K12 HD085848/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States R21 AI124084/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States K23 MH102360/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States P50 MH099910/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States Journal Article Review United States Biol Psychiatry. 2019 Jan 15;85(2):97-106. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.08.018. Epub 2018 Sep 5.
Keywords: Cytokine-glucocorticoid feedback; Cytokines; Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal; Pregnancy; stress; Transgenerational

How Children and Adults Can Build Core Capabilities for Life - Harvard (2018)
Keywords: executive function; responsive caregiving

A guide to Serve and Return: How your interaction with children can build brains - Harvard (2019)
Keywords: building brains; early childhood development; responsive caregiving; serve and return

A Guide to COVID-19 and Early Childhood Development - HarvardCenterDevelopingChild (2020)
Keywords: COVID-19; early childhood development

The Brain Architects Podcast: COVID-19 Special Edition: A Different World - HarvardCenterDevelopingChild (Center for the Developing Child at Harvard University, 2020)
In this first episode from a special COVID-19 series of The Brain Architects podcast, Center Director Jack P. Shonkoff, M.D. discusses the COVID-19 pandemic in the context of early childhood development. He offers advice to help ensure that adults and the children they care for don't experience the long-term effects of stress, and explains how society can work together to continue to support healthy development.
Keywords: brain development; COVID-19; early childhood development

Anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress in Iranian survivors of chemical warfare. - Hashemian, Farnoosh; Khoshnood, Kaveh; Desai, Mayur M; Falahati, Farahnaz; Kasl, Stanislav; Southwick, Steven (JAMA, 2006)
CONTEXT: In the 1980-1988 Iran-Iraq War, extensive use of chemical weapons resulted in high rates of morbidity and mortality. While much is known about the physical consequences of chemical warfare, there is a paucity of information about the long-term effects of chemical attacks on mental health. OBJECTIVE: To assess the long-term psychological impact of chemical warfare on a civilian population. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Cross-sectional randomized survey conducted in July 2004 of 153 civilians in 3 towns exposed to warfare in northwestern Iran: Oshnaviyeh (low-intensity conventional warfare), Rabat (high-intensity conventional warfare), and Sardasht (both high-intensity conventional warfare and chemical weapons). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Full or partial posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnosis, anxiety symptoms, and depressive symptoms were assessed using Farsi versions of the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale, Hamilton Scale for Anxiety, and Beck Depression Inventory, respectively. RESULTS: Overall participation rate was 93%. Respondents had a mean age of 45 years and were all of Kurdish ethnicity. Among individuals exposed to both high-intensity warfare and chemical weapons, prevalence rates for lifetime PTSD, current PTSD, major anxiety symptoms, and severe depressive symptoms were 59%, 33%, 65%, and 41%, respectively. Among the low-intensity warfare group, the corresponding rates were 8%, 2%, 18%, and 6%, respectively, while intermediate rates were found among those exposed to high-intensity warfare but not to chemical weapons (31%, 8%, 26%, and 12%, respectively). Compared with individuals exposed to low-intensity warfare, those exposed to both high-intensity warfare and chemical weapons were at higher risk for lifetime PTSD (odds ratio [OR], 18.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 5.8-59.4), current PTSD (OR, 27.4; 95% CI, 3.4-218.2), increased anxiety symptoms (OR, 14.6; 95% CI, 6.0-35.6), and increased depressive symptoms (OR, 7.2; 95% CI, 3.3-15.9). Exposure to high-intensity warfare but not to chemical weapons was also significantly associated with lifetime PTSD (OR, 5.4; 95% CI, 1.7-17.6), compared with those in the low-intensity warfare group. Further, compared with individuals exposed to high-intensity warfare alone, those exposed to both high-intensity warfare and chemical weapons were at higher risk for lifetime PTSD (OR, 3.4; 95% CI, 1.5-7.4), current PTSD (OR, 6.2; 95% CI, 2.0-20.1), increased anxiety symptoms (OR, 5.6; 95% CI, 2.5-12.6), and increased depressive symptoms (OR, 3.7; 95% CI, 1.8-7.2). CONCLUSION: Exposure to chemical warfare is an extreme traumatic event that has long-lasting adverse consequences on mental health.
Keywords: Adult; Aged; Anxiety; Chemical Warfare; Comorbidity; Cross-Sectional Studies; Depression; Female; Humans; Iran; Male; Mental Health; Middle Aged; Population Surveillance; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic; Survival

Poverty, social support, and parental behavior. - Hashima, P Y; Amato, P R (Child Dev, 1994)
The associations among poverty, measures of social support, and parents' reports of punitive and unsupportive behaviors were examined using the National Survey of Families and Households. Analyses revealed a significant interaction between perceived social support and household income: perceived social support was negatively associated with parents' reports of punitive behavior, but mainly when income was low. The amount of help received from others was negatively associated with parents' reports of unsupportive behavior. The study suggests that some forms of social support lower levels of problematic behavior among all parents, whereas other forms of social support are particularly beneficial to parents living in poverty.
Keywords: Child Abuse; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Income; Infant; Male; Parenting; Poverty; Risk Factors; Social Behavior; Social Support; Socialization

Self-Regulation in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Challenges and Future Directions - Haslam, Divna; Mejia, Anilena; Thomson, Dana; Betancourt, Theresa (Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 2019)
Keywords: Collectivistic; culture; Emotion regulation; Executive functioning; LMICs; Low resource settings; Low- and middle-income countries; Parenting; Reflective functioning; Self-control; self-regulation

Culture, Context and the Mental Health and Psychosocial Wellbeing of Syrians: A Review for Mental Health and Psychosocial Support staff working with Syrians Affected by Armed Conflict - Hassan, G.; Mekki- Berrada A.; Quosh, C.; el Chammay, R.; Deville-Stoetzel, J.B.; Youssef, A.; Jefee-Bahloul, H.; Barkeel-Oteo, A.; Coutts, A.; Song, S.; Ventevogel, P. (UNHCR, 2015)

Evaluation of the Better Parenting Programme in Jordan - ‐Hassan, Suha M.; Lansford, Jennifer E. (Early Child Development and Care, 2011)

Increasing Fathers’ Involvement in Child Care With a Couple-Focused Intervention During the Transition to Parenthood - Hawkins, Alan J.; Lovejoy, Kimberly R.; Holmes, Erin K.; Blanchard, Victoria L.; Fawcett, Elizabeth (Family Relations, 2008)

Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance: myths and mechanisms. - Heard, Edith; Martienssen, Robert A (Cell, 2014)
Since the human genome was sequenced, the term "epigenetics" is increasingly being associated with the hope that we are more than just the sum of our genes. Might what we eat, the air we breathe, or even the emotions we feel influence not only our genes but those of descendants? The environment can certainly influence gene expression and can lead to disease, but transgenerational consequences are another matter. Although the inheritance of epigenetic characters can certainly occur-particularly in plants-how much is due to the environment and the extent to which it happens in humans remain unclear.
Keywords: Animals; DNA Methylation; Epigenesis, Genetic; Gene Expression Regulation; Gene-Environment Interaction; Germ Cells; Humans; Plants

Children of Afghanistan: The Path to Peace - Heath, J.; Zahedi, A. (University of Texas Press, 2014)

The American Family in Black and White: A Post-Racial Strategy for Improving Skills to Promote Equality - Heckman, J. J. (Daedalus, 2011)
In contemporary America, racial gaps in achievement are primarily due to gaps in skills. Skill gaps emerge early before children enter school. Families are major producers of those skills. Inequality in performance in school is strongly linked to inequality in family environments. Schools do little to reduce or enlarge the gaps in skills that are present when children enter school. Parenting matters, and the true measure of child advantage and disadvantage is the quality of parenting received. A growing fraction of American children across all race and ethnic groups is being raised in dysfunctional families. Investment in the early lives of children in disadvantaged families will help close achievement gaps. America currently relies too much on schools and adolescent remediation strategies to solve problems that start in the preschool years. Policy should prevent rather than remediate. Voluntary, culturally sensitive support for parenting is a politically and economically palatable strategy that addresses problems common to all racial and ethnic groups.
Heckman, James J eng R01 HD054702/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ R37 HD065072/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ R37 HD065072-01/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ 2012/05/19 06:00 Daedalus. 2011 Spring;140(2):70-89. doi: 10.1162/DAED_a_00078. Epub 2011 Jul 14.

Social Policy: Targeting programs effectively - Heckman, J. J.; Garcia, J. L. (Nat Hum Behav, 2017)
By linking data from a 40-year birth cohort study with multiple administrative databases, Caspi and colleagues show that 20% of the population accounts for 60% - 80% of several adult social ills. Outcomes for this group can be accurately predicted from as early as age 3, using a small set of indicators of disadvantage. This finding supports policies that target children from disadvantaged families and complements recent literature on the life-cycle benefits of early childhood programmes.
Heckman, James J Garcia, Jorge Luis R01 HD054702/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States R24 AG048081/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States R37 HD065072/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States Journal Article England Nat Hum Behav. 2017;1. doi: 10.1038/s41562-016-0019. Epub 2017 Jan 10.

The Perry Preschoolers at late midlife: A study in design-specific inference - Heckman, J. J.; Karapakula, G. (National Bureau of Economic Research, 2019)
This paper presents the first analysis of the life course outcomes through late midlife (around age 55) for the participants of the iconic Perry Preschool Project, an experimental high-quality preschool program for disadvantaged African-American children in the 1960s. We discuss the design of the experiment, compromises in and adjustments to the randomization protocol, and the extent of knowledge about departures from the initial random assignment. We account for these factors in developing conservative small-sample hypothesis tests that use approximate worst-case (least favorable) randomization null distributions. We examine how our new methods compare with standard inferential methods, which ignore essential features of the experimental setup. Widely used procedures produce misleading inferences about treatment effects. Our design- specific inferential approach can be applied to analyze a variety of compromised social and economic experiments, including those using re-randomization designs. Despite the conservative nature of our statistical tests, we find long-term treatment effects on crime, employment, health, cognitive and non-cognitive skills, and other outcomes of the Perry participants. Treatment effects are especially strong for males. Improvements in childhood home environments and parental attachment appear to be an important source of the long-term benefits of the program.
Keywords: preschool; The Perry Preschool Project

Invest in Early Childhood Development: Reduce Deficits, Strengthen the Economy - Heckman, J.J. (Heckman, 2020)
Keywords: early childhood development; early learning; economy

Understanding the Mechanisms Through Which an Influential Early Childhood Program Boosted Adult Outcomes - Heckman, J.; Pinto, R.; Savelyev, P. (Am Econ Rev, 2013)
A growing literature establishes that high quality early childhood interventions targeted toward disadvantaged children have substantial impacts on later life outcomes. Little is known about the mechanisms producing these impacts. This paper uses longitudinal data on cognitive and personality traits from an experimental evaluation of the influential Perry Preschool program to analyze the channels through which the program boosted both male and female participant outcomes. Experimentally induced changes in personality traits explain a sizable portion of adult treatment effects.
Heckman, James Pinto, Rodrigo Savelyev, Peter eng R01 HD054702/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ R37 HD065072/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ 2014/03/19 06:00 Am Econ Rev. 2013 Oct;103(6):2052-2086. doi: 10.1257/aer.103.6.2052.
Keywords: academic motivation; cognitive traits; early childhood interventions; experimentally estimated production functions; externalizing behavior; factor analysis; human capital; Human Development; Perry Preschool program; personality traits; social experiments

Intergenerational and intragenerational externalities of the Perry Preschool Project - Heckman, J.J.; Karapakula, G. (National Bureau of Economic Research, 2019)
This paper examines the impact of the iconic Perry Preschool Project on the children and siblings of the original participants. The children of treated participants have fewer school suspensions, higher levels of education and employment, and lower levels of participation in crime, compared with the children of untreated participants. Impacts are especially pronounced for the children of male participants. These treatment effects are associated with improved childhood home environments. The intergenerational effects arise despite the fact that families of treated subjects live in similar or worse neighborhoods than the control families. We also find substantial positive effects of the Perry program on the siblings of participants who did not directly participate in the program, especially for male siblings.
Keywords: Intergenerational Relations; Perry Preschool Project

Skill formation and the economics of investing in disadvantaged children - Heckman, J. J. (Science, 2006)
This paper summarizes evidence on the effects of early environments on child, adolescent, and adult achievement. Life cycle skill formation is a dynamic process in which early inputs strongly affect the productivity of later inputs.
Heckman, James J eng R01HD043411/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. 2006/07/01 09:00 Science. 2006 Jun 30;312(5782):1900-2. doi: 10.1126/science.1128898.
Keywords: *Achievement; *Child Development; *Early Intervention (Education)/economics; *Education/economics; *Vulnerable Populations; Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Family; Humans; Income; Infant; Intelligence; Public Policy; United States

Analyzing social experiments as implemented: A reexamination of the evidence from the HighScope Perry Preschool Program - Heckman, J.; Moon, S. H.; Pinto, R.; Savelyev, P.; Yavitz, A. (Quant Econom, 2010)
Social experiments are powerful sources of information about the effectiveness of interventions. In practice, initial randomization plans are almost always compromised. Multiple hypotheses are frequently tested. "Significant" effects are often reported with p-values that do not account for preliminary screening from a large candidate pool of possible effects. This paper develops tools for analyzing data from experiments as they are actually implemented.We apply these tools to analyze the influential HighScope Perry Preschool Program. The Perry program was a social experiment that provided preschool education and home visits to disadvantaged children during their preschool years. It was evaluated by the method of random assignment. Both treatments and controls have been followed from age 3 through age 40.Previous analyses of the Perry data assume that the planned randomization protocol was implemented. In fact, as in many social experiments, the intended randomization protocol was compromised. Accounting for compromised randomization, multiple-hypothesis testing, and small sample sizes, we find statistically significant and economically important program effects for both males and females. We also examine the representativeness of the Perry study.
Heckman, James Moon, Seong Hyeok Pinto, Rodrigo Savelyev, Peter Yavitz, Adam eng R01 HD043411/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ R01 HD054702/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ R37 HD065072/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ 2010/01/01 00:00 Quant Econom. 2010;1(1):1-46.

