Childhood adversity and DNA methylation of genes involved in the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and immune system: whole-genome and candidate-gene associations. - Bick, Johanna; Naumova, Oksana; Hunter, Scott; Barbot, Baptiste; Lee, Maria; Luthar, Suniya S; Raefski, Adam; Grigorenko, Elena L (Dev Psychopathol, 2012)
In recent years, translational research involving humans and animals has uncovered biological and physiological pathways that explain associations between early adverse circumstances and long-term mental and physical health outcomes. In this article, we summarize the human and animal literature demonstrating that epigenetic alterations in key biological systems, the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and immune system, may underlie such disparities. We review evidence suggesting that changes in DNA methylation profiles of the genome may be responsible for the alterations in hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and immune system trajectories. Using some preliminary data, we demonstrate how explorations of genome-wide and candidate-gene DNA methylation profiles may inform hypotheses and guide future research efforts in these areas. We conclude our article by discussing the many important future directions, merging perspectives from developmental psychology, molecular genetics, neuroendocrinology, and immunology, that are essential for furthering our understanding of how early adverse circumstances may shape developmental trajectories, particularly in the areas of stress reactivity and physical or mental health.
Keywords: Animals; Child; Child Abuse; DNA Methylation; Epigenesis, Genetic; Genetic Association Studies; Genome-Wide Association Study; Humans; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System; Pituitary-Adrenal System; Stress, Psychological

Mothers' and Children's Concentrations of Oxytocin Following Close, Physical Interactions with Biological and Non-biological Children. - Bick, Johanna; Dozier, Mary (Dev Psychobiol, 2010)
The current study examined the concentration of mothers' peripherally produced oxytocin after close physical interactions with their biological and non-biological children. Each of 35 mothers and children participated in a computer game that promoted physical contact. In one interaction context, mothers interacted with their own children, and in the other context, mothers interacted with unfamiliar children. After the activity, urine samples were collected from the mothers and were assayed for oxytocin. Data from 26 mothers were available for oxytocin analyses. Oxytocin levels were higher among mothers following interactions with unfamiliar children than following interactions with their own children. Possible explanations for the differences in oxytocin levels across contexts are discussed.

The critical role of nurturing environments for promoting human well-being. - Biglan, Anthony; Flay, Brian R; Embry, Dennis D; Sandler, Irwin N (Am Psychol, 2012)
The recent Institute of Medicine report on prevention (National Research Council & Institute of Medicine, 2009) noted the substantial interrelationship among mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders and pointed out that, to a great extent, these problems stem from a set of common conditions. However, despite the evidence, current research and practice continue to deal with the prevention of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders as if they are unrelated and each stems from different conditions. This article proposes a framework that could accelerate progress in preventing these problems. Environments that foster successful development and prevent the development of psychological and behavioral problems are usefully characterized as nurturing environments. First, these environments minimize biologically and psychologically toxic events. Second, they teach, promote, and richly reinforce prosocial behavior, including self-regulatory behaviors and all of the skills needed to become productive adult members of society. Third, they monitor and limit opportunities for problem behavior. Fourth, they foster psychological flexibility-the ability to be mindful of one's thoughts and feelings and to act in the service of one's values even when one's thoughts and feelings discourage taking valued action. We review evidence to support this synthesis and describe the kind of public health movement that could increase the prevalence of nurturing environments and thereby contribute to the prevention of most mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders. This article is one of three in a special section (see also Muñoz Beardslee, & Leykin, 2012; Yoshikawa, Aber, & Beardslee, 2012) representing an elaboration on a theme for prevention science developed by the 2009 report of the National Research Council and Institute of Medicine.
Keywords: Adaptation, Psychological; Environment; Human Development; Humans; Mental Disorders; Mental Health; Public Health; Social Behavior; Social Environment

All children surviving and thriving: re-envisioning UNICEF's conceptual framework of malnutrition - Black, Maureen M; Lutter, Chessa K; Trude, Angela C B (The Lancet Global Health, 2020)
Keywords: child safety and protection; early learning; health care; nurturing care; policy; responsive care

Early childhood development coming of age: science through the life course - Black, M. M.; Walker, S. P.; Fernald, L. C. H.; Andersen, C. T.; DiGirolamo, A. M.; Lu, C.; McCoy, D. C.; Fink, G.; Shawar, Y. R.; Shiffman, J.; Devercelli, A. E.; Wodon, Q. T.; et al. (Lancet, 2017)
Early childhood development programmes vary in coordination and quality, with inadequate and inequitable access, especially for children younger than 3 years. New estimates, based on proxy measures of stunting and poverty, indicate that 250 million children (43%) younger than 5 years in low-income and middle-income countries are at risk of not reaching their developmental potential. There is therefore an urgent need to increase multisectoral coverage of quality programming that incorporates health, nutrition, security and safety, responsive caregiving, and early learning. Equitable early childhood policies and programmes are crucial for meeting Sustainable Development Goals, and for children to develop the intellectual skills, creativity, and wellbeing required to become healthy and productive adults. In this paper, the first in a three part Series on early childhood development, we examine recent scientific progress and global commitments to early childhood development. Research, programmes, and policies have advanced substantially since 2000, with new neuroscientific evidence linking early adversity and nurturing care with brain development and function throughout the life course.
Black, Maureen M Walker, Susan P Fernald, Lia C H Andersen, Christopher T DiGirolamo, Ann M Lu, Chunling McCoy, Dana C Fink, Gunther Shawar, Yusra R Shiffman, Jeremy Devercelli, Amanda E Wodon, Quentin T Vargas-Baron, Emily Grantham-McGregor, Sally eng K01 HD071929/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Review England 2016/10/09 06:00 Lancet. 2017 Jan 7;389(10064):77-90. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31389-7. Epub 2016 Oct 4.
Keywords: *Child Development; Brain/growth & development; Child; Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena/physiology; Child Welfare; Child, Preschool; Delivery of Health Care/organization & administration; Developing Countries; Developmental Disabilities/etiology/*prevention & control; Growth Disorders; Humans; Poverty; Preventive Health Services/organization & administration; Risk Factors

Early childhood development coming of age: science through the life course - Black, M. M. (The Lancet, 2017)
Early childhood development programmes vary in coordination and quality, with inadequate and inequitable access, especially for children younger than 3 years. New estimates, based on proxy measures of stunting and poverty, indicate that 250 million children (43%) younger than 5 years in low-income and middle-income countries are at risk of not reaching their developmental potential. There is therefore an urgent need to increase multisectoral coverage of quality programming that incorporates health, nutrition, security and safety, responsive caregiving, and early learning. Equitable early childhood policies and programmes are crucial for meeting Sustainable Development Goals, and for children to develop the intellectual skills, creativity, and wellbeing required to become healthy and productive adults. In this paper, the first in a three part Series on early childhood development, we examine recent scientific progress and global commitments to early childhood development. Research, programmes, and policies have advanced substantially since 2000, with new neuroscientific evidence linking early adversity and nurturing care with brain development and function throughout the life course.

Early childhood development coming of age: science through the life course - Black, M. M.; Walker, S. P.; Fernald, L. C. H.; Andersen, C. T.; DiGirolamo, A. M.; Lu, C.; McCoy, D. C.; Fink, G.; Shawar, Y. R.; Shiffman, J.; Devercelli, A. E.; Wodon, Q. T.; et al. (LancetLancet, 2017)
Early childhood development programmes vary in coordination and quality, with inadequate and inequitable access, especially for children younger than 3 years. New estimates, based on proxy measures of stunting and poverty, indicate that 250 million children (43%) younger than 5 years in low-income and middle-income countries are at risk of not reaching their developmental potential. There is therefore an urgent need to increase multisectoral coverage of quality programming that incorporates health, nutrition, security and safety, responsive caregiving, and early learning. Equitable early childhood policies and programmes are crucial for meeting Sustainable Development Goals, and for children to develop the intellectual skills, creativity, and wellbeing required to become healthy and productive adults. In this paper, the first in a three part Series on early childhood development, we examine recent scientific progress and global commitments to early childhood development. Research, programmes, and policies have advanced substantially since 2000, with new neuroscientific evidence linking early adversity and nurturing care with brain development and function throughout the life course.
1474-547x Black, Maureen M Walker, Susan P Fernald, Lia C H Andersen, Christopher T DiGirolamo, Ann M Lu, Chunling McCoy, Dana C Fink, Gunther Shawar, Yusra R Shiffman, Jeremy Devercelli, Amanda E Wodon, Quentin T Vargas-Baron, Emily Grantham-McGregor, Sally Lancet Early Childhood Development Series Steering Committee K01 HD071929/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Review England Lancet. 2017 Jan 7;389(10064):77-90. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31389-7. Epub 2016 Oct 4.
Keywords: *Child Development; Brain/growth & development; Child; Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena/physiology; Child Welfare; Child, Preschool; Delivery of Health Care/organization & administration; Developing Countries; Developmental Disabilities/etiology/*prevention & control; Growth Disorders; Humans; Poverty; Preventive Health Services/organization & administration; Risk Factors

Investment in early childhood development - Black, M. M.; Hurley, K. M. (Lancet, 2014)
Black, Maureen M Hurley, Kristen M eng Comment England 2014/06/21 06:00 Lancet. 2014 Oct 4;384(9950):1244-5. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60607-3. Epub 2014 Jun 16.
Keywords: Child Development/*physiology; Delivery of Health Care, Integrated/*organization & administration; Female; Growth/*physiology; Health Promotion/*organization & administration; Humans; Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena/*physiology; Male

Individual development and evolution: experiential canalization of self-regulation. - Blair, Clancy; Raver, C Cybele (Dev Psychol, 2012)
In this article, we contrast evolutionary and psychobiological models of individual development to address the idea that individual development occurring in prototypically risky and unsupportive environments can be understood as adaptation. We question traditional evolutionary explanations of individual development, calling on the principle of probabilistic epigenesis to suggest that individual development resulting from the combined activity of genes and environments is best understood to precede rather than follow from evolutionary change. Specifically, we focus on the ways in which experience shapes the development of stress response physiology, with implications for individual development and intergenerational transmission of reactive, as opposed to reflective, phenotypes. In doing so, we describe results from several analyses conducted with a longitudinal data set of 1,292 children and their primary caregivers followed from birth. Our results indicate that the effects of poverty on stress response physiology and on the development of the self-regulation of behavior represent instances of the experiential canalization of development with implications for understanding the genesis and "adaptiveness" of risk behavior.
Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological; Biological Evolution; Child; Environment; Humans; Individuality; Longitudinal Studies; Models, Psychological; Risk-Taking; Social Control, Informal

Child development in the context of adversity: experiential canalization of brain and behavior. - Blair, Clancy; Raver, C Cybele (Am Psychol, 2012)
The authors examine the effects of poverty-related adversity on child development, drawing upon psychobiological principles of experiential canalization and the biological embedding of experience. They integrate findings from research on stress physiology, neurocognitive function, and self-regulation to consider adaptive processes in response to adversity as an aspect of children's development. Recent research on early caregiving is paired with research in prevention science to provide a reorientation of thinking about the ways in which psychosocial and economic adversity are related to continuity in human development.
Keywords: Adaptation, Psychological; Brain; Child; Child Development; Humans; Infant; Models, Psychological; Poverty; Stress, Psychological