Intergenerational Long-Term Effects of Preschool - Structural Estimates from a Discrete Dynamic Programming Model - Heckman, J. J.; Raut, L. K. (J Econom, 2016)
This paper formulates a structural dynamic programming model of preschool investment choices of altruistic parents and then empirically estimates the structural parameters of the model using the NLSY79 data. The paper finds that preschool investment significantly boosts cognitive and non-cognitive skills, which enhance earnings and school outcomes. It also finds that a standard Mincer earnings function, by omitting measures of non-cognitive skills on the right-hand side, overestimates the rate of return to schooling. From the estimated equilibrium Markov process, the paper studies the nature of within generation earnings distribution, intergenerational earnings mobility, and schooling mobility. The paper finds that a tax-financed free preschool program for the children of poor socioeconomic status generates positive net gains to the society in terms of average earnings, higher intergenerational earnings mobility, and schooling mobility.
Heckman, James J Raut, Lakshmi K R01 HD054702/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States R37 HD065072/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States Journal Article Netherlands J Econom. 2016 Mar;191(1):164-175. doi: 10.1016/j.jeconom.2015.10.001. Epub 2015 Oct 17.
Keywords: early childhood development; Intergenerational Social Mobility; Preschool Investment; Structural Dynamic Programming

Inequality in America: What role for human capital policies? - Heckman, J. J.; Krueger, A. B. (The MIT Press, 2003)

The economics, technology, and neuroscience of human capability formation - Heckman, J. J. (Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2007)
This article begins the synthesis of two currently unrelated literatures: the human capital approach to health economics and the economics of cognitive and noncognitive skill formation. A lifecycle investment framework is the foundation for understanding the origins of human inequality and for devising policies to reduce it.
Heckman, James J eng R01 HD043411/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ R01 HD054702/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ R01-HD043411/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. 2007/08/10 09:00 Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Aug 14;104(33):13250-5. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0701362104. Epub 2007 Aug 8.
Keywords: *Economics; *Neurosciences; Humans

The Rate of Return to the High/Scope Perry Preschool Program - Heckman, J. J.; Moon, S. H.; Pinto, R.; Savelyev, P. A.; Yavitz, A. (J Public Econ, 2010)
This paper estimates the rate of return to the High/Scope Perry Preschool Program, an early intervention program targeted toward disadvantaged African-American youth. Estimates of the rate of return to the Perry program are widely cited to support the claim of substantial economic benefits from preschool education programs. Previous studies of the rate of return to this program ignore the compromises that occurred in the randomization protocol. They do not report standard errors. The rates of return estimated in this paper account for these factors. We conduct an extensive analysis of sensitivity to alternative plausible assumptions. Estimated annual social rates of return generally fall between 7-10 percent, with most estimates substantially lower than those previously reported in the literature. However, returns are generally statistically significantly different from zero for both males and females and are above the historical return on equity. Estimated benefit-to-cost ratios support this conclusion.
Heckman, James J Moon, Seong Hyeok Pinto, Rodrigo Savelyev, Peter A Yavitz, Adam eng R01 HD043411/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ R01 HD043411-05/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ R01 HD054702/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ R37 HD065072/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ Netherlands 2010/02/01 00:00 J Public Econ. 2010 Feb 1;94(1-2):114-128.

The Rate of Return to the High/Scope Perry Preschool Program - Heckman, J. J.; Moon, S. H.; Pinto, R.; Savelyev, P. A.; Yavitz, A. (J Public Econ, 2010)
This paper estimates the rate of return to the High/Scope Perry Preschool Program, an early intervention program targeted toward disadvantaged African-American youth. Estimates of the rate of return to the Perry program are widely cited to support the claim of substantial economic benefits from preschool education programs. Previous studies of the rate of return to this program ignore the compromises that occurred in the randomization protocol. They do not report standard errors. The rates of return estimated in this paper account for these factors. We conduct an extensive analysis of sensitivity to alternative plausible assumptions. Estimated annual social rates of return generally fall between 7-10 percent, with most estimates substantially lower than those previously reported in the literature. However, returns are generally statistically significantly different from zero for both males and females and are above the historical return on equity. Estimated benefit-to-cost ratios support this conclusion.
Heckman, James J Moon, Seong Hyeok Pinto, Rodrigo Savelyev, Peter A Yavitz, Adam R01 HD043411/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States R01 HD043411-05/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States R01 HD054702/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States R37 HD065072/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States Journal Article Netherlands J Public Econ. 2010 Feb 1;94(1-2):114-128.

Intergenerational Long-Term Effects of Preschool - Structural Estimates from a Discrete Dynamic Programming Model - Heckman, J. J.; Raut, L. K. (J Econom, 2016)
This paper formulates a structural dynamic programming model of preschool investment choices of altruistic parents and then empirically estimates the structural parameters of the model using the NLSY79 data. The paper finds that preschool investment significantly boosts cognitive and non-cognitive skills, which enhance earnings and school outcomes. It also finds that a standard Mincer earnings function, by omitting measures of non-cognitive skills on the right-hand side, overestimates the rate of return to schooling. From the estimated equilibrium Markov process, the paper studies the nature of within generation earnings distribution, intergenerational earnings mobility, and schooling mobility. The paper finds that a tax-financed free preschool program for the children of poor socioeconomic status generates positive net gains to the society in terms of average earnings, higher intergenerational earnings mobility, and schooling mobility.
Heckman, James J Raut, Lakshmi K eng R01 HD054702/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ R37 HD065072/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ Netherlands 2015/12/29 06:00 J Econom. 2016 Mar;191(1):164-175. doi: 10.1016/j.jeconom.2015.10.001. Epub 2015 Oct 17.
Keywords: early childhood development; Intergenerational Social Mobility; Preschool Investment; Structural Dynamic Programming

Role of income and family influence on child outcomes - Heckman, J. J. (Ann N Y Acad Sci, 2008)
This chapter examines the role of income and family background in models of capability formation that explains a variety of findings established in the child development and child intervention literatures.
Heckman, James J eng P01 AG029409-01/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ R01 HD054702/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ R01-HD043411/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Review 2008/06/27 09:00 Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2008;1136:307-23. doi: 10.1196/annals.1425.031.
Keywords: *Child Development; *Income; *Parenting; Child; Child, Preschool; Family Characteristics; Humans; Models, Theoretical

The role of childhood trauma in the neurobiology of mood and anxiety disorders: preclinical and clinical studies - Heim, C.; Nemeroff, C. B. (Biol Psychiatry, 2001)
Epidemiologic studies indicate that children exposed to early adverse experiences are at increased risk for the development of depression, anxiety disorders, or both. Persistent sensitization of central nervous system (CNS) circuits as a consequence of early life stress, which are integrally involved in the regulation of stress and emotion, may represent the underlying biological substrate of an increased vulnerability to subsequent stress as well as to the development of depression and anxiety. A number of preclinical studies suggest that early life stress induces long-lived hyper(re)activity of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) systems as well as alterations in other neurotransmitter systems, resulting in increased stress responsiveness. Many of the findings from these preclinical studies are comparable to findings in adult patients with mood and anxiety disorders. Emerging evidence from clinical studies suggests that exposure to early life stress is associated with neurobiological changes in children and adults, which may underlie the increased risk of psychopathology. Current research is focused on strategies to prevent or reverse the detrimental effects of early life stress on the CNS. The identification of the neurobiological substrates of early adverse experience is of paramount importance for the development of novel treatments for children, adolescents, and adults.
Heim, C Nemeroff, C B MH 42088/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States Journal Article Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Review United States Biol Psychiatry. 2001 Jun 15;49(12):1023-39.
Keywords: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/metabolism; Adult; Animals; Anxiety Disorders/*etiology/metabolism; Anxiety, Separation/metabolism/psychology; Brain/metabolism; Child; Child Abuse/psychology; Corticosterone/metabolism; Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/metabolism; Depressive Disorder/etiology/metabolism; Humans; Life Change Events; Maternal Behavior/psychology; Mood Disorders/*etiology/metabolism; Nerve Net/metabolism; Norepinephrine/urine; Parenting; Raphe Nuclei/metabolism; Rats; Receptors, GABA-A/metabolism; Receptors, GABA/metabolism; RNA, Messenger/metabolism; Serotonin/metabolism; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/metabolism/*physiopathology/*psychology

Overview of the Early Childhood Peace Consortium’s Early Childhood and Peacebuilding Research and Practice - Hein, Sascha; ECPC Research Working Group (Early Childhood Peace Consortium, 2023)
Summary Early childhood development (ECD) is a critical period in a child's life, impacting their neuropsychosocial health and ability to reach their full developmental and economic potential. ECD is endorsed as a transformative element in the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which emphasize the importance of equal access to early learning and lifelong education for all children. However, many children do not receive adequate nurturing care due to socioeconomic stresses and caregivers' mental health. Research has shown positive effects of ECD interventions that incorporate nurturing care. The available evidence also indicates that how a community attends to its children (their health, safety, sense of being loved and valued) can set the stage for a more peaceful world. However, limited evidence specifically examines pathways from early childhood to peacebuilding (that is, actions that promote sustainable peace by supporting prosocial skills needed for peace 1). This review summarizes the interdisciplinary body of knowledge that can help build a peaceful, equitable, and sustainable world through effective ECD programming. To address today's global inequities, researchers and practitioners must better understand family and community dynamics and their implications for child development. This knowledge is crucial to tailor evidence-based ECD services to family and community needs and promote the long-term acceptability, uptake, and sustainability of programs. However, governments or policymakers still need to thoroughly prioritize high-quality ECD services. This review emphasizes the importance of cross-sectoral partnerships and coalitions to propel effective ECD research, programming, and advocacy. Donors, governments, and policymakers must prioritize investments in translational research of the relationships between early childhood development and peacebuilding outcomes, such as social cohesion, community mobilization, diversified social networks, and trust. Early experiences, as determined by the interaction between the developing child's brain and the immediate environment, lay the foundation for violent or peaceful relations and behaviors in later life. Interventions targeting the family, or the developing child can impact the child's propensity for violent or peaceful relationships and behaviors in later life. This review summarizes the interdisciplinary body of knowledge generated by members of the Early Childhood Peace Consortium (ECPC) that can help build a peaceful, equitable, and sustainable world. This review details global ECD research to better draw the connections between parenting, bio-behavioral development, and peacebuilding efforts. While there is growing evidence for a catalyst role of ECD programs and families in conflict-affected regions, more significant structural interventions are needed to sustain more peaceful, socially cohesive, and resilient communities. Four areas of key findings and recommendations for research and practice at the intersection of ECD and peacebuilding emerged from this review: Preprimary education and 0-3 parenting programs can significantly improve early learning. Supporting parents and their partners in caring for their children can improve child outcomes. Research in hard-to-access regions has shown that caregiver-guided education and mass media can contribute to peace and stability. Engaging caregivers in ECD interventions can reduce conflict, violence, aggression, and psychopathology, benefiting their children's well-being and developmental outcomes. Engaging fathers in care can improve family well-being and reduce caregiving stress. Effective community engagement, self-sustaining programs, and stakeholder involvement are crucial for widespread peacebuilding and successful implementation. The available evidence demonstrates the added value of engaging youth in intergenerational programs. The ECPC can serve as a youth access point for peacebuilding projects. Research co-designed and implemented by youth and ECPC researchers could inform the next generation of peacebuilding research. Research on ECD and peacebuilding primarily focuses on individual outcomes, neglecting community and structural factors. A new generation of research is needed to understand the multi-level effects of ECD programs on social cohesion and community-level aspects. Such analysis must also account for the neurobiological foundations that shape early life experiences and subsequent pathways to peace. READ the full text.
Keywords: biomarkers; early childhood development; peacebuilding; programmatic evidence; programs and interventions; research science; Social cohesion; Sustainable development; systematic review; violence prevention

Maternal perceptions of father involvement among refugee and disadvantaged families in Beirut, Lebanon - Hein, Sascha; Bick, Johanna; Issa, Ghassan; Aoude, Lara; Maalouf, Cosette; Awar, Abir; Nourallah, Sawsan; Zonderman, Anna L.; Householder, Sarah; Katsovich, Liliya; Khoshnood, Kaveh; Moore, Christina; et al. (PLOS ONE, 2020)
Keywords: co-parenting; father involvement; harsh discipline; Lebanon; maternal mental health; parenting stress; paternal involvement; refugee families

The tiney guide to becoming an inclusive, anti-racist early educator - Laura Henry-Allain, L.; Lloyd-Rose, M. (Tiney, 2021)
Keywords: anti-racism; early learning; early years; inclusion

Maternal depression and mental health in early childhood: an examination of underlying mechanisms in low-income and middle-income countries - Herba, C. M.; Glover, V.; Ramchandani, P. G.; Rondon, M. B. (Lancet Psychiatry, 2016)
Studies examining mechanisms underlying associations between maternal depression and adverse child outcomes (including behaviour, socioemotional adjustment, and emotion regulation) indicate that during pregnancy, maternal depression could affect child outcomes through altered placental function, epigenetic changes in the child, and stress reactivity. Infection and dietary deficiencies in the mother and the child, together with the child's genetic vulnerability, might also affect outcome. Postnatally, associations between maternal depression and child outcome are influenced by altered mother-child interactions, sociodemographic or environmental influences, and social support. Knowledge is scarce on mechanisms in low-income and middle-income countries where maternal depression is highly prevalent, and stressful factors that influence the development of perinatal maternal depression and adverse child outcome (eg, food insecurity, perinatal infections, crowded or rural living conditions, and interpersonal violence) are both more intense and more common than in high-income countries. We reviewed evidence and use the biopsychosocial model to illustrate risk factors, mediators and moderators underlying associations between maternal depression and child outcomes in low-income and middle-income countries.
Herba, Catherine M Glover, Vivette Ramchandani, Paul G Rondon, Marta B eng Review England 2016/09/22 06:00 Lancet Psychiatry. 2016 Oct;3(10):983-992. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30148-1. Epub 2016 Sep 17.
Keywords: *Developing Countries; Child, Preschool; Depressive Disorder/*epidemiology; Female; Humans; Infant; Pregnancy; Pregnant Women/*psychology; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Risk Factors

Child friendly spaces impact across five humanitarian settings: a meta-analysis - Hermosilla, Sabrina; Metzler, Janna; Savage, Kevin; Musa, Miriam; Ager, Alastair (BMC Public Health, 2019)

Emerging Practices in Design, Monitoring, and Evaluation for Education for Peacebuilding Program - Rebecca Herrington (2015)

Contact Is Not Enough: An Intergroup Perspective on the Contact Hypothesis - M. Hewstone; R. J. Brown (Contact and Conflict in Intergroup Encounters, 1986)

More than Manners: Conflict Resolution in Primary Level Classrooms - Heydenberk, Warren; Heydenberk, Roberta (Early Childhood Education Journal, 2007)

￼The Role of Education in Peacebuilding Country Report: Myanmar - Sean Higgins; Elizabeth Maber; Mieke Lopes Cardozo; Ritesh Shah (UNICEF Amsterdam Institute for Social Science Research (AISSR), University of Amsterdam Centre for International Education, University of Sussex UNESCO Centre at Ulster University, 2016)

Framing our analysis: A dialectical perspective - Hinde, R. A.; Stevenson-Hinde, J. (Pathways to Peace: The Transformative Power of Children and Families, 2014)
This chapter presents a framework (Figure 2.1) to examine dialectical relations between successive levels of analysis. It represents dynamic processes, with bidirectional influences and continuous change over time, and is particularly relevant to child rearing, where parental adaptation to change is essential. Attachment theory and research indicate how early parent-child interactions lead to the development of an attachment bond, and how the quality of this attachment lays a foundation for the child’s socioemotional development. Finally, viewing behavior within the context of our common evolutionary past leads to the assumption of two basic propensities: selfish assertiveness, which primarily benefits the actor, and prosociality, which benefits others. These propensities remain with us today and suggest the need to provide contexts that promote more pro-sociality and less selfish assertiveness, both within our own groups as well as toward other groups.
Keywords: attachment; Child Rearing; nurturing; prosociality; self assertiveness

Changing How We Live - Hinde, R. (Spokesman Books, 2011)

Universal parenting programme to prevent early childhood behavioural problems: cluster randomised trial. - Hiscock, Harriet; Bayer, Jordana K; Price, Anna; Ukoumunne, Obioha C; Rogers, Susan; Wake, Melissa (BMJ, 2008)
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether a parenting programme, offered universally in primary care, can prevent behavioural problems in children and improve parenting and maternal mental health. DESIGN: Cluster randomised trial. SETTING: 40 primary care nursing centres (clusters) in Victoria, Australia. PARTICIPANTS: 733 English speaking mothers of 8 month old children sequentially recruited from well child appointments; 656 retained at 24 months. INTERVENTION: Structured three session programme at age 8-15 months, co-led by well child providers and a parenting expert. The programme covered normal development and behaviour, strategies to increase desired behaviour, and strategies to reduce unwanted behaviour. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Maternal report of child externalising behaviour (child behavior checklist 1(1/2)-5 year old), parenting (parent behavior checklist), and maternal mental health (depression anxiety stress scales) at 18 and 24 months. RESULTS: At 18 months, child behaviour and parenting scores were similar in the two groups. At 24 months, externalising scores in the intervention and control groups were similar (mean 11.9 (SD 7.2) v 12.9 (7.4)); however, on the parent behavior checklist subscale scores, intervention group parents were less likely to report harsh/abusive parenting (mean 38.9 (SD 7.7) v 40.5 (8.8); adjusted mean difference -1.83, 95% confidence interval -3.12 to -0.55) and unreasonable expectations of child development (40.9 (9.9) v 42.7 (9.6); -2.18, -3.74 to -0.62). Mean scores for nurturing parenting and maternal mental health were similar in the two groups at both times. CONCLUSIONS: A universal parenting programme resulted in modest improvement in parenting factors that predict behavioural problems in children but did not reduce externalising behavioural problems or affect maternal mental health at 2 years. Trial registration ISRCTN 77531789.
Keywords: Adult; Child Behavior Disorders; Child, Preschool; Humans; Infant; Mental Health; Mothers; Parenting; Psychotherapy, Group; Treatment Outcome; Victoria

Effect of a nutrition intervention during early childhood on economic productivity in Guatemalan adults - Hoddinott, J.; Maluccio, J. A.; Behrman, J. R.; Flores, R.; Martorell, R. (Lancet, 2008)
BACKGROUND: Substantial, but indirect, evidence suggests that improving nutrition in early childhood in developing countries is a long-term economic investment. We investigated the direct effect of a nutrition intervention in early childhood on adult economic productivity. METHODS: We obtained economic data from 1424 Guatemalan individuals (aged 25-42 years) between 2002 and 2004. They accounted for 60% of the 2392 children (aged 0-7 years) who had been enrolled in a nutrition intervention study during 1969-77. In this initial study, two villages were randomly assigned a nutritious supplement (atole) for all children and two villages a less nutritious one (fresco). We estimated annual income, hours worked, and average hourly wages from all economic activities. We used linear regression models, adjusting for potentially confounding factors, to assess the relation between economic variables and exposure to atole or fresco at specific ages between birth and 7 years. FINDINGS: Exposure to atole before, but not after, age 3 years was associated with higher hourly wages, but only for men. For exposure to atole from 0 to 2 years, the increase was US$0.67 per hour (95% CI 0.16-1.17), which meant a 46% increase in average wages. There was a non-significant tendency for hours worked to be reduced and for annual incomes to be greater for those exposed to atole from 0 to 2 years. INTERPRETATION: Improving nutrition in early childhood led to substantial increases in wage rates for men, which suggests that investments in early childhood nutrition can be long-term drivers of economic growth.
1474-547x Hoddinott, John Maluccio, John A Behrman, Jere R Flores, Rafael Martorell, Reynaldo HD-046125/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States TW-05598/TW/FIC NIH HHS/United States Journal Article Multicenter Study Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. England Lancet. 2008 Feb 2;371(9610):411-6. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60205-6.
Keywords: *Dietary Supplements; Adult; Child; Child Nutrition Disorders/*diet therapy; Child, Preschool; Employment/*statistics & numerical data; Female; Guatemala; Humans; Infant; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Salaries and Fringe Benefits/statistics & numerical data; Social Class

Implementation Handbook for the Convention on the Rights of the Child: Fully Revised Third Edition - Hodgkin, R.; Newell, P.; UNICEF. (UNICEF, 2007)
The newly revised third edition of the Handbook provides a detailed reference for the implementation of law, policy and practice to promote and protect the rights of children. It brings together under each article an analysis of the Committee on the Right of the Child’s growing interpretation during its first fourteen years and examination of over 300 of its Concluding Observations following consideration of States’ reports. The Handbook also provides a concise description of the role, power and procedures, and developing activities of the Committee and its appendices include a guide to related United Nations bodies and texts of key instruments.

The pathways to prevention project: The first five years, 1999-2004. Sydney, Australia: Mission Australia and the Key Centre for Ethics, Law, Justice & Governance - R. Hommel; K. Freiberg; C. Lamb; M. Leech; A. Carr; A. Hampshire (Griffith University, 2006)

Future Directions in the Study of Early-Life Stress and Physical and Emotional Health: Implications of the Neuroimmune Network Hypothesis - Hostinar, C. E.; Nusslock, R.; Miller, G. E. (J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol, 2018)
Early-life stress is associated with increased vulnerability to physical and emotional health problems across the lifespan. The recently developed neuroimmune network hypothesis proposes that one of the underlying mechanisms for these associations is that early-life stress amplifies bidirectional crosstalk between the brain and the immune system, contributing to several mental and physical health conditions that have inflammatory underpinnings, such as depression and coronary heart disease. Neuroimmune crosstalk is thought to perpetuate inflammation and neural alterations linked to early-life stress exposure, and also foster behaviors that can further compromise health, such as smoking, drug abuse and consumption of high-fat diets. The goal of the present review is to briefly summarize the neuroimmune network hypothesis and use it as a starting point for generating new questions about the role of early-life stress in establishing a dysregulated relationship between neural and immune signaling, with consequences for lifespan physical and emotional health. Specifically, we aim to discuss implications and future directions for theory and empirical research on early-life stress, as well as for interventions that may improve the health and well-being of children and adolescents living in adverse conditions.
1537-4424 Hostinar, Camelia E Nusslock, Robin Miller, Gregory E P30 DA027827/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States F32 HD078048/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States R01 HL122328/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States R01 MH077908/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States R01 MH100117/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States R01 HD058502/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States Journal Article England J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2018 Jan-Feb;47(1):142-156. doi: 10.1080/15374416.2016.1266647. Epub 2017 Jan 20.

Working nonstandard schedules and variable shifts in low-income families: associations with parental psychological well-being, family functioning, and child well-being - Hsueh, J.; Yoshikawa, H. (Dev Psychol, 2007)
Longitudinal data from the New Hope Project--an experimental evaluation of a work-based antipoverty program in Milwaukee, Wisconsin--was used to explore concurrent and lagged associations of nonstandard schedules and variable shifts with parental psychological well-being, regularity of family mealtimes, and child well-being among low-income families. Working a combination of variable shifts and nonstandard hours was associated concurrently with lower teacher-reported school performance and engagement and higher levels of externalizing behavior problems. Fixed nonstandard schedules were associated with lagged decreases in parent-reported school performance, whereas working variable shifts was associated with lagged increases in parent-reported school performance.
Hsueh, JoAnn Yoshikawa, Hirokazu eng 5-T32-MH15742/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. 2007/05/09 09:00 Dev Psychol. 2007 May;43(3):620-32. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.43.3.620.
Keywords: *Family Relations; Adult; Child; Child Behavior Disorders/diagnosis/psychology; Educational Status; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Internal-External Control; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Parent-Child Relations; Parents/*psychology; Poverty/*psychology; Quality of Life/*psychology; Risk Factors; Sex Factors; Social Environment; Stress, Psychological/complications; Wisconsin; Work Schedule Tolerance/*psychology

The effect of multiple adverse childhood experiences on health: a systematic review and meta-analysis - Hughes, K.; Bellis, M. A.; Hardcastle, K. A.; Sethi, D.; Butchart, A.; Mikton, C.; Jones, L.; Dunne, M. P. (Lancet Public Health, 2017)
BACKGROUND: A growing body of research identifies the harmful effects that adverse childhood experiences (ACEs; occurring during childhood or adolescence; eg, child maltreatment or exposure to domestic violence) have on health throughout life. Studies have quantified such effects for individual ACEs. However, ACEs frequently co-occur and no synthesis of findings from studies measuring the effect of multiple ACE types has been done. METHODS: In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched five electronic databases for cross-sectional, case-control, or cohort studies published up to May 6, 2016, reporting risks of health outcomes, consisting of substance use, sexual health, mental health, weight and physical exercise, violence, and physical health status and conditions, associated with multiple ACEs. We selected articles that presented risk estimates for individuals with at least four ACEs compared with those with none for outcomes with sufficient data for meta-analysis (at least four populations). Included studies also focused on adults aged at least 18 years with a sample size of at least 100. We excluded studies based on high-risk or clinical populations. We extracted data from published reports. We calculated pooled odds ratios (ORs) using a random-effects model. FINDINGS: Of 11 621 references identified by the search, 37 included studies provided risk estimates for 23 outcomes, with a total of 253 719 participants. Individuals with at least four ACEs were at increased risk of all health outcomes compared with individuals with no ACEs. Associations were weak or modest for physical inactivity, overweight or obesity, and diabetes (ORs of less than two); moderate for smoking, heavy alcohol use, poor self-rated health, cancer, heart disease, and respiratory disease (ORs of two to three), strong for sexual risk taking, mental ill health, and problematic alcohol use (ORs of more than three to six), and strongest for problematic drug use and interpersonal and self-directed violence (ORs of more than seven). We identified considerable heterogeneity (I(2) of >75%) between estimates for almost half of the outcomes. INTERPRETATION: To have multiple ACEs is a major risk factor for many health conditions. The outcomes most strongly associated with multiple ACEs represent ACE risks for the next generation (eg, violence, mental illness, and substance use). To sustain improvements in public health requires a shift in focus to include prevention of ACEs, resilience building, and ACE-informed service provision. The Sustainable Development Goals provide a global platform to reduce ACEs and their life-course effect on health. FUNDING: Public Health Wales.
2468-2667 Hughes, Karen Bellis, Mark A Hardcastle, Katherine A Sethi, Dinesh Butchart, Alexander Mikton, Christopher Jones, Lisa Dunne, Michael P 001/World Health Organization/International Journal Article Meta-Analysis Review Systematic Review England Lancet Public Health. 2017 Aug;2(8):e356-e366. doi: 10.1016/S2468-2667(17)30118-4. Epub 2017 Jul 31.
Keywords: *Health Status; *Life Change Events; Humans

Early Caregiving Intervention Holds Promise for Long-term Improvements in Neural Function Following Adversity - Humphreys, Kathryn L. (Biological Psychiatry, 2019)