Cumulative effects of early poverty on cortisol in young children: moderation by autonomic nervous system activity. - Blair, Clancy; Berry, Daniel; Mills-Koonce, Roger; Granger, Douglas (Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2013)
The relation of the cumulative experience of poverty in infancy and early childhood to child cortisol at age 48 months was examined in a prospective longitudinal sample of children and families (N=1292) in predominantly low-income and rural communities in two distinct regions of the United States. Families were seen in the home for data collection and cumulative experience of poverty was indexed by parent reported income-to-need ratio and household chaos measures collected between child ages 2 months and 48 months. For the analysis presented here, three saliva samples were also collected over an approximate 90 min interval at child age 48 months and were assayed for cortisol. ECG data were also collected during a resting period and during the administration of a mildly challenging battery of cognitive tasks. Mixed model analysis indicated that child cortisol at 48 months decreased significantly over the sampling time period and that cumulative time in poverty (number of years income-to-need less than or equal to 1) and cumulative household chaos were significantly related to a flatter trajectory for cortisol change and to an overall higher level of cortisol, respectively. Findings also indicated that respiratory sinus arrhythmia derived from the ECG data moderated the association between household chaos and child cortisol and that increase in respiratory sinus arrhythmia during the cognitive task was associated with an overall lower level of cortisol at 48 months.
Keywords: alpha-Amylases; Arrhythmia, Sinus; Autonomic Nervous System; Child, Preschool; Family Relations; Female; Humans; Hydrocortisone; Male; Neuropsychological Tests; Poverty; Rural Population; Saliva

The relevance of delivery mode and other programme characteristics for the effectiveness of early childhood intervention - Blok, H.; Fukkink, R. G.; Gebhardt, E. C.; Leseman, P. P. M. (International Journal of Behavioral DevelopmentInternational Journal of Behavioral DevelopmentInternational Journal of Behavioral Development, 2005)
Although it is generally believed that early intervention programmes are an effective means to stimulate children's cognitive development, many questions remain concerning programme design and delivery. This article reviews 19 studies into the effectiveness of early intervention programmes published from 1985 onward. The database comprised 85 different outcomes or effect sizes (71 in the cognitive domain, 14 in the socioemotional domain). The over-all effect size estimate was d = 0.32 (SE = 0.05) in the cognitive domain, and d = 0.05 (SE 0.02) in the socioemotional domain. Effect sizes were found to depend on delivery mode. Centre-based interventions and interventions following the combined home- and centre-based delivery mode produced greater effect sizes than did home-based programmes in the cognitive domain, but not in the socioemotional domain. The programme inclusion of coaching of parenting skills was also positively related to outcomes in the cognitive domain. Several other programme characteristics, including age of onset, programme length and intensity, continuation after kindergarten. and the inclusion of social or economic support, appeared not to be uniquely related to outcomes.
891md Times Cited:35 Cited References Count:70
Keywords: attending head-start; day-care; disadvantaged-children; dutch families; emergent literacy intervention; follow-up evaluation; no preschool; nurse home visitation; preschool programs; school outcomes

Descartes' Baby: How the Science of Child Development Explains What Makes Us Human - Bloom, P. (Basic Books, 2005)

Conditions and Consequences of Unequal Educational Opportunities in the Life Course: Results from the Cross-National Comparative eduLIFE Project - Blossfeld, Hans-Peter; Kulic, Nevena; Skopek, Jan; Triventi, Moris; Kilpi-Jakonen, Elina; Vono de Vilhena, Daniela; Buchholz, Sandra (KZfSS Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie, 2019)

Socioeconomic disparities in adverse birth outcomes: a systematic review. - Blumenshine, Philip; Egerter, Susan; Barclay, Colleen J; Cubbin, Catherine; Braveman, Paula A (Am J Prev Med, 2010)
CONTEXT: Adverse birth outcomes, such as preterm birth and low birth weight, have serious health consequences across the life course. Socioeconomic disparities in birth outcomes have not been the subject of a recent systematic review. The aim of this study was to systematically review the literature on the association of socioeconomic disadvantage with adverse birth outcomes, with specific attention to the strength and consistency of effects across socioeconomic measures, birth outcomes, and populations. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: Relevant articles published from 1999 to 2007 were obtained through electronic database searches and manual searches of reference lists. English-language studies from industrialized countries were included if (1) study objectives included examination of a socioeconomic disparity in a birth outcome and (2) results were presented on the association between a socioeconomic predictor and a birth outcome related to birth weight, gestational age, or intrauterine growth. Two reviewers extracted data and independently rated study quality; data were analyzed in 2008-2009. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: Ninety-three of 106 studies reported a significant association, overall or within a population subgroup, between a socioeconomic measure and a birth outcome. Socioeconomic disadvantage was consistently associated with increased risk across socioeconomic measures, birth outcomes, and countries; many studies observed racial/ethnic differences in the effect of socioeconomic measures. CONCLUSIONS: Socioeconomic differences in birth outcomes remain pervasive, with substantial variation by racial or ethnic subgroup, and are associated with disadvantage measured at multiple levels (individual/family, neighborhood) and time points (childhood, adulthood), and with adverse health behaviors that are themselves socially patterned. Future reviews should focus on identifying interventions to successfully reduce socioeconomic disparities in birth outcomes.
Keywords: Continental Population Groups; Ethnic Groups; Female; Health Status Disparities; Humans; Infant, Low Birth Weight; Infant, Newborn; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Pregnancy Outcome; Premature Birth; Risk; Socioeconomic Factors

Hierarchy in the Forest: The Evolution of Egalitarian Behavior - Boehm, C.; Boehm, C. (Harvard University Press, 2009)

Moral Origins: The Evolution of Virtue, Altruism, and Shame - Boehm, C. (Basic Books, 2012)

On Dialogue - Bohm, D.; Nichol, L. (Routledge, 2004)

Mental health in postwar afghanistan - Bolton, P.; Betancourt, T. S. (JAMA, 2004)
Bolton, Paul Betancourt, Theresa Stichick eng Comment Editorial 2004/08/05 05:00 JAMA. 2004 Aug 4;292(5):626-8. doi: 10.1001/jama.292.5.626.
Keywords: *Health Resources; *Mental Health Services; *Violence; *Warfare; Afghanistan/epidemiology; Anxiety Disorders/*epidemiology; Depressive Disorder/*epidemiology; Health Surveys; Humans; Mental Health/*statistics & numerical data

Mozambique child soldier life outcome study: lessons learned in rehabilitation and reintegration efforts. - Boothby, N; Crawford, J; Halperin, J (Glob Public Health, 2006)
As the use of child soldiers continues to proliferate throughout the world, effective psychosocial interventions must be developed and evaluated. Our research shows that former child soldiers who are provided rehabilitative services and accepted back into their families and communities are able to become productive, responsible and caring adults. In 1988, 39 captured or escaped child soldiers were brought by the Mozambican government to the Lhanguene Rehabilitation Center in Maputo, Mozambique's capital city. Interventions that focused on rehabilitating the children both psychologically and physically were initiated during their 6-month stay at the Lhanguene centre, and reintegration assistance was provided for 2 years thereafter to support their return to families and communities. Our research continued to follow these former child soldiers for 16 years, and focused on their psychological, social and economic functioning. The study included qualitative and quantitative data collection methods to obtain adult well-being outcomes and was also designed to identify interventions that enabled these child soldiers to re-enter civilian life and lead relatively productive lives. Efficacious rehabilitation activities included those that strengthened individuals' coping skills for anticipated trauma and grief, instilled a sense of social responsibility and promoted self-regulation and security (versus survival) seeking behaviour. Activities that supported long term reintegration and self-sufficiency included community acceptance and forgiveness, traditional cleansing and healing rituals, livelihoods and apprenticeships.
Keywords: Adaptation, Psychological; Adolescent; Ceremonial Behavior; Child; Child Abuse; Child Welfare; Combat Disorders; Family; Humans; Life Change Events; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Military Personnel; Mozambique; Program Evaluation; Psychology, Adolescent; Psychology, Child; Qualitative Research; Rehabilitation Centers; Residence Characteristics; Self Concept; Social Responsibility; Social Support; Torture; War

The effects of the Triple P-Positive Parenting Program on preschool children with co-occurring disruptive behavior and attentional/hyperactive difficulties. - Bor, William; Sanders, Matthew R; Markie-Dadds, Carol (J Abnorm Child Psychol, 2002)
Two variants of a behavioral family intervention (BFI) program known as Triple P were compared using 87 preschoolers with co-occurring disruptive behavior and attentional/hyperactive difficulties. Families were randomly allocated to enhanced BFI (EBFI), standard BFI (SBFI), or a waitlist (WL) control group. At postintervention both BFI programs were associated with significantly lower levels of parent-reported child behavior problems, lower levels of dysfunctional parenting, and greater parental competence than the WL condition. The EBFI condition was also associated with significantly less observed child negative behavior in comparison to the WL. The gains achieved at postintervention were maintained at 1-year follow-up. Contrary to predictions, the enhanced program was not shown to be superior to the standard program using any of the outcome measures at either postintervention or follow-up. Each of the programs produced significant reductions in children's co-occurring disruptive behavior and attentional/hyperactive difficulties with 80% of the children showing clinically reliable improvement in observed negative behavior from preintervention to follow-up.
Keywords: Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Behavior Therapy; Child, Preschool; Combined Modality Therapy; Comorbidity; Family Therapy; Female; Humans; Male; Outcome and Process Assessment (Health Care); Parenting; Parents; Socialization

Efforts to Promote Reintegration and Rehabilitation of Traumatized Former Child Soldiers: Reintegration of Former Child Soldiers in Sierra Leone: The Role of Caregivers and Their Awareness of the Violence Adolescents Experienced During the War - Borisova, I.; Betancourt, T. S.; Willett, J. B. (J Aggress Maltreat Trauma, 2013)
This article explores the role of caregivers in the reintegration of former child soldiers from Sierra Leone. Using data on 282 youth and their respective caregivers, our aim is to focus on the caregiver-child relationship after reintegration. We investigate the extent to which caregivers know about child soldiers' experiences of direct and indirect violence, as well as involvement in war activities. We further examine variables that might shape the degree of caregiver knowledge of child's war experiences. Finally, we examine if caregiver knowledge of war experiences is associated with child's psychosocial outcomes. Findings highlight the importance of developing thoughtful programs that consider the needs of the child in the context of the family and caregivers with whom he or she is reunified.
Borisova, Ivelina I Betancourt, Theresa S Willett, John B eng R01 HD073349/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ 2013/01/01 00:00 J Aggress Maltreat Trauma. 2013;22(8):803-828. doi: 10.1080/10926771.2013.824059. Epub 2013 Sep 12.
Keywords: child soldiers; exposure to violence; Family; Mental Health; Sierra Leone; War