My Hero is You, Storybook for Children on COVID-19 (available in 24 languages) - IASC (Inter-Agency Standing Committee, 2020)
Keywords: children; COVID-19; resilience

Missing from the story: The urgent need for better data to protect children on the move - IDAC (International Data Alliance for Children on the Move (IDAC), 2021)
Keywords: children on the move; Displaced persons; migrants and refugees

Childcare in the COVID-19 Era: A Guide for Employers - IFC; WHO (International Finance Corporation, 2020)
This guidance note is a companion to IFC's Global Guide for Employer-Supported Childcare and outlines ways in which employers can support the care and family needs of their employees during the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and fulfill their obligations under the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights. (See: https://bit.ly/2VurqSP)
Keywords: COVID-19; employers

Non-formal Education for Adolescents and Youth in Crisis and Conflict Contexts: a Proposed Taxonomy (Background Paper) - INEE (e Inter-agency Network for Education in Emergencies (INEE, 2020)
Keywords: adolescents; crisis and conflict; Education; youth

INEE Background Paper on Psychosocial Support and Social and Emotional Learning for Children and Youth in Emergency Settings - IRC; International Rescue Committee (2016)

20 Years of INEE: Achievements and Challenges in Education in Emergencies - INEE (Inter-agency Network for Education in Emergencies (INEE), 2020)
Keywords: children and youth; education in emergencies

Journal on Education in Emergencies (JEiE) - INEE (2021)
Keywords: Early childhood education; Humanitarianism; Research

INEE Guidance Note on Conflict Sensitive Education - INEE; The Inter-Agency Network for Education in Emergencies (2013)

Fatherhood Institute research summary: Fathers’ impact on their children’s learning and achievement - Fatherhood Institute (Fatherhood Institute, 2013)
Keywords: African-Caribbean fathers; early years; Muslim fathers; Parenting education; Schools; Separated families; Vulnerable families

The Impacts of Tutoring Informed by Social-Emotional Learning: An Analysis Across Crisis Contexts - InternationalRescueCommittee; GlobalTiesforChildren; DubaiCares (International Rescue Committee (IRC), 2021)
Keywords: education in emergencies; Lebanon; Niger; refugee children; Sierra Leone; social emotional

Family Support Surrounding Child Abuse: Treatment and Education - Inuzuka, M. (Jpn J Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 2016)
As only 7% of abuse cases handled by the Child Guidance Centers in Japan result in removal of the children from their homes, the majority of maltreated children continue life within the community with their original families. Although community support is available for parents and children of mild to moderate abuse cases, lack of human resources and effective programs for their support and treatment remain the challenge. The aim of support in abuse cases is to help children recover from the negative impacts of abuse, allowing for healthy development through nurture of self-esteem. Family support is provided to achieve that goal by changing abusive parenting behavior, and shifting the home into an environment conducive to the child's emotional and physical development. This process often requires support not only for the parents, but multidimensional approaches including care for the child, the parent-child relationship, and help in bridging the parents with support from relatives, acquaintances, and the community. Abusive behaviors can at times be lessened by helping to relieve parents from isolation, reducing stress in their everyday life, and promoting the family's strengths and independence. However, some parents, particularly those with histories of being abused, require treatment and education to acquire appropriate parenting skills, and to reconstruct the parent-child relationship. This article reviews the compound factors giving rise to child abuse, classification of abuse by the mechanism fostering abuse helpful in determining the types of required support, supportive networks encompassing welfare, education, medical care and justice. Treatment and educational modalities are overviewed, including the Alternatives for Families: A Cognitive Behavior Therapy (AF-CBT) —an evidence-based treatment program developed in the US targeting both parents and children—comprised of core elements with proven efficacy in supporting families with abuse issues (safety planning, psychoeducation, emotion regulation, restructuring thoughts, parent training, and clarification of responsibility for abusive behavior and apology).
Keywords: AF-CBT (Alternatives for Families: A Cognitive Behavior Therapy), child abuse, family support, parent training, treatment

The Effects of a Play-Based Preschool Learning Program in Rural Ghana - IPA (Innovations for Poverty Action (IPA), 2018)
As in many other developing countries, children under the age of five in rural Ghana often fail to reach their developmental potential. Researchers partnered with the Institute for Fiscal Studies and the organization Lively Minds to evaluate the impact of a low-cost, play-based learning program on early childhood cognitive development. Preliminary results suggest that the Lively Minds program is an effective and potentially scalable way to improve children’s’ cognitive and socio-emotional development, health, and school readiness.
Keywords: early childhood cognitive development; Ghana; Health; play-based preschool; preschool; school rediness; socio-emotional development

Traumatic and stressful events in early childhood: can treatment help those at highest risk? - Ghosh Ippen, Chandra; Harris, William W; Van Horn, Patricia; Lieberman, Alicia F (Child Abuse Negl, 2011)
OBJECTIVE: This study involves a reanalysis of data from a randomized controlled trial to examine whether child-parent psychotherapy (CPP), an empirically based treatment focusing on the parent-child relationship as the vehicle for child improvement, is efficacious for children who experienced multiple traumatic and stressful life events (TSEs). METHODS: Participants comprised 75 preschool-aged children and their mothers referred to treatment following the child's exposure to domestic violence. Dyads were randomly assigned to CPP or to a comparison group that received monthly case management plus referrals to community services and were assessed at intake, posttest, and 6-month follow-up. Treatment effectiveness was examined by level of child TSE risk exposure (<4 risks versus 4+ TSEs). RESULTS: For children in the 4+ risk group, those who received CPP showed significantly greater improvements in PTSD and depression symptoms, PTSD diagnosis, number of co-occurring diagnoses, and behavior problems compared to those in the comparison group. CPP children with <4 risks showed greater improvements in symptoms of PTSD than those in the comparison group. Mothers of children with 4+ TSEs in the CPP group showed greater reductions in symptoms of PTSD and depression than those randomized to the comparison condition. Analyses of 6-month follow-up data suggest improvements were maintained for the high risk group. CONCLUSIONS: The data provide evidence that CPP is effective in improving outcomes for children who experienced four or more TSEs and had positive effects for their mothers as well. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Numerous studies show that exposure to childhood trauma and adversity has negative consequences for later physical and mental health, but few interventions have been specifically evaluated to determine their effectiveness for children who experienced multiple TSEs. The findings suggest that including the parent as an integral participant in the child's treatment may be particularly effective in the treatment of young children exposed to multiple risks.
Keywords: Adult; California; Child, Preschool; Domestic Violence; Female; Humans; Interviews as Topic; Male; Outcome Assessment (Health Care); Parent-Child Relations; Psychotherapy; Questionnaires; Referral and Consultation; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic; Stress, Psychological

Alone and unsafe: Children, migration, and sexual and gender-based violence - IRFC (IFRC, 2018)
Keywords: Child Abuse; child migration; child sexual abuse; gender-based violence; migration; Refugees; sexual violence

The Equalizing Power of Early Child Development: From the Commission on Social Determinants of Health to Action - Irwin, L. G.; Siddiqi, A.; Hertzman, C. (Child Health Education, 2007)
This article synthesizes knowledge about opportunities to improve the state of early child development globally. Research confirms a strong association between child survival and child development. The evidence and its interpretation are derived primarily from three sources: (a) peer-reviewed scientific literature, (b) reports from governments, international agencies, and civil society groups, and (c) a knowledge network of experts in ECD. The principal insight of our knowledge synthesis is that nurturant qualities of the environments where children grow, live, and learn—parents, caregivers, family, and community—will have the most significant impact on their development. We propose ways in which government and civil society actors, from local to international, can provide equitable access to strong nurturant environments for all children globally.

Early child development: A powerful equalizer - G. L. Irwin; A. Siddiqui; C. Hertzman (HELP Research Institute, College of Interdisciplinary Studies, University of British Columbia, 2007)

Early childhood educators: Supporting professionalism during COVID-19 - ISSA (2020)
Nobody imagined that childhood educators would have to leave their kindergartens and daycare centers to perform their demanding and complex profession from home, without any in-person interaction with children and their families. This sudden change asks early childhood educators to shift from being the greatest facilitator of a child’s learning and development in the indoor or outdoor kindergarten environment, to being the greatest supporter of parents to ensure continuity in their child’s learning and development while at home. Learn more ... In this webinar, panelists share examples from Albania, Croatia and the Netherlands. Panelists: Sanja Brajkovic – Director, Open Academy Step by Step (Croatia) Simon Hay – Board Member, Child Care International and pedagogue Child Care KindeRdam in Rotterdam (the Netherlands) Gerda Sula – Director, Step by Step Center (Albania) Moderator: Mihaela Ionescu - Program Director, ISSA (the Netherlands)
Keywords: COVID-19; Early childhood education; Training

Mediating effects of parental psychological distress and individual-level social capital on the association between child poverty and maltreatment in Japan - Isumi, A.; Fujiwara, T.; Nawa, N.; Ochi, M.; Kato, T. (Child Abuse Negl, 2018)
Child poverty is well known as a major risk factor for child maltreatment. However, it is not known whether parental psychological distress and individual-level social capital mediate the association. We examined the mediation effect of these two factors on the association between child poverty and maltreatment. In the Adachi Child Health Impact of Living Difficulty (A-CHILD) Study, a questionnaire was administered to all caregivers of first-grade children in every public elementary school in Adachi City between July and November 2015, and valid responses were used for analysis (N=3944). Logistic and Poisson regression analyses were employed to examine the association between child poverty and maltreatment. Child poverty was defined in this study as meeting one of these criteria: 1) household income less than 3 million yen; 2) deprivation of specific material items that children or the household requires, or 3) experience of being unable to pay for lifeline utilities. Child maltreatment (physical abuse, neglect, and psychological abuse) was answered by parents. We confirmed a robust association between child poverty and maltreatment. Mediation analysis indicated that parental psychological distress mediated more than 60% of the association between child poverty on physical abuse and psychological abuse, while individual-level social capital mediated only 10% of the association with any type of maltreatment. In addition, structural equation modeling analysis revealed that the association was mediated by both parental psychological distress and social capital simultaneously. The findings suggest that supporting parental psychological distress may be an effective intervention to remedy the negative impact of child poverty on maltreatment.
1873-7757 Isumi, Aya Fujiwara, Takeo Nawa, Nobutoshi Ochi, Manami Kato, Tsuguhiko Journal Article England Child Abuse Negl. 2018 Sep;83:142-150. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.07.005. Epub 2018 Jul 17.
Keywords: Child maltreatment; child poverty; Social capital; Social Support

Adaptation and implementation of the nurse-family partnership in Canada. - Jack, S. M.; Busser, D.; Sheehan, D.; Gonzalez, A.; Zwygers, E. J.; MacMillan, H. L. (Can J Public Health, 2012)
OBJECTIVES: International agencies are required to adapt, pilot and then evaluate the effectiveness of the Nurse-Family Partnership (NFP) prior to broad implementation of this public health intervention. The objectives of this qualitative case study were to: 1) determine whether the NFP can be implemented in Canada with fidelity to the US model, and 2) identify the adaptations required to increase the acceptability of the intervention for service providers and families. PARTICIPANTS: 108 low-income, first-time mothers in Hamilton, Ontario, received the NFP intervention. In-depth interviews were conducted with NFP clients (n=38), family members (n=14) and community professionals (n=24). SETTING: Hamilton, Ontario.INTERVENTION AND DATA COLLECTION: An intensive nurse home visitation program delivered to women starting early in pregnancy and continuing until the child was two years old. Processes to adapt and implement the NFP were explored across seven focus groups with public health nurses and managers. Eighty documents were reviewed to identify implementation challenges. Data were analyzed using directed content analysis. OUTCOMES: The NFP model elements are acceptable to Canadian health care providers, public health nurses and families receiving the intervention. The primary adaptation required was to reduce nurse caseloads from 25 to 20 active clients. Recommendations for adapting and implementing all model elements are described. CONCLUSION: The NFP model requires minor adaptations to increase the acceptability of the intervention to Canadian stakeholders. A consistent approach to adapting the NFP program in Canada is necessary as provincial jurisdictions commit themselves to supporting an experimental evaluation of the effectiveness of the NFP.
Keywords: Adolescent; Child, Preschool; Feasibility Studies; Female; Home Care Services; Humans; Infant; Maternal-Child Nursing; Models, Nursing; Models, Organizational; Ontario; Organizational Case Studies; Pilot Projects; Pregnancy; Professional-Family Relations; Program Evaluation; Public Health Nursing; Qualitative Research; Vulnerable Populations; Young Adult

Violent conflict and opiate use in low and middle-income countries: a systematic review. - Jack, Helen; Masterson, Amelia Reese; Khoshnood, Kaveh (Int J Drug Policy, 2014)
BACKGROUND: Violent conflicts disproportionately affect populations in low and middle-income countries, and exposure to conflict is a known risk factor for mental disorders and substance use, including use of illicit opiates. Opiate use can be particularly problematic in resource-limited settings because few treatment options are available and dependence can impede economic development. In this systematic review, we explore the relationship between violent conflict and opiate use in conflict-affected populations in low and middle-income countries. METHODS: We searched MEDLINE, PsychINFO, SCOPUS, PILOTS, and select grey literature databases using a defined list of key terms related to conflict and opiate use, screened the results for relevant and methodologically rigorous studies, and conducted a forward search of the bibliographies of selected results to identify additional studies. RESULTS: We screened 707 articles, selecting 6 articles for inclusion: 4 quantitative studies and 2 qualitative studies that examined populations in 9 different countries. All study participants were adults (aged 15-65) living in or displaced from a conflict-affected country. Data sources included death records, hospital records, and interviews with refugees, internally displaced persons, and others affected by conflict. Overall, we found a positive, but ambiguous, association between violent conflict and opiate use, with five of six studies suggesting that opiate use increases with violent conflict. Five key factors mediate the conceptual relationship between opiate use and violent conflict: (1) pre-conflict opiate presence, (2) mental disorders, (3) lack of economic opportunity, (4) changes in social norms or structure, and (5) changes in drug availability. CONCLUSIONS: The strength and direction of the association between opiate use and violent conflict and the proposed mediating factors may differ between contexts, necessitating country and population-specific research and interventions. Prevalence of opiate use prior to the start of conflict was common to all populations in which conflict induced a change in opiate use, suggesting that interventions to reduce opiate use and future research should focus on such populations. Population-based, longitudinal studies that use systematic measures of exposure to conflict and opiate use are needed to further explore this association and its mediating factors.
Keywords: Conflict (Psychology); Developing Countries; Humans; Mental Disorders; Opioid-Related Disorders; Refugees; Risk Factors; Social Control, Informal; Violence