A world ready to learn: Prioritizing quality early childhood education. Global report - Borisova, I.; Prouty, R.; Lin, H.; Kelly, D.; Strecker, M.; Mottee, S.L. (UNICEF, 2019)
Keywords: early childhood education (ECE); pre-primary education; school readiness

Child development in developing countries: introduction and methods. - Bornstein, M. H.; Britto, P. R.; Nonoyama-Tarumi, Y.; Ota, Y.; Petrovic, O.; Putnick, D. L. (Child Dev, 2012)
The Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) is a nationally representative, internationally comparable household survey implemented to examine protective and risk factors of child development in developing countries around the world. This introduction describes the conceptual framework, nature of the MICS3, and general analytic plan of articles in this Special Section. The articles that follow describe the situations of children with successive foci on nutrition, parenting, discipline and violence, and the home environment. They address 2 common questions: How do developing and underresearched countries in the world vary with respect to these central indicators of children's development? How do key indicators of national development relate to child development in each of these substantive areas? The Special Section concludes with policy implications from the international findings.
Keywords: Child; Child Development; Child Rearing; Child, Preschool; Developing Countries; Humans; Infant; Internationality; Nutrition Assessment; Parenting; Public Policy; Research; Social Environment; Socialization; Violence

Cognitive and socioemotional caregiving in developing countries. - Bornstein, M. H.; Putnick, D. L. (Child Dev, 2012)
Enriching caregiving practices foster the course and outcome of child development. This study examined 2 developmentally significant domains of positive caregiving-cognitive and socioemotional-in more than 127,000 families with under-5 year children from 28 developing countries. Mothers varied widely in cognitive and socioemotional caregiving and engaged in more socioemotional than cognitive activities. More than half of mothers played with their children and took them outside, but only a third or fewer read books and told stories to their children. The GDP of countries related to caregiving after controlling for life expectancy and education. The majority of mothers report that they do not leave their under-5s alone. Policy and intervention recommendations are elaborated.
Keywords: Adolescent; Adult; Child Rearing; Child, Preschool; Cognition; Cross-Cultural Comparison; Data Collection; Developing Countries; Educational Status; Emotions; Female; Humans; Infant; Language Development; Male; Middle Aged; Mothers; Parenting; Questionnaires; Socialization; Socioeconomic Factors; Young Adult

Brain oxytocin correlates with maternal aggression: link to anxiety. - Bosch, Oliver J; Meddle, Simone L; Beiderbeck, Daniela I; Douglas, Alison J; Neumann, Inga D (J Neurosci, 2005)
The oxytocinergic system is critically involved in the regulation of maternal behavior, which includes maternal aggression. Because aggression has been linked to anxiety, we investigated the maternal aggression and the role of brain oxytocin in lactating Wistar rats selectively bred for high anxiety-related behavior (HAB) or low anxiety-related behavior (LAB) during the 10 min maternal defense test. HAB dams displayed more maternal aggression against a virgin intruder compared with LAB dams, resulting in more defensive behavior and higher anxiety of HAB-defeated virgins. The different levels of aggression were accompanied by opposite oxytocin release patterns within the paraventricular nucleus (PVN; HAB, increase; LAB, decrease). Furthermore, oxytocin release was higher within the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) of HAB dams compared with LABs. A direct correlation between the offensive behavior displayed during the maternal defense test and local oxytocin release was found in both the PVN and CeA. Using retrodialysis, blockade of endogenous oxytocin action by infusion of an oxytocin receptor antagonist (des-Gly-NH2,d(CH2)5[Tyr(Me)2,Thr4]OVT) into the PVN or CeA reduced maternal aggression of HAB dams, whereas infusion of synthetic oxytocin into the PVN tended to increase aggression toward the intruder in LAB dams. There were no significant differences in oxytocin receptor mRNA expression or oxytocin receptor binding between lactating HAB and LAB dams. Therefore, differences in intracerebral release patterns of oxytocin, rather than differences at the level of oxytocin receptors, are critical for the regulation of maternal aggressive behavior.
Keywords: Aggression; Amygdala; Animals; Animals, Outbred Strains; Anxiety; Breeding; Female; Lactation; Male; Maternal Behavior; Microdialysis; Oxytocin; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus; Pregnancy; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Oxytocin; RNA, Messenger; Stress, Physiological

Beyond invisibility. Welcoming children and families with migrant and refugee background in ECEC settings - Bove, Chiara; Sharmahd, Nima (European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 2020)
Keywords: displaced children; displaced families; early childhood education and care; ECEC; immigrant families; refugee children; refugee families

Attachment and loss: retrospect and prospect. - Bowlby, J (Am J Orthopsychiatry, 1982)
Keywords: Anxiety, Separation; Child; Child, Preschool; Defense Mechanisms; Ego; Grief; Humans; Infant; Maternal Deprivation; Object Attachment; Personality Development; Research

Eager to Learn: Educating Our Preschoolers - Bowman, B.T.; Donovan, M.S.; Burns, M.S.; Pedagogy, C.E.C.; Board on Behavioral, C.S.S.; Education, D.B.S.S.; Council, N.R. (National Academies Press, 2001)

Exposure to violence across the social ecosystem and the development of aggression: a test of ecological theory in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. - Boxer, Paul; Rowell Huesmann, L; Dubow, Eric F; Landau, Simha F; Gvirsman, Shira Dvir; Shikaki, Khalil; Ginges, Jeremy (Child Dev, 2013)
Bronfenbrenner's (1979) ecological model proposes that events in higher order social ecosystems should influence human development through their impact on events in lower order social ecosystems. This proposition was tested with respect to ecological violence and the development of children's aggression via analyses of 3 waves of data (1 wave yearly for 3 years) from 3 age cohorts (starting ages: 8, 11, and 14) representing three populations in the Middle East: Palestinians (N = 600), Israeli Jews (N = 451), and Israeli Arabs (N = 450). Results supported a hypothesized model in which ethnopolitical violence increases community, family, and school violence and children's aggression. Findings are discussed with respect to ecological and observational learning perspectives on the development of aggressive behavior.
Keywords: Adolescent; Aggression; Arabs; Child; Conflict (Psychology); Female; Humans; Jews; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Middle East; Social Environment; Socioeconomic Factors; Violence

Biological sensitivity to context: I. An evolutionary-developmental theory of the origins and functions of stress reactivity. - Boyce, W. T.; Ellis, B. J. (Dev Psychopathol, 2005)
Biological reactivity to psychological stressors comprises a complex, integrated, and highly conserved repertoire of central neural and peripheral neuroendocrine responses designed to prepare the organism for challenge or threat. Developmental experience plays a role, along with heritable, polygenic variation, in calibrating the response dynamics of these systems, with early adversity biasing their combined effects toward a profile of heightened or prolonged reactivity. Conventional views of such high reactivity suggest that it is an atavistic and pathogenic legacy of an evolutionary past in which threats to survival were more prevalent and severe. Recent evidence, however, indicates that (a) stress reactivity is not a unitary process, but rather incorporates counterregulatory circuits serving to modify or temper physiological arousal, and (b) the effects of high reactivity phenotypes on psychiatric and biomedical outcomes are bivalent, rather than univalent, in character, exerting both risk-augmenting and risk-protective effects in a context-dependent manner. These observations suggest that heightened stress reactivity may reflect, not simply exaggerated arousal under challenge, but rather an increased biological sensitivity to context, with potential for negative health effects under conditions of adversity and positive effects under conditions of support and protection. From an evolutionary perspective, the developmental plasticity of the stress response systems, along with their structured, context-dependent effects, suggests that these systems may constitute conditional adaptations: evolved psychobiological mechanisms that monitor specific features of childhood environments as a basis for calibrating the development of stress response systems to adaptively match those environments. Taken together, these theoretical perspectives generate a novel hypothesis: that there is a curvilinear, U-shaped relation between early exposures to adversity and the development of stress-reactive profiles, with high reactivity phenotypes disproportionately emerging within both highly stressful and highly protected early social environments.
Keywords: Environment; Evolution, Molecular; Genetic Variation; Health; Human Development; Humans; Personality; Phenotype; Phylogeny; Stress, Physiological

Social inequalities in childhood dental caries: the convergent roles of stress, bacteria and disadvantage. - Boyce, W. T.; Den Besten, P. K.; Stamperdahl, J.; Zhan, L.; Jiang, Y.; Adler, N. E.; Featherstone, J. D. (Soc Sci Med, 2010)
The studies reported here examines stress-related psychobiological processes that might account for the high, disproportionate rates of dental caries, the most common chronic disease of childhood, among children growing up in low socioeconomic status (SES) families. In two 2004-2006 studies of kindergarten children from varying socioeconomic backgrounds in the San Francisco Bay Area of California (Ns = 94 and 38), we performed detailed dental examinations to count decayed, missing or filled dental surfaces and microtomography to assess the thickness and density of microanatomic dental compartments in exfoliated, deciduous teeth (i.e., the shed, primary dentition). Cross-sectional, multivariate associations were examined between these measures and SES-related risk factors, including household education, financial stressors, basal and reactive salivary cortisol secretion, and the number of oral cariogenic bacteria. We hypothesized that family stressors and stress-related changes in oral biology might explain, fully or in part, the known socioeconomic disparities in dental health. We found that nearly half of the five-year-old children studied had dental caries. Low SES, higher basal salivary cortisol secretion, and larger numbers of cariogenic bacteria were each significantly and independently associated with caries, and higher salivary cortisol reactivity was associated with thinner, softer enamel surfaces in exfoliated teeth. The highest rates of dental pathology were found among children with the combination of elevated salivary cortisol expression and high counts of cariogenic bacteria. The socioeconomic partitioning of childhood dental caries may thus involve social and psychobiological pathways through which lower SES is associated with higher numbers of cariogenic bacteria and higher levels of stress-associated salivary cortisol. This convergence of psychosocial, infectious and stress-related biological processes appears to be implicated in the production of greater cariogenic bacterial growth and in the conferral of an increased physical vulnerability of the developing dentition.
Keywords: Bacterial Physiological Phenomena; Child; Colony Count, Microbial; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dental Caries; Family; Female; Humans; Hydrocortisone; Male; Risk Factors; Saliva; San Francisco; Social Class; Stress, Psychological

Toward a new biology of social adversity. - Boyce, W. T.; Sokolowski, M. B.; Robinson, G. E. (Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2012)
Keywords: Animals; Child; Humans; Life Change Events; Social Conditions; Social Environment; Stress, Psychological

Social stratification, classroom climate, and the behavioral adaptation of kindergarten children. - Boyce, W. T.; Obradovic, J.; Bush, N. R.; Stamperdahl, J.; Kim, Y. S.; Adler, N. (Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2012)
Socioeconomic status (SES) is the single most potent determinant of health within human populations, from infancy through old age. Although the social stratification of health is nearly universal, there is persistent uncertainty regarding the dimensions of SES that effect such inequalities and thus little clarity about the principles of intervention by which inequalities might be abated. Guided by animal models of hierarchical organization and the health correlates of subordination, this prospective study examined the partitioning of children's adaptive behavioral development by their positions within kindergarten classroom hierarchies. A sample of 338 5-y-old children was recruited from 29 Berkeley, California public school classrooms. A naturalistic observational measure of social position, parent-reported family SES, and child-reported classroom climate were used in estimating multilevel, random-effects models of children's adaptive behavior at the end of the kindergarten year. Children occupying subordinate positions had significantly more maladaptive behavioral outcomes than their dominant peers. Further, interaction terms revealed that low family SES and female sex magnified, and teachers' child-centered pedagogical practices diminished, the adverse influences of social subordination. Taken together, results suggest that, even within early childhood groups, social stratification is associated with a partitioning of adaptive behavioral outcomes and that the character of larger societal and school structures in which such groups are nested can moderate rank-behavior associations.
Keywords: Adaptation, Psychological; California; Child; Child Behavior; Child Development; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Male; Mental Health; Models, Psychological; Prospective Studies; Social Behavior; Social Class; Social Dominance; Social Environment; Students

Reducing Overt and Relational Aggression Among Young Children: The Results from a Two-Year Outcome Evaluation - Boyle, Douglas; Hassett-Walker, Connie (Journal of School Violence, 2008)

Permission to Feel: Unlocking the Power of Emotions to Help Our Kids, Ourselves, and Our Society Thrive - Brackett, M. (Celadon Books, 2019)
Keywords: emotional intelligence; emotional regulation

Brief psychoeducational parenting program: an evaluation and 1-year follow-up. - Bradley, Susan J; Jadaa, Darryle-Anne; Brody, Joel; Landy, Sarah; Tallett, Susan E; Watson, William; Shea, Barbara; Stephens, Derek (J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 2003)
OBJECTIVE: Despite recognition of the need for parenting interventions to prevent childhood behavioral problems, few community programs have been evaluated. This report describes the randomized controlled evaluation of a four-session psychoeducational group for parents of preschoolers with behavior problems, delivered in community agencies. METHOD: In 1998, 222 primary caregivers, recruited through community ads, filled out questionnaires on parenting practices and child behavior. Parents were randomly assigned to immediate intervention or a wait-list control. The intervention comprised three weekly group sessions and a 1-month booster, the focus being to support effective discipline (using the video 1-2-3 Magic) and to reduce parent-child conflict. RESULTS: Using an intent-to-treat analysis, repeated-measures analyses of variance indicated that the parents who received the intervention reported significantly greater improvement in parenting practices and a significantly greater reduction in child problem behavior than the control group. The gains in positive parenting behaviors were maintained at 1-year follow-up in a subset of the experimental group. CONCLUSIONS: This brief intervention program may be a useful first intervention for parents of young children with behavior problems, as it seems both acceptable and reasonably effective.
Keywords: Adult; Child Behavior Disorders; Child, Preschool; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Intervention Studies; Male; Parent-Child Relations; Parenting; Patient Education as Topic; Treatment Outcome; Waiting Lists

Caring for children around the world: A view from HOME - Bradley, Robert H.; Corwyn, Robert F. (International Journal of Behavioral Development, 2005)
This review examines cultural and socioeconomic variations in parenting as represented by the original and adapted versions of the HOME Inventory. There was specific focus on three aspects of the family environment where cultural models of parenting and access to resources are thought to be operative and for which there is evidence of impact on child well-being: parental responsiveness, discipline practices, and exposure to stimulating materials and experiences. Findings revealed meaningful impacts of culture and SES in all three areas. Not only did mean differences emerge across countries but different alliances between indicators, presumably representing the same parenting construct, also emerged. The review also revealed a tendency for researchers to modify the HOME consistent with local beliefs and practices concerning what children need, what families need, and the role of parents in fostering particular aspects of development. Despite differences in cultural models of parenting around the world, the studies showed rather consistent relations between exposure to stimulation and parental responsiveness and children's adaptive functioning. Associations with physical punishment were somewhat less clear.

Association of Perinatal Risk Factors With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Population-Based Birth Cohort, Sibling Control Study - Brander, G.; Rydell, M.; Kuja-Halkola, R.; Fernandez de la Cruz, L.; Lichtenstein, P.; Serlachius, E.; Ruck, C.; Almqvist, C.; D'Onofrio, B. M.; Larsson, H.; Mataix-Cols, D. (JAMA PsychiatryJAMA PsychiatryJAMA Psychiatry, 2016)
Importance: Perinatal complications may increase the risk of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Previous reports were based on small, retrospective, specialist clinic-based studies that were unable to rigorously control for unmeasured environmental and genetic confounding. Objective: To prospectively investigate a wide range of potential perinatal risk factors for OCD, controlling for unmeasured factors shared between siblings in the analyses. Design, Setting, and Participants: This population-based birth cohort study included all 2421284 children from singleton births in Sweden from January 1, 1973, to December 31, 1996, who were followed up through December 31, 2013. From the 1403651 families in the cohort, differentially exposed siblings from the 743885 families with siblings were evaluated; of these, 11592 families included clusters of full siblings that were discordant for OCD. Analysis of the data was conducted from January, 26, 2015, to September, 5, 2016. Exposures: Perinatal data were collected from the Swedish Medical Birth Register and included maternal smoking during pregnancy, labor presentation, obstetric delivery, gestational age (for preterm birth), birth weight, birth weight in relation to gestational age, 5-minute Apgar score, and head circumference. Main Outcomes and Measures: Previously validated OCD codes (International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Health Related Problems, Tenth Revision, code F42) in the Swedish National Patient Register. Results: Of 2421284 individuals included in the cohort, 17305 persons were diagnosed with OCD. Of these, 7111 were men (41.1%). The mean (SD) age of individuals at first diagnosis of OCD was 23.4 (6.5) years. An increased risk for OCD remained after controlling for shared familial confounders and measured covariates (including sex, year of birth, maternal and paternal age at birth, and parity), for smoking 10 or more cigarettes per day during pregnancy (hazard ratio [HR], 1.27; 95% CI, 1.02-1.58), breech presentation (HR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.06-1.71), delivery by cesarean section (HR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.01-1.34), preterm birth (HR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.07-1.43), birth weight 1501 to 2500 g (HR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.05-1.62) and 2501 to 3500 g (HR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.01-1.16), being large for gestational age (HR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.05-1.45), and Apgar distress scores at 5 minutes (HR, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.07-2.09). Gestational age and birth weight followed inverse dose-response associations, whereby an increasingly higher risk for OCD was noted in children with a shorter gestational age and lower birth weight. We also observed a dose-response association between the number of perinatal events and increased OCD risk, with HRs ranging from 1.11 (95% CI, 1.07-1.15) for 1 event to 1.51 (95% CI, 1.18-1.94) for 5 or more events. Conclusions and Relevance: A range of perinatal risk factors is associated with a higher risk for OCD independent of shared familial confounders, suggesting that perinatal risk factors may be in the causal pathway to OCD.
2168-6238 Brander, Gustaf Rydell, Mina Kuja-Halkola, Ralf Fernandez de la Cruz, Lorena Lichtenstein, Paul Serlachius, Eva Ruck, Christian Almqvist, Catarina D'Onofrio, Brian M Larsson, Henrik Mataix-Cols, David Journal Article United States JAMA Psychiatry. 2016 Nov 1;73(11):1135-1144. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.2095.
Keywords: *Perinatal Care; *Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Adolescent; Adult; Apgar Score; Birth Weight; Breech Presentation; Case-Control Studies; Cesarean Section; Cohort Studies; Epigenesis, Genetic; Female; Gene-Environment Interaction; Gestational Age; Humans; Infant, Low Birth Weight; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature, Diseases/epidemiology/genetics; Male; Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/*epidemiology/*etiology/genetics; Pregnancy; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors; Siblings; Sweden; Tobacco Smoke Pollution/adverse effects; Young Adult

Predicting the social consequences of orphanhood in South Africa. - Bray, Rachel (Afr J AIDS Res, 2003)
This paper examines and questions the predictions found in the academic and policy literature of social breakdown in southern Africa in the wake of anticipated high rates of orphanhood caused by the AIDS epidemic. Analysis of the logic underlying these predictions reveals four causal relationships necessary to fulfil such dramatic and apocalyptic predictions: High AIDS mortality rates will produce high numbers of orphans. These orphans will become children who do not live in appropriate social environments to equip them for adult citizenship. Poor socialisation will mean that children orphaned by AIDS will not live within society's moral codes (becoming, for example, street children or juvenile delinquents). Large numbers of such 'asocial' or 'antisocial' children will precipitate a breakdown in the social fabric. Evidence for each of these steps in the argument is scrutinised using available data from southern Africa and other regions that have moved further through the epidemic's cycle. The paper finds strong evidence for the first step, although variable definitions of 'orphan' make it difficult to draw accurate comparisons over time and space. Evidence for the second step is found to be mixed in terms of outcomes of AIDS orphanhood for child well-being. Moreover the argument takes little account of the social and economic environments onto which AIDS is mapped, including the economic fragility of households and pervading socio-cultural patterns of child-rearing. Data to substantiate the third step are anecdotal at best and no research is able to demonstrate a link between the long term effects of AIDS orphanhood and rising rates of juvenile delinquency. Arguments made towards the fourth step are shown to be based heavily on notions of the 'correct' social and physical environments for children and on unsubstantiated fears of alternatives to these. There is no evidence from countries where numbers of AIDS orphans are already high to suggest that their presence is precipitating social breakdown. The paper argues-somewhat provocatively-that such apocalyptic predictions are unfounded and ill-considered. By misrepresenting the problems faced by children and their families, attention is distracted from the multiple layers of social, economic and psychological disadvantage that affect individual children, families and communities. Consequently, insufficient consideration is given to the multi-faceted supports necessary to assist children to cope with extremely difficult circumstances brought about over the long term by the HIV/AIDS epidemic.