Adapting, piloting and evaluating complex public health interventions: lessons learned from the Nurse-Family Partnership in Canadian public health settings. - Jack, S. M.; Catherine, N.; Gonzalez, A.; MacMillan, H. L.; Sheehan, D.; Waddell, D. (Health Promot Chronic Dis Prev Can, 2015)
INTRODUCTION: The Nurse-Family Partnership (NFP) is a home-visit program for young and first-time, socially and economically disadvantaged mothers. Evidence from three United States randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the effectiveness of this intervention at improving pregnancy outcomes, improving child health and development, and increasing maternal economic self-sufficiency is robust. However, the effectiveness of the NFP in Canada, with its different health and social care context, needs to be determined. The purpose of this article is to describe the complex process for moving the NFP from the research arena to full implementation in Canada. METHODS: This process of evaluation in Canada includes (1) adapting the intervention; (2) piloting the intervention in small-scale feasibility and acceptability studies; and (3) conducting an RCT and process evaluation through a study called the British Columbia Healthy Connections Project (BCHCP). This large-scale evaluation also creates an opportunity to expand the NFP evidence base by conducting an additional study to examine potential biological mechanisms linking intervention and behavioural outcomes in children. RESULTS: Adaptation of the NFP home-visit materials is a continuous process. A pilot project determined that it was feasible to enrol eligible women into the NFP. This pilot also determined that, in Canada, it was most appropriate for public health agencies to implement the NFP and for public health nurses to deliver the intervention. Finally, the pilot showed that this intensive home-visit program was acceptable to clients, their family members and health care providers. Through the BCHCP, the next steps - the RCT and process evaluation - are currently underway. The BCHCP will also set the foundation for long-term evaluation of key public health outcomes in a highly vulnerable population of families.

The Importance of Early Childhood Education in an Age of Global Disruption - Jacobso, S. (Global Ed Leadership, 2018)
Steve Jacobson writes about his work with colleagues in New Zealand as they study ECE and how school leaders can assist parents. ECE is the foundation for learning and it’s crucial that all school systems provide high quality, evidence-based programs.
Keywords: early childhood education (ECE); New Zealand; Perry PreSchool Study

Business and family-friendly policies. An evidence brief - Jayasekaran, S.; Kampfer, I.; Kip, C.; Knaak, B.; UNICEF (UNICEF, 2019)
Keywords: breastfeeding; childcare support; early childhood development; employment policies; family-friendly policies; maternal physical and mental health; parental leave

Mental health research in the Syrian humanitarian crisis. - Jefee-Bahloul, Hussam; Khoshnood, Kaveh (Front Public Health, 2014)

Effect of a home-visiting parenting program to promote early childhood development and prevent violence: a cluster-randomized trial in RwandaIntroductionMethodsResultsConclusionTrial registration number - Jensen, Sarah KG; Placencio-Castro, Matias; Murray, Shauna M; Brennan, Robert T; Goshev, Simo; Farrar, Jordan; Yousafzai, Aisha; Rawlings, Laura B; Wilson, Briana; Habyarimana, Emmanuel; Sezibera, Vincent; Betancourt, Theresa S (BMJ Global Health, 2021)
Keywords: early childhood development; parenting program; Rwanda; violence prevention

“His mind will work better with both of us”: a qualitative study on fathers’ roles and coparenting of young children in rural Pakistan - Jeong, Joshua; Siyal, Saima; Fink, Günther; McCoy, Dana Charles; Yousafzai, Aisha K. (BMC Public Health, 2018)
Keywords: early childhood development; Fathers; Pakistan; Parenting; Qualitative Research

Parenting interventions to promote early child development in the first three years of life: A global systematic review and meta-analysis - Jeong, Joshua; Franchett, Emily E.; Ramos de Oliveira, Clariana V.; Rehmani, Karima; Yousafzai, Aisha K. (PLOS Medicine, 2021)
Keywords: early childhood development; parenting interventions

Cooperative Learning: Increasing College Faculty Instructional Productivity: ASHE-ERIC High Education Research Reports - Johnson, D.W.; Johnson, R.T.; Smith, K.A. (Wiley, 1991)

The science of early life toxic stress for pediatric practice and advocacy. - Johnson, Sara B; Riley, Anne W; Granger, Douglas A; Riis, Jenna (Pediatrics, 2013)
Young children who experience toxic stress are at high risk for a number of health outcomes in adulthood, including cardiovascular disease, cancers, asthma, and depression. The American Academy of Pediatrics has recently called on pediatricians, informed by research from molecular biology, genomics, immunology, and neuroscience, to become leaders in science-based strategies to build strong foundations for children's life-long health. In this report, we provide an overview of the science of toxic stress. We summarize the development of the neuroendocrine-immune network, how its function is altered by early life adversity, and how these alterations then increase vulnerability to disease. The fact that early environments shape and calibrate the functioning of biological systems very early in life is both a cautionary tale about overlooking critical periods in development and reason for optimism about the promise of intervention. Even in the most extreme cases of adversity, well-timed changes to children's environments can improve outcomes. Pediatricians are in a unique position to contribute to the public discourse on health and social welfare by explaining how factors that seem distal to child health may be the key to some of the most intractable public health problems of our generation. We consider the challenges and opportunities for preventing toxic stress in the context of contemporary pediatric practice.
Keywords: Adaptation, Psychological; Adolescent; Adult; Animals; Asthma; Brain; Cardiovascular Diseases; Child; Child Abuse; Child, Preschool; Depressive Disorder; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System; Infant; Life Change Events; Neoplasms; Neuroimmunomodulation; Neuronal Plasticity; Neurosecretory Systems; Pituitary-Adrenal System; Psychophysiology; Social Environment; Young Adult

Early childhood development: the global challenge - Jolly, R. (Lancet, 2007)
Jolly, Richard eng Comment England 2007/01/09 09:00 Lancet. 2007 Jan 6;369(9555):8-9. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60007-5.
Keywords: *Global Health; Child Development; Child Mortality/*trends; Child Nutrition Disorders/*prevention & control; Child Welfare/*statistics & numerical data/trends; Child, Preschool; Fluid Therapy/*utilization; Health Promotion/*methods; Humans; Immunization Programs; Infant

Early Social-Emotional Functioning and Public Health: The Relationship Between Kindergarten Social Competence and Future Wellness - Jones, Damon E.; Greenberg, Mark; Crowley, Max (American Journal of Public Health, 2015)
Keywords: kindergarten; Public Health; social-emotional functioning

What he knows about her and how it affects her? Husband’s knowledge of pregnancy complications and maternal health care utilization among tribal population in Maharashtra, India - Jungari, Suresh; Paswan, Balram (BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 2019)
Keywords: father involvement; Maharashtra India; maternal health; Pregnancy Complications

Early childhood development and early learning for children in crisis and conflict - Bouchane. K; Yoshikawa, H.; Murphy, K. M.; Lombardi, J. (UNESCO, 2018)
Keywords: Displacement; early childhood development (ECD); early learning; Education; migration

Final report to UNICEF: Going global with early learning and development standards - Kagan, S. L.; Britto, P. R. (Columbia University. National Center for Children and Families, 2005)
A description of the collaboration between Columbia University and UNICEF to help six countries develop standards for the early learning and development of childrenThis report describes the collaboration between Columbia University and UNICEF to help six countries develop standards for the early learning and development of children. Representatives from each of the six countries (Brazil, Ghana, Jordan, Paraguay, Philippines, and South Africa) met in July 2003 for the first Early Learning and Development Standards Workshop in Istanbul, Turkey to discuss how to develop standards. The participants learned how to use a standards template so that they could adapt it to fit their country s specific needs and all six countries left the workshop with a draft plan for the development of standards. Over the course of a year the countries decided on target age ranges and domains of development based on different criteria, and by July 2004, nearly all of the countries had submitted a draft of standards to the Technical Assistance Team for review and feedback. A second Early Learning and Development Standards Workshop was held in July 2004 in Salvador, Brazil. Representatives from the six participating countries and five new countries (Chile, Columbia, Cuba, Jamaica, and Mexico) attended. The six participating countries formulated strategies for validating and implementing their early learning and development standards and the new countries learned about the development process. By the end of 2004, most countries reported they were close to meeting the goals set at the second workshop.
New York: Columbia University, National Center for Children and Families. Retrieved February 9, 2006, from http://ccf.tc.columbia.edu/pdf/UNICEF_final_report_4%2011%2005_arb.pdf (no longer accessible since March 28, 2008)

The early care and education teaching workforce at the fulcrum: An agenda for reform - S. Kagan; K. Kauerz; K. Tarrant (Teacher's College Press, 2008)

Child-Friendly Schooling for Peacebuilding - Fumiyo Kagawa, David Selby (Learning for Peace, 2014)

Family, Self, and Human Development Across Cultures: Theory and Applications - Kâğıtçıbaşı, Ç. (L. Erlbaum Associates, 2007)

Continuing effects of early enrichment in adult life: The Turkish Early Enrichment Project 22 years later - Kâğıtçıbaşı, Ç.; Sunar, D.; Bekman, S.; Baydar, N.; Cemalcilar, Z. (Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 2009)
Long-term Studies of early intervention, spanning over decades, are scarce in the United States and nonexistent in the rest of the world. The Turkish Early Enrichment Project (TEEP) is the only non-U.S. example to date. This paper reports a new follow-up assessment of the long-term outcomes of TEEP, an intervention carried out in 1983-1985 with 4-6 year old children from deprived backgrounds (previous evaluations were carried out at the completion of the intervention and seven years later). Findings from 131 of the original 255 participants indicate more favorable outcomes for children who received either mother training or educational preschool, or both, compared to those who had neither, in terms of educational attainment. occupational status, age of beginning gainful employment, and some indicators of integration into modern urban life, such as owning a computer. Further analyses of the intervention effects on the complete post-intervention developmental trajectories indicated that children whose cognitive deficits prior to the intervention were mild to moderate but not severe benefited from early enrichment. Thus, a majority of the children who received early enrichment had more favorable trajectories of development into young adulthood in the cognitive/achievement and social developmental domains than comparable children who did not receive enrichment. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. Ail rights reserved.
532vy Times Cited:13 Cited References Count:79
Keywords: children; early childhood intervention; early enrichment; early-childhood intervention; families; home; Income; juvenile-delinquency; long-term effects; mother training; preschool education; program; school; turkey; united-states

Interventions: What has worked and why? - Kagitcibasi, Cigdem; Britto, Pia R. (Pathways to peace: The transformative power of children and families, 2014)
Early childhood interventions are implemented to make a difference in people’s lives, but demonstrating how they have worked is a challenge. Because many programs reported in the literature are conducted in high-income countries, results are not representative or balanced. This chapter reviews the evidence obtained from a range of early childhood interventions designed to reduce violence and build peace, and the outcomes that were achieved in children and parents. Classic longitudinal as well as more nascent early childhood interventions are analyzed using a broad framework. These interventions focus on young children and families and are associated with peaceful outcomes at individual, family, and community levels. The mechanisms by which benefits contribute to the peaceful outcomes are unclear. However, at child and family levels, these outcomes are predictors of reduced violence and a culture of peace in adulthood. It is suggested that early experiences pave the way to positive outcomes later in life, and thus early interventions are important. Programmatic and policy-level strategies are proposed to link peacebuilding with early childhood behavior, and a call is made to improve the direct measurement of peace promotion outcomes.
Keywords: early childhood interventions; peacebuilding; peacemaking; violence mitigation

Long-term effects of early intervention: Turkish low-income mothers and children - Kâğıtçıbaşı, Ç.; Sunar, D.; Bekman, S. (Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 2001)
The two studies reported in this paper comprise the Turkish Early Enrichment Project (TEEP) spanning a period of 10 years. Both studies were conducted with mothers and children in low-income, low-education areas of Istanbul. Study I involved an examination over 4 years of the effects of two different types of early enrichment (intervention), child-focused (center-based) and mother-focused (home-based). Study 2 was a follow-up of Study 1, 7 years after the end of project intervention. Although both interventions produced superior cognitive skills and school adjustment at the end of the program, follow-up assessments in Study 2 revealed that parent-focused intervention had numerous sustained effects in terms of school attainment, higher primary school grades and vocabulary scores, more favorable attitudes towards school, and better family and social adjustment, while most effects of center-based intervention had dissipated (with the notable exception of negative effects of custodial, as opposed to educational, day care). It is concluded that home-based early enrichment through the mediation of the mother is a highly effective strategy with multiple positive outcomes in contexts of socioeconomic disadvantage. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
467fk Times Cited:61 Cited References Count:62
Keywords: care; competence; delinquency; early enrichment; early-childhood intervention; Education; experience; family support; follow-up; intervention; parental involvement; prevention; school

Continuing effects of the Turkish Early Enrichment Project in adult life - Kağıtçıbaşı,Ç.; Sunar, D.; Bekman, S.; Cemalclar, Z. (J Appl Dev Psychol, 2009)