The Walmadjeri and Gugardja - R. Brendt (Hunters and Gatherers Today, 1972)

The Psychology of Prejudice: Ingroup Love and Outgroup Hate? - Brewer, Marilynn B. (Journal of Social Issues, 1999)

Intrusive images in psychological disorders: characteristics, neural mechanisms, and treatment implications. - Brewin, Chris R; Gregory, James D; Lipton, Michelle; Burgess, Neil (Psychol Rev, 2010)
Involuntary images and visual memories are prominent in many types of psychopathology. Patients with posttraumatic stress disorder, other anxiety disorders, depression, eating disorders, and psychosis frequently report repeated visual intrusions corresponding to a small number of real or imaginary events, usually extremely vivid, detailed, and with highly distressing content. Both memory and imagery appear to rely on common networks involving medial prefrontal regions, posterior regions in the medial and lateral parietal cortices, the lateral temporal cortex, and the medial temporal lobe. Evidence from cognitive psychology and neuroscience implies distinct neural bases to abstract, flexible, contextualized representations (C-reps) and to inflexible, sensory-bound representations (S-reps). We revise our previous dual representation theory of posttraumatic stress disorder to place it within a neural systems model of healthy memory and imagery. The revised model is used to explain how the different types of distressing visual intrusions associated with clinical disorders arise, in terms of the need for correct interaction between the neural systems supporting S-reps and C-reps via visuospatial working memory. Finally, we discuss the treatment implications of the new model and relate it to existing forms of psychological therapy.
Keywords: Anxiety Disorders; Brain; Cognition Disorders; Depressive Disorder; Humans; Imagination; Nerve Net; Neuropsychological Tests; Temporal Lobe

Provisions of learning experiences in the home and early childhood school readiness are clearly linked - Britto, P. R.; Brooks-Gunn, J. (New Dir Child Adolesc Dev, 2001)
Britto, P R Brooks-Gunn, J eng Editorial 2001/07/27 10:00 New Dir Child Adolesc Dev. 2001 Summer;(92):1-6. doi: 10.1002/cd.11.
Keywords: *Language Development; *Reading; *Social Environment; Child; Child, Preschool; Family/psychology; Humans; Infant; Poverty/psychology; Psychosocial Deprivation; Semantics; Verbal Learning

Child development in the multiple indicator cluster survey (MICS): Child rights and policy implications - P. R. Britto; N. Ulkuer (Child Development, 2012)

Strengthening systems for integrated early childhood development services: a cross-national analysis of governance - Britto, P. R.; Yoshikawa, H.; van Ravens, J.; Ponguta, L. A.; Reyes, M.; Oh, S.; Dimaya, R.; Nieto, A. M.; Seder, R. (Ann N Y Acad SciAnn N Y Acad Sci, 2014)
While there has been substantial growth in early childhood development (ECD) services in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), there is considerable inequity in their distribution and quality. Evidence-based governance strategies are necessary, but currently they are insufficient for widespread, quality implementation. In particular, there is a limited understanding of the use of systems approaches for the analysis of ECD services as they go to scale. The aim of this paper is to present findings from four countries, using a cross-national case study approach to explore governance mechanisms required to strengthen national systems of ECD services. While different sets of governance strategies and challenges were identified in each country, overarching themes also emerged with implications for systems strengthening. Study results focus on local, mid-level and central governance, with recommendations for effective coordination and the integration of ECD services in LMICs.
1749-6632 Britto, Pia Rebello Yoshikawa, Hirokazu van Ravens, Jan Ponguta, Liliana Angelica Reyes, Maria Oh, Soojin Dimaya, Roland Nieto, Ana Maria Seder, Richard Journal Article United States Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2014 Jan;1308:245-55. doi: 10.1111/nyas.12365.
Keywords: *Child Development; Child; Child, Preschool; coordination; Delivery of Health Care, Integrated/organization & administration; early childhood; Early Intervention (Education)/*organization & administration; Early Medical Intervention/organization & administration; governance; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; low- and middle-income countries (LMICs); National Health Programs; systems strengthening

Strengthening systems for integrated early childhood development services: a cross-national analysis of governance. - Britto, P. R.; Yoshikawa, H.; van Ravens, J.; Ponguta, L. A.; Reyes, M.; Oh, S.; Dimaya, R.; Nieto, A. M.; Seder, R. (Ann N Y Acad Sci, 2014)
While there has been substantial growth in early childhood development (ECD) services in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), there is considerable inequity in their distribution and quality. Evidence-based governance strategies are necessary, but currently they are insufficient for widespread, quality implementation. In particular, there is a limited understanding of the use of systems approaches for the analysis of ECD services as they go to scale. The aim of this paper is to present findings from four countries, using a cross-national case study approach to explore governance mechanisms required to strengthen national systems of ECD services. While different sets of governance strategies and challenges were identified in each country, overarching themes also emerged with implications for systems strengthening. Study results focus on local, mid-level and central governance, with recommendations for effective coordination and the integration of ECD services in LMICs.
Keywords: Child; Child Development; Child, Preschool; Delivery of Health Care, Integrated; Early Intervention (Education); Early Medical Intervention; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; National Health Programs

Social Protection Programs and Early Childhood Development: Unexplored Potential - Britto, P.; Williamson, A.; Snow, T.; Mandad, K. (Plan International Australia, Yale University, 2013)
Keywords: early childhood development; social protection

Beyond shared book reading: dimensions of home literacy and low-income African American preschoolers' skills - Britto, P. R.; Brooks-Gunn, J. (New Dir Child Adolesc Dev, 2001)
Britto, P R Brooks-Gunn, J eng Clinical Trial Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 2001/07/27 10:00 New Dir Child Adolesc Dev. 2001 Summer;(92):73-89; discussion 91-8. doi: 10.1002/cd.16.
Keywords: *Language Development; *Reading; *Social Environment; Adolescent; African Americans/*psychology; Child, Preschool; Early Intervention (Education); Female; Humans; Male; Poverty/*psychology; Pregnancy; Pregnancy in Adolescence/psychology; Risk Factors

Pathways to a more peaceful and sustainable world: The transformative power of children in families - Britto, Pia R.; Hanöz-Penney, Suna; Ponguta, Liliana Angelica; Sunar, Diane; Issa, Ghassan; Hein, Sascha D.; do Rosário, Maria Conceição; Almuneef, Maha A.; Korucu, Irem; Togo, Yaya; Kurbonov, Jamshed; Choibekov, Nurlan; et al. (Development and Psychopathology, 2020)
Keywords: 2030 Sustainable Development Goals; advocacy and social policy; early childhood development; parenting programs; peacebuilding

Handbook of Early Childhood Development Research and Its Impact on Global Policy - Britto, P. R.; Engle, P. L.; Super, C. M. (Oxford University Press, 2013)
Early childhood development research offers solutions to several of the world's social and economic problems - solutions that can break the cycle of intergenerational poverty, improve the health, education, and wellbeing of the global population, and yield high rates of return on investment in the formative years of life. And yet over one-third of children worldwide under five years of age still fail to achieve their full developmental potential due to malnutrition, poverty, disease, neglect, and lack of learning opportunities.
Keywords: early childhood development; global policy

What implementation evidence matters: scaling-up nurturing interventions that promote early childhood development - Britto, P. R.; Singh, M.; Dua, T.; Kaur, R.; Yousafzai, A. K. (Ann N Y Acad Sci, 2018)
Research in early childhood development (ECD) has established the need for scaling-up multisectoral interventions for nurturing care to promote ECD, for improved socioeconomic outcomes for sustainable societies. However, key elements and processes for implementation and scale-up of such interventions are not well understood. This special series on implementation research and practice for ECD brings together evidence to inform effectiveness, quality, and scale in nurturing care programs; identifies knowledge gaps; and proposes further directions for research and practice. This paper frames the dimensions and components fundamental to the understanding of implementation processes for nurturing care interventions, factors for improving implementation of interventions, and strategies to scale by embedding interventions in delivery systems. We discuss emerging issues in implementation research for ECD, including (1) the role of context in adaptation and implementation, (2) standardized reporting of implementation research, (3) the importance of feasibility studies to inform scale-up and capacity building, (4) fidelity and program quality improvement, and (5) intervention integration into existing systems. Effective implementation of nurturing care interventions is at the heart of achieving positive developmental outcomes for young children. It is pivotal to adapt and implement these interventions based on evidence for high impact, especially in low-resource settings.
Britto, Pia R Singh, Manpreet Dua, Tarun Kaur, Raghbir Yousafzai, Aisha K eng 001/World Health Organization/International 2018/05/24 06:00 Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2018 May;1419(1):5-16. doi: 10.1111/nyas.13720.
Keywords: early childhood development; implementation evidence; nurturing care; scale-up

Child development in developing countries: child rights and policy implications. - Britto, P. R.; Ulkuer, N. (Child Dev, 2012)
The Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey was used to provide information on feeding practices, caregiving, discipline and violence, and the home environment for young children across 28 countries. The findings from the series of studies in this Special Section are the first of their kind because they provide information on the most proximal context for development of the youngest children in the majority world using one of the only data sets to study these contexts across countries. Using the framework of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, in particular the Rights to Survival, Development and Protection, findings are explained with implications for international and national-level social policies. Implications are also discussed, with respect to policy makers and the larger international community, who have the obligation to uphold these rights.
Keywords: Child; Child Abuse; Child Advocacy; Child Development; Child Rearing; Child Welfare; Child, Preschool; Cross-Cultural Comparison; Developing Countries; Education; Female; Forecasting; Humans; Infant; International Cooperation; Male; Parent-Child Relations; Parenting; Public Policy; Punishment; Social Environment; Social Values

Creating effective programs and policies to reduce violence and promote peace - Britto, Pia R.; Salah, Rima; Abu-Nimer, Mohammed; Bhabha, Jacqueline; Chowdhury, Anwarul K.; Gunderson, Gary R.; Kagitcibasi, Cigdem; Nusseibeh, Lucy; Omigbodun, Olayinka; Otani, Mikiko; Smyth, Geraldine (Pathways to peace: The transformative power of children and families, 2014)
The focus of this chapter is on the social and biological underpinnings of child development and its contexts to create effective programs and policies that will reduce violence and promote peace. It addresses a range of issues emanating from fields of education, media, religion, psychology, and cultural studies. The emergent themes address interconnected pathways and multilayered perpsectives, across a range of disciplines, that form a link between formative childhood and peace, including strengthening families and building resilient communities. The primary theme underscores that the well-being of children is fundamental to peace. However, knowledge of the association between early childhood and peace needs to be expanded. While much is known about promoting peace, evidence is lacking on whether formative childhoods constitute a potential path to peace. Further research, coordination, and partnerships are needed between disciplines and sectors engaged in peacebuilding and early development. In addition, a perspective on human securities, rights, and capacities is needed to support this work—one that encourages individual capabilities, cultural and community assets, and an emancipatory vision and inclusive practices.
Keywords: childhood education; peacebuilding; resilience

Who am I? Ethnic identity formation of Arab Muslim children in contemporary U.S. society - Britto, P. R. (J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 2008)
Britto, Pia Rebello eng 2008/07/23 09:00 J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2008 Aug;47(8):853-7. doi: 10.1097/CHI.0b013e3181799fa6.
Keywords: *Social Identification; Achievement; Arabs/*psychology; culture; Emigrants and Immigrants/psychology/statistics & numerical data; Ethnic Groups/*ethnology/*psychology; Humans; Islam/*psychology; United States

Global Status of Early Learning and Development Standards - P. R. Britto; S. L. Kagan (International Encyclopedia of Education, 2010)

No second chances? Early critical periods in human development. Introduction - Britto, P. R.; Perez-Escamilla, R. (Soc Sci Med, 2013)
Britto, Pia Rebello Perez-Escamilla, Rafael eng Introductory England 2013/10/03 06:00 Soc Sci Med. 2013 Nov;97:238-40. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.09.001. Epub 2013 Sep 8.
Keywords: *Child Development; *Critical Period (Psychology); *Fetal Development; Age Factors; Child, Preschool; Humans; Infant

Beyond shared book reading: dimensions of home literacy and low-income African American preschoolers' skills. - Britto, P. R.; Brooks-Gunn, J. (New Dir Child Adolesc Dev, 2001)
Keywords: Adolescent; African Americans; Child, Preschool; Early Intervention (Education); Female; Humans; Language Development; Male; Poverty; Pregnancy; Pregnancy in Adolescence; Reading; Risk Factors; Social Environment

Ecology of peace - P. R. Britto; I. Gordon; W. Hodges; D. Sunar; C. Kagitcibasi; J. Leckman (Pathways to peace: The transformative power of children and families, 2014)
Peace is a state of being that encompasses harmonious international as well as intra- and interpersonal relationships, directly impacting an individual’s safety and prosperity. For an individual, peace is a positive “state of mind” conditioned by our histories and context. The concept “ecology of peace” is introduced to capture these vast interconnected ecosystems that extend from our internal biology to our subjective sense of self (i.e., our thoughts, emotions, and behaviors) to the environments in which we live. It is our thesis that positive, stimulating, and harmonious early childhoods can contribute to peace and human security, and that early-life interventions have transformative power which may help lay the foundations for conflict resolution and peace in future generations. As such, we posit that these interventions can contribute to “ peacebuilding” (actions that promote sustainable peace by supporting the prosocial skills needed for peace) as well as “ peacemaking” through the enhancement of positive reciprocal communication within families, communities, and nations. This chapter reviews (a) neurobiological foundations of peace, including genetic, epigenetic, hormonal, developmental, and social factors that shape young brains; (b) the importance of parenting and early learning for peacebuilding; and (c) the place that early childhood can play in bridging the gap between peacebuilding and peacemaking. Evidence from available developmental neurobiology as well as social and economic studies suggests that change in favor of peace can be initiated not only from the top down, through official policies and agencies, but also from the bottom up, by supporting the physical, emotional, and social development of children and the well-being of their families and communities.
Keywords: conflict resolution; neurobiological foundation of peace; Parenting; peacebuilding; peacemaking

The Future of Parenting Programs: III Uptake and Scale - Britto, Pia Rebello; Bradley, Robert H.; Yoshikawa, Hirokazu; Ponguta, Liliana A.; Richter, Linda; Kotler, Jennifer A. (Parenting, 2022)
Keywords: parenting programs

Nurturing care: promoting early childhood development. - Britto, P. R.; Lye, S. J.; Proulx, K.; Yousafzai, A. K.; Matthews, S. G.; Vaivada, T.; Perez-Escamilla, R.; Rao, N.; Ip, P.; Fernald, L. C. H.; MacMillan, H.; Hanson, M.; et al. (Lancet, 2017)
The UN Sustainable Development Goals provide a historic opportunity to implement interventions, at scale, to promote early childhood development. Although the evidence base for the importance of early childhood development has grown, the research is distributed across sectors, populations, and settings, with diversity noted in both scope and focus. We provide a comprehensive updated analysis of early childhood development interventions across the five sectors of health, nutrition, education, child protection, and social protection. Our review concludes that to make interventions successful, smart, and sustainable, they need to be implemented as multi-sectoral intervention packages anchored in nurturing care. The recommendations emphasise that intervention packages should be applied at developmentally appropriate times during the life course, target multiple risks, and build on existing delivery platforms for feasibility of scale-up. While interventions will continue to improve with the growth of developmental science, the evidence now strongly suggests that parents, caregivers, and families need to be supported in providing nurturing care and protection in order for young children to achieve their developmental potential.
Keywords: Caregivers; Child Development; Child, Preschool; Humans; Parents; Public Policy; Social Behavior

Quality of early childhood development programs in global contexts: Rationale for investment, conceptual framework and implications for equity. Society for Research in Child Development Social Policy Report - P. R. Britto; H. Yoshikawa; K. Boller (Society for Research in Child Development, 2011)

Early childhood development: promoting the potential of all children - Britto, P. R.; Clure, C. M.; Stansbery, P.; Fenn, T. (AIDSAIDS, 2014)
Britto, Pia Rebello Clure, Craig Mc Stansbery, Pablo Fenn, Thomas eng England 2014/07/06 06:00 AIDS. 2014 Jul;28 Suppl 3:S245-6. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000000380.
Keywords: *Child Development; *Family Health; *Parent-Child Relations; Child; Child, Preschool; HIV Infections/*prevention & control/*psychology; Humans

Placental protection of the fetal brain during short-term food deprivation. - Broad, Kevin D; Keverne, Eric B (Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2011)
The fetal genome regulates maternal physiology and behavior via its placenta, which produces hormones that act on the maternal hypothalamus. At the same time, the fetus itself develops a hypothalamus. In this study we show that many of the genes that regulate placental development also regulate the developing hypothalamus, and in mouse the coexpression of these genes is particularly high on embryonic days 12 and 13 (days E12-13). Such synchronized expression is regulated, in part, by the maternally imprinted gene, paternally expressed gene 3 (Peg3), which also is developmentally coexpressed in the hypothalamus and placenta at days E12-13. We further show that challenging this genomic linkage of hypothalamus and placenta with 24-h food deprivation results in disruption to coexpressed genes, primarily by affecting placental gene expression. Food deprivation also produces a significant decrease in Peg3 gene expression in the placenta, with consequences similar to many of the placental gene changes induced by Peg3 mutation. Such genomic dysregulation does not occur in the hypothalamus, where Peg3 expression increases with food deprivation. Thus, changes in gene expression brought about by food deprivation are consistent with the fetal genome's maintaining hypothalamic development at a cost to its placenta. This biased change to gene dysregulation in the placenta is linked to autophagy and ribosomal turnover, which sustain, in the short term, nutrient supply for the developing hypothalamus. Thus, the fetus controls its own destiny in times of acute starvation by short-term sacrifice of the placenta to preserve brain development.
Keywords: Animals; Autophagy; Brain; Cortical Synchronization; Female; Fetus; Food Deprivation; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Gene Regulatory Networks; Hypothalamus; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Placenta; Pregnancy; Time Factors

Child online safety: Minimizing the risk of violence, abuse and exploitation online. October 2019 report - BroadbandCommission (Broadband Commission, 2019)
Keywords: Child Abuse; child trafficking; Internet; physical abuse; psychological abuse; sexual abuse; violence against children; violence prevention

Conflict resolution and children’s behaviour: observing and understanding social and cooperative play in early years educational settings - Broadhead, Pat (Early Years, 2009)

The Bioecological Model of Human Development (6th edition) - U. Brofenbrenner; P.A. Morris (Handbook of Child Psychology, Theoretical Models of Human Development, 2006)

Ecological Systems Theory - BRONFENBRENNER, U. (Making Human Beings Human: Bioecological Perspectives on Human Development, 2005)

The Ecology of Human Development: experiments by nature and design - BRONFENBRENNER, U. (Harvard University Press, 2009)

The Ecology of Human Development - BRONFENBRENNER, U. (Harvard University Press, 1979)

Is parental emotional reliability predictive of toddlers' learning and helping? - Brooker, Ivy; Poulin-Dubois, Diane (Infant Behav Dev, 2013)
This study set out to examine how toddlers' word learning, imitation, and instrumental helping would be affected by the emotional reliability of a familiar model. Therefore, forty-two 24-month-olds were observed in interactions with their primary caregiver, who was evaluated on the quality of his or her sensitive behavior, such as responsiveness and emotional availability. Parents were first instructed how to administer different tasks to their child that included: teaching a novel word, demonstrating an "irrational" means of putting a dog inside a toy house through the chimney instead of the door, and appearing in need of help. The parent-child dyad was then observed during a 10-min period and the parent's level of responsiveness and availability was subsequently coded from this interaction. Finally, children were examined as to whether they learned a novel word, imitated, and helped their caregiver. It was observed that toddlers learned novel words better from an emotionally reliable primary caregiver. In addition, higher parental responsiveness and availability predicted better imitation in older children and higher levels of helping in girls. Taken together, these findings are the first to suggest that the emotional reliability of a familiar model, such as a parent's sensitive nature and consistent responsiveness, influences young children's willingness to learn and help.
Keywords: Animals; Child Language; Child, Preschool; Emotions; Female; Helping Behavior; Humans; Imitative Behavior; Infant; Learning; Male; Parent-Child Relations; Parents; Play and Playthings; Trust

Managing Differences in Conflict Resolution: The Role of Relational Empathy - B. J. Broome (Conflict Resolution Theory and Practice: Integration and Application, 1993)

The neural basis of primate social communication - L. Brothers (Motivation and Emotion, 1990)

Prejudice: Its Social Psychology - Brown, R. (Wiley, 2011)

Annual Research Review: Breaking cycles of violence - a systematic review and common practice elements analysis of psychosocial interventions for children and youth affected by armed conflict - Brown, F. L.; de Graaff, A. M.; Annan, J.; Betancourt, T. S. (J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 2017)
BACKGROUND: Globally, one in 10 children live in regions affected by armed conflict. Children exposed to armed conflict are vulnerable to social and emotional difficulties, along with disrupted educational and occupational opportunities. Most armed conflicts occur in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where mental health systems are limited and can be further weakened by the context of war. Research is needed to determine feasible and cost-effective psychosocial interventions that can be delivered safely by available mental health workforces (including nonspecialists). A vital first step toward achieving this is to examine evidence-based psychosocial interventions and identify the common therapeutic techniques being used across these treatments. METHODS: A systematic review of psychosocial interventions for conflict-affected children and youth living in LMICs was performed. Studies were identified through database searches (PsycINFO, PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PILOTS and Web of Science Core Collection), hand-searching of reference lists, and contacting expert researchers. The PracticeWise coding system was used to distill the practice elements within clinical protocols. RESULTS: Twenty-eight randomized controlled trials and controlled trials conducted in conflict-affected settings, and 25 efficacious treatments were identified. Several practice elements were found across more than 50% of the intervention protocols of these treatments. These were access promotion, psychoeducation for children and parents, insight building, rapport building techniques, cognitive strategies, use of narratives, exposure techniques, and relapse prevention. CONCLUSIONS: Identification of the common practice elements of effective interventions for conflict-affected children and youth can inform essential future treatment development, implementation, and evaluation for this vulnerable population. To further advance the field, research should focus on identifying which of these elements are the active ingredients for clinical change, along with attention to costs of delivery, training, supervision and how to sustain quality implementation over time.
Brown, Felicity L de Graaff, Anne M Annan, Jeannie Betancourt, Theresa S eng Review England 2016/12/13 06:00 J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2017 Apr;58(4):507-524. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.12671. Epub 2016 Dec 10.
Keywords: *Developing Countries; Adolescent; adolescents; armed conflict; Armed Conflicts/*psychology; Child; children; Developing Countries; Exposure to Violence/*psychology; Humans; Mental Health; psychosocial treatment; Psychotherapy/economics/*methods/standards; systematic review; Violence; War; well-being; youth

Social class, psychiatric disorder of mother, and accidents to children. - Brown, G W; Davidson, S (Lancet, 1978)
Keywords: Accident Proneness; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Depression; Family Characteristics; Female; Humans; Life Change Events; London; Middle Aged; Mother-Child Relations; Risk; Social Class; Socioeconomic Factors

Evaluation Report of the Better Parenting Project: National multisectoral collaboration on behalf of young children - J. Brown (UNICEF, 2000)