Long-term effects of early intervention: Turkish low-income mothers and children - Kağıtçıbaşı,Ç.; Sunar, D.,; Bekman, S. (J Appl Dev Psychol, 2001)
This study looks at the long-term effects of an educational early learning home environment in Istanbul, Turkey. Researchers examined preschool settings to determine the long-term effects of four different environments: non-educational child care, educational nursery schools, and two types of home careÐone involving mothers who received the intervention and one in which mothers simply provided home-based care. The results suggested that mother training and an educational preschool environment both had positive effects on cognitive development and grades in language and mathematics. Mother training also had a significant effect on general ability scores. Both interventions (educational preschool and mother training) were effective in cognitive outcomes. In homes in which the mothers took part in the training program there were additional gains, possibly caused by positive changes in the mother herself, which then affected her relationship with the child and family. A total of 280 children from lower income families participated in the study; researchers assigned them randomly to treatment groups. For the intervention researchers adapted the HIPPY ProgramÐHome Instruction Program for Preschool YoungstersÐto provide cognitive awareness and learning activities and supplemented it with group discussions and other parent supports for strengthening home communication skills. They then assessed the children on cognitive skills and grades at the end of each grade level up to age 15 and analyzed data to look for differences that were most likely to result from the preschool environment. The authors indicate that much first year data was lost as a result of computer failure. In almost one-third of homes where parent training did not occur, report cards were lost, so data were incomplete. Regardless, the researchers seemed to have accounted for circumstance and designed a rigorous study that contributes to what communities need to know about quality early care and education.
Keywords: Early enrichmen; intervention; parental involvement

COVID-19 interfaith guide - KAICIID (The International Dialogue Centre (KAICIID), 2020)
Keywords: COVID-19; interfaith; interreligious

A meta-analytic review of components associated with parent training program effectiveness. - Kaminski, Jennifer Wyatt; Valle, Linda Anne; Filene, Jill H; Boyle, Cynthia L (J Abnorm Child Psychol, 2008)
This component analysis used meta-analytic techniques to synthesize the results of 77 published evaluations of parent training programs (i.e., programs that included the active acquisition of parenting skills) to enhance behavior and adjustment in children aged 0-7. Characteristics of program content and delivery method were used to predict effect sizes on measures of parenting behaviors and children's externalizing behavior. After controlling for differences attributable to research design, program components consistently associated with larger effects included increasing positive parent-child interactions and emotional communication skills, teaching parents to use time out and the importance of parenting consistency, and requiring parents to practice new skills with their children during parent training sessions. Program components consistently associated with smaller effects included teaching parents problem solving; teaching parents to promote children's cognitive, academic, or social skills; and providing other, additional services. The results have implications for selection and strengthening of existing parent training programs.
Keywords: Aggression; Child; Child Behavior Disorders; Child of Impaired Parents; Child, Preschool; Education; Humans; Infant; Parenting; Personality Development; Problem Solving; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Social Adjustment; Socialization; Treatment Outcome

Stigma building blocks: how instruction and experience teach children about rejection by outgroups. - Kang, Sonia K; Inzlicht, Michael (Pers Soc Psychol Bull, 2012)
Gaining an understanding of intergroup relations and outgroup rejection is an important childhood development. Children learn about rejection by outgroups via their own experiences and external instruction. A comparison of the impact of experience and instruction on first-, third-, and fifth-grade children's evaluations of rejection by outgroups in a minimal-groups paradigm suggests that the relative impact of experience and instruction differs as children age. In Study 1, younger children were more influenced by instruction, and older children were more influenced by what they experienced for themselves. In Study 2, younger children were more influenced by instruction, even when that instruction conflicted with what they experienced; older children were more influenced by their own experiences, even when those experiences contradicted what they were told to expect. These findings suggest that children begin learning about outgroup rejection through instruction but start to rely more on their own experiences as they age.
Keywords: Child; Child Development; Female; Group Processes; Humans; Learning; Male; Models, Educational; Prejudice; Problem-Based Learning; Rejection (Psychology); Social Distance; Social Identification; Social Stigma; Stereotyping

Annual Research Review: The neurobiology and physiology of resilience and adaptation across the life course. - Karatsoreos, Ilia N; Karatoreos, Ilia N; McEwen, Bruce S (J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 2013)
BACKGROUND: Adaptation is key to survival. An organism must adapt to environmental challenges in order to be able to thrive in the environment in which they find themselves. Resilience can be thought of as a measure of the ability of an organism to adapt, and to withstand challenges to its stability. In higher animals, the brain is a key player in this process of adaptation and resilience, and through a process known as "allostasis" can obtain "stability through change"; protecting homeostasis in the face of stressors in the environment. Mediators of allostasis, such as glucocorticoids, can cause changes in the structure and function of neural circuits, clearly impacting behavior. How developmental stage interacts with stress and leads to long-lasting changes is a key question addressed in this review. SCOPE AND METHODS: We discuss the concept of allostasis, its role in resilience, the neural and physiological systems mediating these responses, the modulatory role of development, and the consequences for adult functioning. We present this in the context of mediators the brain and body engage to protect against threats to homeostasis. The review has been informed by comprehensive searches on PubMed and Scopus through November 2012. FINDINGS: Stressors in the environment can have long lasting effects on development, depending upon the stage of life at which they are experienced. As such, adverse childhood experiences can alter resilience of individuals, making it more difficult for them to respond normally to adverse situations in adulthood, but the brain maintains the capacity to re-enter a more plastic state where such effects can be mitigated. CONCLUSIONS: The brain regulates responses that allow for adaptation to challenges in the environment. The capacity of the brain and body to withstand challenges to stability can be considered as "resilience". While adverse childhood experiences can have long-term negative consequences, under the right circumstances, the brain can re-enter plastic states, and negative outcomes may be mitigated, even later in life.
Keywords: Adaptation, Psychological; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aging; Allostasis; Animals; Brain; Child; Child, Preschool; Epigenesis, Genetic; Female; Homeostasis; Hormones; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Life Change Events; Male; Middle Aged; Mind-Body Relations, Metaphysical; Neurotransmitter Agents; Psychophysiology; Resilience, Psychological; Sex Characteristics; Social Environment; Young Adult

Indicators of family care for development for use in multicountry surveys - Kariger, P.; Frongillo, E. A.; Engle, P.; Britto, P. M.; Sywulka, S. M.; Menon, P. (J Health Popul Nutr, 2012)
Indicators of family care for development are essential for ascertaining whether families are providing their children with an environment that leads to positive developmental outcomes. This project aimed to develop indicators from a set of items, measuring family care practices and resources important for caregiving, for use in epidemiologic surveys in developing countries. A mixed method (quantitative and qualitative) design was used for item selection and evaluation. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were conducted to examine the validity of candidate items in several country samples. Qualitative methods included the use of global expert panels to identify and evaluate the performance of each candidate item as well as in-country focus groups to test the content validity of the items. The quantitative methods included analyses of item-response distributions, using bivariate techniques. The selected items measured two family care practices (support for learning/stimulating environment and limit-setting techniques) and caregiving resources (adequacy of the alternate caregiver when the mother worked). Six play-activity items, indicative of support for learning/stimulating environment, were included in the core module of UNICEF's Multiple Cluster Indictor Survey 3. The other items were included in optional modules. This project provided, for the first time, a globally-relevant set of items for assessing family care practices and resources in epidemiological surveys. These items have multiple uses, including national monitoring and cross-country comparisons of the status of family care for development used globally. The obtained information will reinforce attention to efforts to improve the support for development of children.
Kariger, Patricia Frongillo, Edward A Engle, Patrice Britto, Pia M Rebello Sywulka, Sara M Menon, Purnima eng Comparative Study Multicenter Study Bangladesh 2013/01/12 06:00 J Health Popul Nutr. 2012 Dec;30(4):472-86.
Keywords: *Child Development; *Child Welfare; *Cross-Cultural Comparison; *Health Surveys; *Parenting; Africa; Brazil; Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Infant; Nepal; Psychosocial Deprivation; Social Environment

Race, gender, and young children - P. A. Katz; J. A. Kofkin (Developmental psychopathology: Perspectives on adjustment, risk, and disorder, 1997)

Fostering and Measuring Skills - Kautz, T.,; Heckman, J.J.; Diris, R.; Weel, B.; Borghans, L. (OECD Publishing, 2014)
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Parent-child relationships of boys in different offending trajectories: a developmental perspective. - Keijsers, Loes; Loeber, Rolf; Branje, Susan; Meeus, Wim (J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 2012)
BACKGROUND: This study tested the theoretical assumption that transformations of parent-child relationships in late childhood and adolescence would differ for boys following different offending trajectories. METHODS: Using longitudinal multiinformant data of 503 boys (ages 7-19), we conducted Growth Mixture Modeling to extract offending trajectories. Developmental changes in child reports of parent-child joint activities and relationship quality were examined using Latent Growth Curves. RESULTS: Five offending trajectories were found: non-offenders, moderate childhood offenders, adolescent-limited offenders, serious childhood offenders, and serious persistent offenders. Non-offenders reported high and stable levels of relationship quality between age 10 and 16. Adolescent-limited offenders reported a similarly high relationship quality as non-offenders at ages 7 and 10, but a lower and decreasing relationship quality in adolescence. Compared with non-offenders, serious persistent offenders reported poorer parent-child relationship quality at all ages, and a decreasing relationship quality in adolescence. Serious persistent offenders and adolescent-limited offenders reported similar levels and changes in parent-child relationship quality in adolescence. Although serious persistent offenders reported fewer joint activities at age 10 and 13 than non-offenders, a similar linear decrease in joint activities in early to middle adolescence was found for boys in each trajectory. CONCLUSION: Developmental changes in parent-child relationship quality differ for different types of offenders. This finding has scientific and practical implications.
Keywords: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child Development; Criminals; Humans; Juvenile Delinquency; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Parent-Child Relations; Pennsylvania; Risk Factors; Urban Population; Young Adult

The Cultural Nature of Attachment: Contextualizing Relationships and Development - Keller, H.; Bard, K. A. (MIT Press, 2018)
Keywords: attachment and bonding

Conflict Analysis and Resolution - H. C. Kelman; R. J. Fisher (Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology, 2003)

The Problem-Solving Workshop: A Social-Psychological Contribution to the Resolution of International Conflicts - Kelman, H. C.; Cohen, S. P. (Journal of Peace Research, 1976)
Problem-solving workshops represent a social-psychological approach to conflict resulution, in which members of conflicting national groups engage in unofficial, direct communication under the guidance of social scientists. Setting, agenda, ground rules, procedures, and interventions are designed to promote an analytical orientation. After describing a hypothetical workshop, the paper focuses on the theoretical assumptions of the approach, the change strategies it employs, and its relationship to political processes. Among issues considered are the potentially conflicting requirements for producing changes and for transferring such changes to the policy process; the criteria for selecting participants; the advantages of focusing on specific functional problems; the use of academic auspices and norms in creating a novel context to counteract conflict norms; the role of third party interventions in the form of theoretical inputs, content observations, and process observations; and the possible contributions of workshop products to pre-negotiation, negotiation, and post-negotiation processes.

Autonomic substrates of the response to pups in male prairie voles. - Kenkel, William M; Paredes, Jamespaul; Lewis, Gregory F; Yee, Jason R; Pournajafi-Nazarloo, Hossein; Grippo, Angela J; Porges, Stephen W; Carter, C Sue (PLoS One, 2013)
Caregiving by nonparents (alloparenting) and fathers is a defining aspect of human social behavior, yet this phenomenon is rare among mammals. Male prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) spontaneously exhibit high levels of alloparental care, even in the absence of reproductive experience. In previous studies, exposure to a pup was selectively associated with increased activity in oxytocin and vasopressin neurons along with decreased plasma corticosterone. In the present study, physiological, pharmacological and neuroanatomical methods were used to explore the autonomic and behavioral consequences of exposing male prairie voles to a pup. Reproductively naïve, adult male prairie voles were implanted with radiotransmitters used for recording ECG, temperature and activity. Males responded with a sustained increase in heart-rate during pup exposure. This prolonged increase in heart rate was not explained by novelty, locomotion or thermoregulation. Although heart rate was elevated during pup exposure, respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) did not differ between these males and males exposed to control stimuli indicating that vagal inhibition of the heart was maintained. Blockade of beta-adrenergic receptors with atenolol abolished the pup-induced heart rate increase, implicating sympathetic activity in the pup-induced increase in heart rate. Blockade of vagal input to the heart delayed the males' approach to the pup. Increased activity in brainstem autonomic regulatory nuclei was also observed in males exposed to pups. Together, these findings suggest that exposure to a pup activates both vagal and sympathetic systems. This unique physiological state (i.e. increased sympathetic excitation of the heart, while maintaining some vagal cardiac tone) associated with male caregiving behavior may allow males to both nurture and protect infants.
Keywords: Adrenergic beta-1 Receptor Antagonists; Animals; Atenolol; Autonomic Nervous System; Behavior, Animal; Corticosterone; Heart Rate; Male; Oxytocin; Paternal Behavior; Social Behavior; Vasopressins