Prenatal Maternal Smoking and Increased Risk for Tourette Syndrome and Chronic Tic Disorders - Browne, H. A.; Modabbernia, A.; Buxbaum, J. D.; Hansen, S. N.; Schendel, D. E.; Parner, E. T.; Reichenberg, A.; Grice, D. E. (J Am Acad Child Adolesc PsychiatryJ Am Acad Child Adolesc PsychiatryJ Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 2016)
OBJECTIVE: We assessed the role of prenatal maternal smoking in risk for Tourette syndrome and chronic tic disorder (TS/CT) and pediatric-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). METHOD: In an analysis of 73,073 singleton pregnancies from the Danish National Birth Cohort, we calculated incidence rates (IR) per 1,000 person-year for TS/CT and OCD. We then determined crude and adjusted hazard ratios and 95% CIs associated with prenatal maternal smoking, considering smoking as a dichotomous (yes/no) variable or a stratified variable (no smoking, light smoking, and heavy smoking [>/=10 cigarettes/day]). Additional analyses examined the effect of maternal smoking on risk for TS/CT with other comorbid psychiatric conditions. RESULTS: In final adjusted analyses, heavy smoking was associated with a 66% increased risk for TS/CT (adjusted hazard ratio = 1.66, 95% CI = 1.17-2.35). In addition, heavy smoking was associated with a 2-fold increased risk for TS/CT with comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and both light and heavy smoking were associated with a more than 2-fold increased risk for TS/CT with any non-ADHD psychiatric comorbidity. Our parallel analyses of pediatric-onset OCD were likely underpowered but showed similar relationships. CONCLUSION: Prenatal maternal smoking was associated with increased risk for TS/CT as well as TS/CT with comorbid psychiatric conditions, even after adjustment for several important variables, including maternal psychiatric history, socioeconomic status, and partner smoking. Our findings point to a pathway linking prenatal tobacco exposure and altered brain development to TS/CT.
1527-5418 Browne, Heidi A Modabbernia, Amirhossein Buxbaum, Joseph D Hansen, Stefan N Schendel, Diana E Parner, Erik T Reichenberg, Abraham Grice, Dorothy E Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't United States J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2016 Sep;55(9):784-91. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2016.06.010. Epub 2016 Jul 21.
Keywords: *chronic tic disorder; *obsessive-compulsive disorder; *prenatal; *smoking; *Tourette syndrome; Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Cohort Studies; Denmark/epidemiology; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/epidemiology/*etiology; Pregnancy; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/*chemically induced/epidemiology; Smoking/*adverse effects/epidemiology; Tic Disorders/epidemiology/*etiology; Tourette Syndrome/epidemiology/etiology

To share or not to share: When do toddlers respond to another’s needs? - Brownell, Celia A.; Svetlova, Margarita; Nichols, Sara (Infancy : the official journal of the International Society on Infant StudiesInfancy : the official journal of the International Society on Infant Studies, 2009)
The developmental origins of sharing remain little understood. Using procedures adapted from research on prosocial behavior in chimpanzees, we presented 18- and 25-month-old children with a sharing task in which they could choose to deliver food to themselves only, or to both themselves and another person, thereby making it possible for them to share without personal sacrifice. The potential recipient, a friendly adult, was either silent about her needs and wants or made them explicit. Both younger and older toddlers chose randomly when the recipient was silent. However, when the recipient vocalized her desires 25-month-olds shared whereas younger children did not. Thus, we demonstrate that children voluntarily share valued resources with others by the end of the second year of life, but that this depends on explicit communicative cues about another’s need or desire.
22639549[pmid] Infancy

Fathers’ experiences during the first postnatal week at home after early discharge of mother and baby from the maternity unit: A meta-synthesis - Brunstad, Anne; Aasekjær, Katrine; Aune, Ingvild; Nilsen, Anne Britt Vika (Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 2018)
Keywords: early discharge; fathers' experiences; first week; meta-synthesis

Neuroendocrine control of maternal stress responses and fetal programming by stress in pregnancy. - Brunton, Paula J; Russell, John A (Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry, 2011)
The major changes in highly dynamic neuroendocrine systems that are essential for establishing and maintaining pregnancy are outlined from studies on rodents. These changes optimise the internal environment to provide the life support system for the placenta, embryo and fetus. These include automatic prevention of further pregnancy, blood volume expansion, increased appetite and energy storage. The brain regulates these changes, in response to steroid (estrogens, progesterone) and peptide (lactogens, relaxin) hormone signals. Activation of inhibitory endogenous opioid mechanisms in the brain in late pregnancy restrains premature secretion of oxytocin, and attenuates hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) responses to stress. This opioid mechanism is activated by allopregnanolone, a neuroactive progesterone metabolite. The significance of reduced HPA axis responses in shifting maternal metabolic balance, and in protecting the fetuses from adverse programming of HPA axis stress responsiveness and anxious behaviour in later life is critically discussed. Experimental studies showing sex-dependent fetal programming by maternal stress or glucocorticoid exposure in late pregnancy are reviewed. The possibility of over-writing programming in offspring through neurosteroid administration is discussed. The impact of maternal stress on placental function is considered in the context of reconciling studies that show offspring programming by stress in very early or late pregnancy produce similar phenotypes in the offspring.
Keywords: Animals; Female; Fetal Development; Humans; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System; Neurosecretory Systems; Pituitary-Adrenal System; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Stress, Physiological

Alternative Life-History Styles of Animals - Bruton, M.N. (Springer Netherlands, 2012)

Informal social support interventions and their role in violence prevention: an agenda for future evaluation. - Budde, Stephen; Schene, Patricia (J Interpers Violence, 2004)
There is increasing interest among policymakers and practitioners in tapping the potential of family, friends, volunteers, peer support groups, and mutual aid organizations to help prevent violence. The popularity of these informal social support (ISS) interventions stems, in part, from their flexibility, responsiveness to individual needs, and perceived low cost. However, there is still limited understanding of whether and how ISS interventions can improve social support, reduce violence, or save money. Furthermore, mobilizing and sustaining ISS interventions appears to be difficult, particularly for families living in high-risk environments. Rigorous and creative evaluations of ISS interventions are needed to inform policy decisions and refine program development and implementation. Focusing on the field of child maltreatment, we describe different kinds of ISS interventions and outline an evaluation agenda that includes core research questions and evaluation challenges and strategies.
Keywords: Adolescent; Child; Humans; Outcome Assessment (Health Care); Program Evaluation; Social Support; United States; Violence

A cognitive approach to child abuse prevention. - Bugental, Daphne Blunt; Ellerson, Patricia Crane; Lin, Eta K; Rainey, Bonnie; Kokotovic, Anna; O'Hara, Nathan (J Fam Psychol, 2002)
This investigation tested the incremental utility of cognitive retraining as a component within a program designed to prevent child maltreatment. High-risk families (N = 96) were randomly assigned to a control condition, home visitation modeled after the Healthy Start program (unenhanced home visitation), or home visitation that included a cognitive component (enhanced home visitation). Mothers were identified late during pregnancy or soon after birth, and their participation continued for 1 year. Lower levels of harsh parenting were found among mothers in the enhanced home visitation condition than among those in the unenhanced home visitation or control conditions. Prevalence of physical abuse (percentage of mothers who were abusive) during the first year was 26% in the control condition, 23% in the unenhanced home visitation condition, and 4% in the enhanced home visitation condition. Benefits were greatest in families that included a medically at-risk child. A linear pattern of benefits was found for child health; as program features were added, benefits for child health increased.
Keywords: Child; Child Abuse; Cognition; Family; Female; Humans; Male; Mother-Child Relations; Preventive Health Services

Adaptive calibration of children's physiological responses to family stress: the utility of evolutionary developmental theory: comment on Del Giudice et al. (2012) and Sturge-Apple et al. (2012). - Bugental, Daphne Blunt (Dev Psychol, 2012)
Children's physiological reactions to stress are presented from the broader theoretical perspective of adaptive calibration to the environment, as rooted in life history theory. Del Giudice, Hinnant, Ellis, and El-Sheikh (2012) focus on children's physiological responses to a stressful task as a consequence of their history of family stress. Sturge-Apple, Davies, Martin, Cicchetti, and Hentges (2012) focus on the ways that children respond to a novel laboratory manipulation as a combined function of their temperament patterns and the harshness of their parental environment. The theoretical perspective employed provides an overarching framework that not only accounts for the findings presented here but also has heuristic value for future research on responses to early environmental risk. Future work in this area will benefit by inclusion of additional sympathetic nervous system (SNS) markers and neurotransmitters, inclusion of the role of gene expression in adaptive calibration, broader consideration of protective factors in the child's environment, and longitudinal work demonstrating the effects of adaptive calibration on children's future life history strategies and outcomes.
Keywords: Adaptation, Biological; Adaptation, Psychological; Autonomic Nervous System; Female; Humans; Male; Models, Theoretical; Mother-Child Relations; Parenting; Stress, Psychological; Temperament

Individual differences underlying susceptibility to addiction: Role for the endogenous oxytocin system. - Buisman-Pijlman, Femke T A; Sumracki, Nicole M; Gordon, Jake J; Hull, Philip R; Carter, C Sue; Tops, Mattie (Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 2014)
Recent research shows that the effects of oxytocin are more diverse than initially thought and that in some cases oxytocin can directly influence the response to drugs and alcohol. Large individual differences in basal oxytocin levels and reactivity of the oxytocin system exist. This paper will review the literature to explore how individual differences in the oxytocin system arise and examine the hypothesis that this may mediate some of the individual differences in susceptibility to addiction and relapse. Differences in the oxytocin system can be based on individual factors, e.g. genetic variation especially in the oxytocin receptor, age or gender, or be the result of early environmental influences such as social experiences, stress or trauma. The paper addresses the factors that cause individual differences in the oxytocin system and the environmental factors that have been identified to induce long-term changes in the developing oxytocin system during different life phases. Individual differences in the oxytocin system can influence effects of drugs and alcohol directly or indirectly. The oxytocin system has bidirectional interactions with the stress-axis, autonomic nervous system, neurotransmitter systems (e.g. dopamine, serotonin and GABA/glutamate) and the immune system. These systems are all important, even vital, in different phases of addiction. It is suggested that early life adversity can change the development of the oxytocin system and the way it modulates other systems. This in turn could minimise the negative feedback loops that would normally exist. Individuals may show only minor differences in behaviour and function unless subsequent stressors or drug use challenges the system. It is postulated that at that time individual differences in oxytocin levels, reactivity of the system or interactions with other systems can influence general resilience, drug effects and the susceptibility to develop problematic drug and alcohol use.
Keywords: Animals; Disease Susceptibility; Oxytocin; Substance-Related Disorders

Investment in child and adolescent health and development: key messages from Disease Control Priorities, 3rd Edition - Bundy, D. A. P.; de Silva, N.; Horton, S.; Patton, G. C.; Schultz, L.; Jamison, D. T.; Disease Control Priorities, Child; Adolescent, Health; Development Authors, Group (Lancet, 2018)
The realisation of human potential for development requires age-specific investment throughout the 8000 days of childhood and adolescence. Focus on the first 1000 days is an essential but insufficient investment. Intervention is also required in three later phases: the middle childhood growth and consolidation phase (5-9 years), when infection and malnutrition constrain growth, and mortality is higher than previously recognised; the adolescent growth spurt (10-14 years), when substantial changes place commensurate demands on good diet and health; and the adolescent phase of growth and consolidation (15-19 years), when new responses are needed to support brain maturation, intense social engagement, and emotional control. Two cost-efficient packages, one delivered through schools and one focusing on later adolescence, would provide phase-specific support across the life cycle, securing the gains of investment in the first 1000 days, enabling substantial catch-up from early growth failure, and leveraging improved learning from concomitant education investments.
Bundy, Donald A P de Silva, Nilanthi Horton, Susan Patton, George C Schultz, Linda Jamison, Dean T eng Review England 2017/11/21 06:00 Lancet. 2018 Feb 17;391(10121):687-699. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32417-0. Epub 2017 Nov 16.