Childhood adversities and adult psychopathology in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. - Kessler, Ronald C; McLaughlin, Katie A; Green, Jennifer Greif; Gruber, Michael J; Sampson, Nancy A; Zaslavsky, Alan M; Aguilar-Gaxiola, Sergio; Alhamzawi, Ali Obaid; Alonso, Jordi; Angermeyer, Matthias; Benjet, Corina; Bromet, Evelyn; et al. (Br J Psychiatry, 2010)
BACKGROUND: Although significant associations of childhood adversities with adult mental disorders are widely documented, most studies focus on single childhood adversities predicting single disorders. AIMS: To examine joint associations of 12 childhood adversities with first onset of 20 DSM-IV disorders in World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys in 21 countries. METHOD: Nationally or regionally representative surveys of 51 945 adults assessed childhood adversities and lifetime DSM-IV disorders with the WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). RESULTS: Childhood adversities were highly prevalent and interrelated. Childhood adversities associated with maladaptive family functioning (e.g. parental mental illness, child abuse, neglect) were the strongest predictors of disorders. Co-occurring childhood adversities associated with maladaptive family functioning had significant subadditive predictive associations and little specificity across disorders. Childhood adversities account for 29.8% of all disorders across countries. CONCLUSIONS: Childhood adversities have strong associations with all classes of disorders at all life-course stages in all groups of WMH countries. Long-term associations imply the existence of as-yet undetermined mediators.
Keywords: Adolescent; Adult; Adult Survivors of Child Abuse; Age of Onset; Causality; Child; Child Abuse; Child of Impaired Parents; Child, Preschool; Crime; Epidemiologic Methods; Family Health; Family Relations; Humans; Life Change Events; Mental Disorders; Socioeconomic Factors; World Health Organization; Young Adult

Epigenetics: Significance of the gene-environment interface for brain development - E. B. Keverne (Pathways to peace: The transformative power of children and families, 2014)
Brain development in humans extends over a very lengthy time period, initially in utero and subsequently embracing attachment interactions with the mother, social interactions with peers, and the emotional turmoil of puberty. Puberty is a period of development when those cortical regions concerned with forward planning and emotional control undergo synaptic pruning and reorganization of connection strengths. Each of these life phases is developmentally important in shaping and being shaped by the maternal and social environments. Although genetics forms the scaffold for brain development, the detail of connectivities is determined by the kind of environment in which the brain functions. The brain, more than any other organ, is a product of gene-environment interaction. The in utero environment is the most protected of environments and has evolved strong maternal-fetal coadaptations. The fetal placenta hormonally interfaces with and regulates the mother’s brain (hypothalamus) at a time when these same parts of the fetal brain (hypothalamus) are themselves developing. This transgenerational coordinated development is under the control of epigenetically regulated imprinted genes. Since the maternal hypothalamus controls all aspects of care and provisioning, offspring in receipt of such quality care will themselves be both genetically and epigenetically predisposed to good mothering of the next generation. However, impairments at the placental level caused by stress, toxins, or poor nutrition may impact adversely on the developing hypothalamus, and hence mothering of the next generation. A peaceful, secure environment is thus of paramount importance to a mother for securing a successful pregnancy and for the security of well-being in raising her offspring. Further, we need to take into account how events experienced in utero also shape the outcome of future generations, since epigenetic reprogramming of future oocytes (matrilineal contribution to grandchild) occurs at the earliest (epiblast) stages of in utero ovarian development. The postnatal formative years of the brain are strongly influenced by mother-infant interactions. The brain’s mechanisms for reward that subserve mother-infant-mother (p.66) affiliation subsequently extend to the reward process of social interaction later in life. Throughout the first two decades of development, functional contacts are made across the brain’s billions of neurons, involving trillions of synapses such that no two brains are the same, not even those of genetically identical twins. Since consolidation of neural connectivities is activity dependent, the environments that generate this activity determine the functional details of these structural connections. Our brains are very much a product of the pre- and postnatal niche in which they develop and survive.
Keywords: brain development; gene-environment interactions; neural connectivities; puberty

Trophoblast regulation of maternal endocrine function and behaviour - Keverne, E. B. (Biology and Pathology of Trophoblast, 2006)
Byg15 Times Cited:8 Cited References Count:52
Keywords: central-nervous-system; DNA Methylation; early-pregnancy; giant-cells; Growth; human-placenta; leptin; mouse embryo; prolactin family; receptor

A Way of Thinking about Parent/Teacher Partnerships for Teachers Le partenariat parent/enseignant: Un autre point de vue Una forma de reflexionar sobre la asociacio´n Padre/Maestro para maestros - Keyes, Carol R. (International Journal of Early Years Education, 2002)
While the value of the home/school partnership is universally accepted, it is not always easy to promote or maintain. This paper focuses on the parent/teacher aspect since it is really the nucleus of the partnership. Unlike other kinds of relationships in people's lives, the parent/teacher pairing occurs by assignment rather than by choice. The common interest is the schooling of the child. Mutual trust and two-way communication are essential features of an effective parent/teacher partnership The degree of success teachers have in developing such a partnership with parents depends heavily not only on the 'fit' between parental cares and concerns and those of the teacher, but also on a variety of other factors. They include: the degree of match between a teacher's and a parent's culture and values; the societal forces at work on family and school; and how teachers and parents view their roles. The paper presents a review of literature related to parent/teacher partnerships; and proposes a theoretical approach that incorporates Bronfenbrenner's ecology, Getzels' social system, Katz's and Hoover and Dempsey's work on the role of parents, and Epstein's typology of parental involvement. This systemic approach, which frames the factors in an ecological and social system perspective, may enable teachers to visualize how complex and dynamic the parent/teacher partnership is, provide a framework to view events from more than one perspective, and help teachers monitor their responses to individual situations as they seek to work more effectively with diverse families. In order to test this assumption, the theoretical approach has been shared with students, teachers and directors, all of whom evaluated its usefulness. In this presentation the theoretical approach and the immediate and follow-up evaluations will be shared. Bien que l'on apprécie la valeur du partenariat foyer/école cela n'est pas toujours facile à promouvoir ou à soutenir. Cette discussion vise l'appariement parent/enseignant qui est àla base de cet accord. Contraire aux autres rapports personnels, celui-ci est une fonction de designation, pas de choix. Ce qui les unis, c'estla scolarisation de l'enfant. L'essentiel de cet appariement depend de la confiance mutuelle et de la communication ouverte entre les deux. L'apparente réussite de l'enseignant dans un tel accord dépend en grande partie non seulement de l'accord entre les intérêts du parent vis-à-vis ceux de l'enseignant mais aussi d'une variété d'autres forces telles que la concordance entre les valeurs culturelles du parent et de l'enseignant, les forces de la société imposées à la famille et à l'école, la façon dont chacun envisage son rôle. Cette discussion offre une revue des articles dédiés à ce sujet et ensuite elle propose une approche théorétique qui comprend le système écologique de Bronfenbrenner, le système social de Getzels, les études de Katz, Hoover et Dempsey sur le rôle des parents, et la topologie de l'engagement parental. Cette approche systématique qui vise tous les éléments d'une perspective écologique et sociale peut servir à aider l'enseignant à comprendre la complexité et le dynanisme de cet appariement parent/enseignant; il lui fournit un objectif lui permettant de visionner les événements d'un point de vue multiple; il l'aide à manier ses réactions à des situations divergeantes dans ses efforts à trouver un moyen plus efficace de travailler avec les familles diverses de ses élèves. A pesar de que la asociación casa/escuela está universalmente aceptada, no siempre es fácil de promocionar o mantener. Este trabajo se enfoca en el aspecto padre/ maestro ya que conforma el núcleo de esta asociación. A diferencia de otras relaciones personales, el emparejamiento padre/maestro ocurre más por necesidad que por propia elección. El común denominador es la escolarización del niño. Dos aspectos importantes para lograr una asociación efectiva Padre/Maestro son la confianza mutua y la comunicación en ambas direcciones. El nivel de éxito que los maestros tienen al desarrollar esta asociación con los padres depende enormemente no sólo de "el ajuste" entre las preocupaciones y prioridades de los padres y los maestros sino también en una variedad de otros factores. Entre ellos se pueden citar: el grado de concordancia entre los valores y la cultura del maestro y de los padres; el impacto de la sociedad en la familia y la escuela; y cómo los padres y los maestros consideran sus propios roles. Este trabajo presenta una revisión de los escrito en cuanto a las asociaciones padre/maestro, y propone una aproximación teórica que incorpora la ecología de Bronfenbrenner, el sistema social de Getzels, el rol de los padres en los trabajos de Katz y Hoover y Dempsey, y la tipología de la participación paternal de Epstein. Esta aproximación sistemática que encuadra los factores desde una perspectiva de sistema ecológico y social puede capacitar a los maestros para visualizar la complejidad y la dinámica de la asociación padre/maestro, proveerles de una estructura para examinar las circunstancias desde más de una perspectiva, y ayudarles a categorizar sus reacciones frente a circunstancias individuales al tiempo que buscan trabajar de una manera más efectiva con familias diversas.

Early childhood development and psychosocial support in Syria - Khaddour, F. (Forced Migration Review; Oxford, 2019)
From the onset of the Syrian crisis, internally displaced persons from all over Syria sought safe haven in Salamieh District in eastern Hama Governorate, increasing the population by 40% to its current total of 300,000. Many of those who were displaced -- including children -- were suffering from severe trauma. Humanitarian actors in Salamieh City, including the Syrian Arab Red Crescent and the Aga Khan Development Network (AKDN), deployed psychosocial support teams but responders soon realized that they were unprepared for dealing with the sheer extent of mental health needs. The AKDN therefore developed a strategic plan for providing comprehensive psychosocial support in Salamieh District, using sustainable, community-based approaches to mental health and psychosocial support (MHPSS). In addition to advocacy and awareness raising around MHPSS in conflict settings, and strengthening capacity in terms of skills and number of mental health workers, the plan also incorporated protection elements specifically designed for children.
Keywords: Advocacy; Child Development; childhood; children; Children & youth; Community mental health; Consciousness; Displaced persons; Early childhood education; Health insurance; Humanitarianism; Incentives; Internally displaced persons; Mental Disorders; Mental Health; Mental health care; Mental Health Services; Parents & parenting; Participation; Protection; Relocation; Skills; Teams; Trauma

Prenatal maternal infection, neurodevelopment and adult schizophrenia: a systematic review of population-based studies - Khandaker, G. M.; Zimbron, J.; Lewis, G.; Jones, P. B. (Psychol Med, 2013)
BACKGROUND: Disruption of foetal development by prenatal maternal infection is consistent with a neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia. Whether specific prenatal infections are involved, their timing and the mechanisms of any effect are all unknown. We addressed these questions through a systematic review of population-based studies. METHOD: Electronic and manual searches and rigorous quality assessment yielded 21 studies that included an objective assessment of individual-level prenatal maternal infection and standardized psychotic diagnoses in adult offspring. Methodological differences between studies necessitated a descriptive review. RESULTS: Results for prenatal maternal non-specific bacterial, respiratory or genital and reproductive infection differed between studies, which reported up to a two- to fivefold increased risk of schizophrenia. Evidence for herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) and Toxoplasma gondii was mixed; some studies reported up to a doubling of schizophrenia risk. Prenatal HSV-1 or cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections were not associated with increased risk. Exposure to influenza or other infections during early pregnancy may be more harmful than later exposure. Increased proinflammatory cytokines during pregnancy were also associated with risk. Prenatal infection was associated with structural and functional brain abnormalities relevant to schizophrenia. CONCLUSIONS: Prenatal exposure to a range of infections and inflammatory responses may be associated with risk of adult schizophrenia. Larger samples, mediation and animal models should be used to investigate whether there is a 'sensitive period' during development, and the effects of prenatal infections on neurodevelopment. Inclusion of genetic and immunological information should help to elucidate to what extent genetic vulnerability to schizophrenia may be explained by vulnerability to infection.
1469-8978 Khandaker, G M Zimbron, J Lewis, G Jones, P B G0001354/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom 095844/Z/11/Z/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom 095844/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom 088869/Z/09/Z/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom 094790/Z/10/Z/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Review Systematic Review England Psychol Med. 2013 Feb;43(2):239-57. doi: 10.1017/S0033291712000736. Epub 2012 Apr 16.
Keywords: *Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Adult; Animals; Autoimmunity; Brain/*abnormalities/physiopathology; Confounding Factors (Epidemiology); Cytokines/metabolism; Databases, Bibliographic; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Humans; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/*epidemiology/immunology; Pregnancy Trimesters; Risk Factors; Schizophrenia/*epidemiology/etiology/immunology

Breastfeeding, brain activation to own infant cry, and maternal sensitivity. - Kim, P.; Feldman, R.; Mayes, L. C.; Eicher, V.; Thompson, N.; Leckman, J. F.; Swain, J. E. (J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 2011)
BACKGROUND: Research points to the importance of breastfeeding for promoting close mother-infant contact and social-emotional development. Recent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have identified brain regions related to maternal behaviors. However, little research has addressed the neurobiological mechanisms underlying the relationship between breastfeeding and maternal behavior in human mothers. We investigated the associations between breastfeeding, maternal brain response to own infant stimuli, and maternal sensitivity in the early postpartum. METHODS: Seventeen biological mothers of healthy infants participated in two matched groups according to feeding method - exclusive breastfeeding and exclusive formula-feeding at 2-4 weeks postpartum. fMRI scanning was conducted in the first postpartum month to examine maternal brain activation in response to her own baby's cry versus control baby-cry. Dyadic interactions between mothers and infants at 3-4 months postpartum were videotaped in the home and blindly coded for maternal sensitivity. RESULTS: In the first postpartum month, breastfeeding mothers showed greater activations in the superior frontal gyrus, insula, precuneus, striatum, and amygdala while listening to their own baby-cry as compared to formula-feeding mothers. For both breastfeeding and formula-feeding mothers, greater activations in the right superior frontal gyrus and amygdala were associated with higher maternal sensitivity at 3-4 months postpartum. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest links between breastfeeding and greater response to infant cues in brain regions implicated in maternal-infant bonding and empathy during the early postpartum. Such brain activations may facilitate greater maternal sensitivity as infants enter their social world.
Keywords: Adult; Amygdala; Brain Mapping; Breast Feeding; Connecticut; Corpus Striatum; Crying; Cues; Female; Frontal Lobe; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Maternal Behavior; Mother-Child Relations; Object Attachment; Postpartum Period

A Prospective Longitudinal Study of Perceived Infant Outcomes at 18-24 Months: Neural and Psychological Correlates of Parental Thoughts and Actions Assessed during the First Month Postpartum. - Kim, P.; Rigo, P.; Leckman, J. F.; Mayes, L. C.; Cole, P. M.; Feldman, R.; Swain, J. E. (Front Psychol, 2015)
The first postpartum months constitute a critical period for parents to establish an emotional bond with their infants. Neural responses to infant-related stimuli have been associated with parental sensitivity. However, the associations among these neural responses, parenting, and later infant outcomes for mothers and fathers are unknown. In the current longitudinal study, we investigated the relationships between parental thoughts/actions and neural activation in mothers and fathers in the neonatal period with infant outcomes at the toddler stage. At the first month postpartum, mothers (n = 21) and fathers (n = 19) underwent a neuroimaging session during which they listened to their own and unfamiliar baby's cry. Parenting-related thoughts/behaviors were assessed by interview twice at the first month and 3-4 months postpartum and infants' socioemotional outcomes were reported by mothers and fathers at 18-24 months postpartum. In mothers, higher levels of anxious thoughts/actions about parenting at the first month postpartum, but not at 3-4 months postpartum, were associated with infant's low socioemotional competencies at 18-24 months. Anxious thoughts/actions were also associated with heightened responses in the motor cortex and reduced responses in the substantia nigra to own infant cry sounds. On the other hand, in fathers, higher levels of positive perception of being a parent at the first month postpartum, but not at 3-4 months postpartum, were associated with higher infant socioemotional competencies at 18-24 months. Positive thoughts were associated with heightened responses in the auditory cortex and caudate to own infant cry sounds. The current study provides evidence that parental thoughts are related to concurrent neural responses to their infants at the first month postpartum as well as their infant's future socioemotional outcome at 18-24 months. Parent differences suggest that anxious thoughts in mothers and positive thoughts in fathers may be the targets for parenting-focused interventions very early postpartum.

EARLY POSTPARTUM PARENTAL PREOCCUPATION AND POSITIVE PARENTING THOUGHTS: RELATIONSHIP WITH PARENT-INFANT INTERACTION. - Kim, P.; Mayes, L.; Feldman, R.; Leckman, J. F.; Swain, J. E. (Infant Ment Health J, 2013)
Parenting behaviors and parent-infant emotional bonding during the early postpartum months play a critical role in infant development. However, the nature and progression of parental thoughts and their relationship with interactive behaviors have received less research. The current study investigated the trajectory of parental thoughts and behaviors among primiparous mothers ( = 18) and fathers ( = 15) and multiparous mothers ( = 13) and fathers ( = 13), which were measured at the first and third postpartum month. At the third postpartum month, the relationship between parental thoughts and parental interactive behaviors also was tested. Mothers and fathers showed high levels of preoccupations and caregiving thoughts during the first postpartum month that significantly declined by the third postpartum month. In contrast, positive thoughts about parenting and the infant increased over the same time interval. Mothers presented higher levels of preoccupations and positive thoughts than did fathers, and first-time parents reported more intense preoccupations than did experienced parents. Although maternal sensitivity was inversely related to maternal anxious thoughts, paternal sensitivity was predicted by higher levels of anxious as well as caregiving and positive thoughts.

The plasticity of human maternal brain: longitudinal changes in brain anatomy during the early postpartum period - Kim, P.; Leckman, J. F.; Mayes, L. C.; Feldman, R.; Wang, X.; Swain, J. E. (Behav Neurosci, 2010)
Animal studies suggest that structural changes occur in the maternal brain during the early postpartum period in regions such as the hypothalamus, amygdala, parietal lobe, and prefrontal cortex and such changes are related to the expression of maternal behaviors. In an attempt to explore this in humans, we conducted a prospective longitudinal study to examine gray matter changes using voxel-based morphometry on high resolution magnetic resonance images of mothers' brains at two time points: 2-4 weeks postpartum and 3-4 months postpartum. Comparing gray matter volumes across these two time points, we found increases in gray matter volume of the prefrontal cortex, parietal lobes, and midbrain areas. Increased gray matter volume in the midbrain including the hypothalamus, substantia nigra, and amygdala was associated with maternal positive perception of her baby. These results suggest that the first months of motherhood in humans are accompanied by structural changes in brain regions implicated in maternal motivation and behaviors.
Kim, Pilyoung Leckman, James F Mayes, Linda C Feldman, Ruth Wang, Xin Swain, James E eng K05MH076273/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ RC2 MD004767/MD/NIMHD NIH HHS/ 5K05DA020091/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ K05 DA020091/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ T32 MH018268/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ K05 MH076273/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. 2010/10/14 06:00 Behav Neurosci. 2010 Oct;124(5):695-700. doi: 10.1037/a0020884.
Keywords: Adult; Brain/*anatomy & histology; Female; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Maternal Behavior/*psychology; Nerve Fibers, Unmyelinated; Neuronal Plasticity; Postpartum Period/*psychology

Neural plasticity in fathers of human infants. - Kim, P.; Rigo, P.; Mayes, L. C.; Feldman, R.; Leckman, J. F.; Swain, J. E. (Soc Neurosci, 2014)
Fathering plays an important role in infants' socioemotional and cognitive development. Previous studies have identified brain regions that are important for parenting behavior in human mothers. However, the neural basis of parenting in human fathers is largely unexplored. In the current longitudinal study, we investigated structural changes in fathers' brains during the first 4 months postpartum using voxel-based morphometry analysis. Biological fathers (n = 16) with full-term, healthy infants were scanned at 2-4 weeks postpartum (time 1) and at 12-16 weeks postpartum (time 2). Fathers exhibited increase in gray matter (GM) volume in several neural regions involved in parental motivation, including the hypothalamus, amygdala, striatum, and lateral prefrontal cortex. On the other hand, fathers exhibited decreases in GM volume in the orbitofrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, and insula. The findings provide evidence for neural plasticity in fathers' brains. We also discuss the distinct patterns of associations among neural changes, postpartum mood symptoms, and parenting behaviors among fathers.
Keywords: Adult; Brain; Depression; Fathers; Gray Matter; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Longitudinal Studies; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Neuronal Plasticity; Organ Size; Parenting; Time Factors

Perceived quality of maternal care in childhood and structure and function of mothers' brain. - Kim, P.; Leckman, J. F.; Mayes, L.C.; Newman, M.; Feldman, R.; Swain, J. E. (Dev Sci, 2010)
Animal studies indicate that early maternal care has long-term effects on brain areas related to social attachment and parenting, whereas neglectful mothering is linked with heightened stress reactivity in the hippocampus across the lifespan. The present study explores the possibility, using magnetic resonance imaging, that perceived quality of maternal care in childhood is associated with brain structure and functional responses to salient infant stimuli among human mothers in the first postpartum month. Mothers who reported higher maternal care in childhood showed larger grey matter volumes in the superior and middle frontal gyri, orbital gyrus, superior temporal gyrus and fusiform gyrus. In response to infant cries, these mothers exhibited higher activations in the middle frontal gyrus, superior temporal gyrus and fusiform gyrus, whereas mothers reporting lower maternal care showed increased hippocampal activations. These findings suggest that maternal care in childhood may be associated with anatomy and functions in brain regions implicated in appropriate responsivity to infant stimuli in human mothers.
Keywords: Adult; Brain; Brain Mapping; Crying; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Maternal Age; Maternal Behavior; Middle Aged; Questionnaires; Young Adult

Early Childhood Services for Young Refugee Children: Cross-Country Analysis - King, K.M.; Pouezevara, S.; Edwards, L. (Moving Minds Alliance, 2020)
Keywords: Bangladesh; early childhood services; Jordan; refugee children; refugee families; Uganda

The war on children: Time to end grave violations against children in conflict - Kirollos, M.; Anning, C.; Fylkesnes, G. K.; Denselow, J. (Save the Children, 2018)
Keywords: violence exposure; violence prevention

Welfare reform, family support, and child development: perspectives from policy analysis and developmental psychopathology - Knitzer, J.; Yoshikawa, H.; Cauthen, N. K.; Aber, J. L. (Dev Psychopathol, 2000)
This article explores the implications of recent welfare-related policy change for the well-being of children in low-income families, and for research investigating child development processes and outcomes. It provides an overview of current welfare-related policies and explores the implications for developmental researchers. The article also synthesizes early findings from research, highlighting both overall impacts and the more nuanced evidence that while families are transitioning off welfare, only a small number are transitioning out of poverty, and a subgroup of families at risk are not faring well. It then examines, from a theoretical and methodological framework, what developmental psychopathology might bring to the study of welfare-related impacts on children in the context of this complex and changing policy landscape, and what welfare researchers might bring to the field of developmental psychopathology. The article concludes with broad recommendations for both research and policy.
Knitzer, J Yoshikawa, H Cauthen, N K Aber, J L eng 2001/02/24 12:00 Dev Psychopathol. 2000 Autumn;12(4):619-32.
Keywords: *Child Development; *Family Therapy; *Health Care Reform; *Policy Making; *Social Support; Adaptation, Psychological; Child; Child Health Services/*organization & administration; Child, Preschool; Humans; Mental Disorders/*therapy; Personality Development; Social Welfare/*trends; United States

Ending violence in childhood. Global report 2017 - KnowViolenceInChildhood (Know Violence in Childhood, 2017)
Keywords: Child maltreatment; violence against children; violence prevention

Economic, neurobiological, and behavioral perspectives on building America's future workforce - Knudsen, E. I.; Heckman, J. J.; Cameron, J. L.; Shonkoff, J. P. (Proc Natl Acad Sci U S AProc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2006)
A growing proportion of the U.S. workforce will have been raised in disadvantaged environments that are associated with relatively high proportions of individuals with diminished cognitive and social skills. A cross-disciplinary examination of research in economics, developmental psychology, and neurobiology reveals a striking convergence on a set of common principles that account for the potent effects of early environment on the capacity for human skill development. Central to these principles are the findings that early experiences have a uniquely powerful influence on the development of cognitive and social skills and on brain architecture and neurochemistry, that both skill development and brain maturation are hierarchical processes in which higher level functions depend on, and build on, lower level functions, and that the capacity for change in the foundations of human skill development and neural circuitry is highest earlier in life and decreases over time. These findings lead to the conclusion that the most efficient strategy for strengthening the future workforce, both economically and neurobiologically, and improving its quality of life is to invest in the environments of disadvantaged children during the early childhood years.
Knudsen, Eric I Heckman, James J Cameron, Judy L Shonkoff, Jack P eng Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 2006/06/28 09:00 Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Jul 5;103(27):10155-10162. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0600888103. Epub 2006 Jun 26.
Keywords: *Behavior; *Neurobiology; Adult; Age Factors; Animals; Brain/anatomy & histology/physiology; Child; Cognition/physiology; Employment/*economics/*psychology; Gene Expression Regulation; Humans; Time Factors; United States

Economic, neurobiological, and behavioral perspectives on building America's future workforce. - Knudsen, Eric I; Heckman, James J; Cameron, Judy L; Shonkoff, Jack P (Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2006)
A growing proportion of the U.S. workforce will have been raised in disadvantaged environments that are associated with relatively high proportions of individuals with diminished cognitive and social skills. A cross-disciplinary examination of research in economics, developmental psychology, and neurobiology reveals a striking convergence on a set of common principles that account for the potent effects of early environment on the capacity for human skill development. Central to these principles are the findings that early experiences have a uniquely powerful influence on the development of cognitive and social skills and on brain architecture and neurochemistry, that both skill development and brain maturation are hierarchical processes in which higher level functions depend on, and build on, lower level functions, and that the capacity for change in the foundations of human skill development and neural circuitry is highest earlier in life and decreases over time. These findings lead to the conclusion that the most efficient strategy for strengthening the future workforce, both economically and neurobiologically, and improving its quality of life is to invest in the environments of disadvantaged children during the early childhood years.
Keywords: Adult; Age Factors; Animals; Behavior; Brain; Child; Cognition; Employment; Gene Expression Regulation; Humans; Neurobiology; Time Factors; United States

"Mothers Speaking: A Study on the Experience of Mothers with Mother-Child Education Program (MOCEP) " - A. Koçak; S. Bekman (University Faculty of Education, 2009)

Mothers speaking: A study on the experience of mothers with mother-child education program (MOCEP) - Koçak, A.; S. Bekman (European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 2007)
This study aimed to investigate the experiences of mothers participating in MOCEP in Istanbul, through a qualitative research methodology. Overall effectiveness of the programme, its implementation and how the mothers benefited were the main concerns. The study was carried out with 20 mothers. Individual and focus interviews, participant observation and diary keeping were used. The results revealed that the programme created some changes in mother-child relationship, in mothers, children and fathers. The effects of the programme were categorised as direct and side effects, and the direction of the effect was indicated as positive or negative. The effects of the programme on mothers were examined in two aspects: the change in the mother's behaviour and perceptions. This change in the mother was found to have three addressees: the children, the husbands and the mother herself. In addition, a causal network was used to display the relationship between the programme, the mother, the child and the father.

Evaluation report of the Father-Support Program - A. Koçak (Mother-Child Education Foundation Publications, 2004)

Trauma-Informed practices for K12 schools, professional develop simulation - Kognito; UNICEF, USA (Kognito, 2017)
An interactive role-play simulation for educators to build skills, confidence, and empathy to better support students whose behavior might be related to sources of trauma or distress. It prepares users to spot warning signs of trauma, lead real-life conversations with students, improve their experience in class, and explore making a referral to a mental health professional.
Keywords: adverse childhood experiences; childhood trauma

The psychology of moral development: the nature and validity of moral stages - Kohlberg, L. (Harper & Row, 1984)