‘What about the fathers?’ Bringing ‘Dads on Board™’ with their infants and toddlers following violence - Bunston, Wendy (Journal of Family Studies, 2013)
AbstractThis paper examines a group work intervention developed for fathers who had successfully participated in a men?s behaviour change program and who wished to undertake further work to strengthen and improve the bond between themselves and their infant/toddler (up to age 4). It focuses on two groups run in 2010?2011, uses material directly taken from each program and explores in detail how this intervention was developed, how the program was structured, the profile of the fathers involved and the subsequent inclusion of their partners within both groups. It also includes a small evaluation. Pivotal to this intervention was the implementation of an ?infant-led? approach.

Early Intervention and Mediating Processes in Cognitive Performance of Children of Low-Income African American Families - Burchinal, Margaret R.; Campbell, Frances A.; Bryant, Donna M.; Wasik, Barbara H.; Ramey, Craig T. (Child Development, 1997)
This longitudinal study of 161 African American children from low-income families examined multiple influences, including early childhood interventions and characteristics of the child and family, on longitudinal patterns of children's cognitive performance measured between 6 months and 8 years of age. Results indicate that more optimal patterns of cognitive development were associated with intensive early educational child care, responsive stimulating care at home, and higher maternal IQ. In accordance with a general systems model, analyses also suggested that child care experiences were related to better cognitive performance in part through enhancing the infant's responsiveness to his or her environment. Maternal IQ had both a direct effect on cognitive performance during early childhood and, also, an indirect effect through its influence on the family environment.

Fathers and Parenting Interventions: What works? - A. Burgess (Fatherhod Institute, 2009)

Some neo-Darwinian decision rules for altruism: Weighing cues for inclusive fitness as a function of the biological importance of the decision - Burnstein, Eugene; Crandall, Christian; Kitayama, Shinobu (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1994)
A neo-Darwinian heuristic for decisions involving altruism is hypothesized in this article. Following W. Hamilton's (1964) analysis of inclusive fitness, the assumption of this study is that tendencies to help another person are selected against, except when the donor and recipient are related and share genes underlying these tendencies. An important social psychological implication of Hamilton's formulation is that in group-living individuals (1) natural selection favors those who are prone to help others as a function of the latters' relatedness, potential fecundity, or other features indicating a recipient's capacity to enhance the donors' inclusive fitness, and (2) this effect is especially strong when help is biologically significant. Such a heuristic is demonstrated in several studies involving hypothetical decisions to help: In life-or-death situations, people chose to aid close kin over distant kin, the young over the old, the healthy over the sick, the wealthy over the poor, and the premenopausal woman over the postmenopausal woman; whereas when it is a matter of an everyday favor, they gave less weight to kinship and opted to help either the very young or the very old over those of intermediate age, the sick over the healthy, and the poor over the wealthy. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: *Altruism; Decision Making

Conflict: Readings in Management and Resolution - Burton, J.W.; Dukes, F. (Macmillan, 1990)

Conflict: Practices in Management, Settlement, and Resolution - Burton, J.W.; Dukes, F. (Macmillan, 1990)

The Promise of Mediation: Responding to Conflict Through Empowerment and Recognition - Bush, R.A.B.; Folger, J.P. (Wiley, 1994)

Youth Violence: What We Need to Know. Report of the Subcommittee on Youth Violence of the Advisory Committee to the Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences Directorate - B. J. Bushman; K. Newman (National Science Foundation, 2013)

The ontogeny of the motivation that underlies in-group bias. - Buttelmann, David; Böhm, Robert (Psychol Sci, 2014)
Humans demonstrate a clear bias toward members of their own group over members of other groups in a variety of ways. It has been argued that the motivation underlying this in-group bias in adults may be favoritism toward one's own group (in-group love), derogation of the out-group (out-group hate), or both. Although some studies have demonstrated in-group bias among children and infants, nothing is known about the underlying motivations of this bias. Using a novel game, we found that in-group love is already present in children of preschool age and can motivate in-group-biased behavior across childhood. In contrast, out-group hate develops only after a child's sixth birthday and is a sufficient motivation for in-group-biased behavior from school age onward. These results help to better identify the motivation that underlies in-group-biased behavior in children.
Keywords: Child; Child Development; Child, Preschool; Cognition; Female; Group Processes; Humans; Male; Motivation; Social Behavior; Social Distance; Social Identification; Social Perception

Annual Report of the Secretary-General on Children and Armed Conflict (CAAC) 2021 - CAAC (United Nations Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Children and Armed Conflict (CAAC), 2021)
Keywords: Children and armed conflict; United Nations

Handbook of Father Involvement: Multidisciplinary Perspectives - Cabrera, N.J.; Tamis-LeMonda, C.S. (Taylor & Francis, 2012)

Social psychological contributions to the decade of the brain. Doctrine of multilevel analysis. - Cacioppo, J T; Berntson, G G (Am Psychol, 1992)
The 1990s were declared by Congress to be the "decade of the brain." This declaration is important to all psychologists, not only neuroscientists, because with this declaration come expectations of the cognitive and behavioral sciences generally and because the brain does not exist in isolation but rather is a fundamental component of developing and aging individuals who themselves are mere actors in the larger theater of life. This article examines the importance of a multilevel, integrative approach to the study of mental and behavioral phenomena in the decade of the brain, reviews how this approach highlights the synergistic relationship between theoretical and clinically relevant research, and illustrates how this approach can foster the transition from microtheories to general psychological theories.
Keywords: Behavior; Brain; Humans; Mental Disorders; Social Environment

A quantitative meta-analysis of functional imaging studies of social rejection. - Cacioppo, Stephanie; Frum, Chris; Asp, Erik; Weiss, Robin M; Lewis, James W; Cacioppo, John T (Sci Rep, 2013)
Early neuroimaging studies using Cyberball suggested that social rejection activated the pain matrix, as identified in studies of physical pain. However, these early studies were characterized by small sample sizes. Our statistical multi-level kernel density analysis (MKDA) of Cyberball neuroimaging studies with 244 participants fails to support the claim that social rejection operates on the same pain matrix as nociceptive stimuli, questioning whether social pain is more figurative or literal. We also performed an MKDA of the neuroimaging studies of reliving a romantic rejection to test whether the pain matrix was activated if the rejection were more meaningful. Results again failed to support the notion that rejection activates the neural matrix identified in studies of physical pain. Reliving an unwanted rejection by a romantic partner was significantly characterized by activation within and beyond the "Cyberball" brain network, suggesting that the neural correlates of social pain are more complex than previously thought.
Keywords: Brain Mapping; Cerebral Cortex; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Social Distance

Environmental regulation of the neural epigenome. - Caldji, Christian; Hellstrom, Ian C; Zhang, Tie-Yuan; Diorio, Josie; Meaney, Michael J (FEBS Lett, 2011)
Parental effects are a major source of phenotypic plasticity. Moreover, there is evidence from studies with a wide range of species that the relevant parental signals are influenced by the quality of the parental environment. The link between the quality of the environment and the nature of the parental signal is consistent with the idea that parental effects, whether direct or indirect, might serve to influence the phenotype of the offspring in a manner that is consistent with the prevailing environmental demands. In this review we explore recent studies from the field of 'environmental epigenetics' that suggest that (1) DNA methylation states are far more variable than once thought and that, at least within specific regions of the genome, there is evidence for both demethylation and remethylation in post-mitotic cells and (2) that such remodeling of DNA methylation can occur in response to environmentally-driven, intracellular signaling pathways. Thus, studies of variation in mother-offspring interactions in rodents suggest that parental signals operate during pre- and/or post-natal life to influence the DNA methylation state at specific regions of the genome leading to sustained changes in gene expression and function. We suggest that DNA methylation is a candidate mechanism for parental effects on phenotypic variation.
Keywords: Animals; DNA Methylation; Environment; Epigenesis, Genetic; Epigenomics; Humans; Hypothalamic Neoplasms; Pituitary-Adrenal System

The programming of individual differences in defensive responses and reproductive strategies in the rat through variations in maternal care. - Cameron, N. M.; Champagne, F. A.; Parent, C.; Fish, E. W.; Ozaki-Kuroda, K.; Meaney, M. J. (Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 2005)
There are profound maternal effects on individual differences in defensive responses and reproductive strategies in species ranging literally from plants to insects to birds. Maternal effects commonly reflect the quality of the environment and are most likely mediated by the quality of the maternal provision (egg, propagule, etc.), which in turn determines growth rates and adult phenotype. In this paper, we review data from the rat that suggest comparable forms of maternal effects on both defensive responses to threat and reproductive behavior and which are mediated by variations in maternal behavior. Ultimately, we will need to contend with the reality that neural development, function and health are defined by social and economic influences.
Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Defense Mechanisms; Humans; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System; Individuality; Maternal Behavior; Phenotype; Pituitary-Adrenal System; Rats; Reproduction; Reproductive Behavior; Stress, Psychological

Maternal programming of reproductive function and behavior in the female rat. - Cameron, N. M. (Front Evol Neurosci, 2011)
Parental investment can be used as a forecast for the environmental conditions in which offspring will develop to adulthood. In the rat, maternal behavior is transmitted to the next generation through epigenetic modifications such as methylation and histone acetylation, resulting in variations in estrogen receptor alpha expression. Natural variations in maternal care also influence the sexual strategy adult females will adopt later in life. Lower levels of maternal care are associated with early onset of puberty as well as increased motivation to mate and greater receptivity toward males during mating. Lower levels of maternal care are also correlated with greater activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis, responsible for the expression of these behaviors. Contrary to the transition of maternal care, sexual behavior cannot simply be explained by maternal attention, since adoption studies changed the sexual phenotypes of offspring born to low caring mothers but not those from high caring dams. Indeed, mothers showing higher levels of licking/grooming have embryos that are exposed to high testosterone levels during development, and adoption studies suggest that this androgen exposure may protect their offspring from lower levels of maternal care. We propose that in the rat, maternal care and the in utero environment interact to influence the reproductive strategy female offspring display in adulthood and that this favors the species by allowing it to thrive under different environmental conditions.

Changing children's intergroup attitudes toward refugees: testing different models of extended contact. - Cameron, Lindsey; Rutland, Adam; Brown, Rupert; Douch, Rebecca (Child Dev, 2006)
The present research evaluated an intervention, derived from the "extended contact hypothesis," which aimed to change children's intergroup attitudes toward refugees. The study (n=253) tested 3 models of extended contact among 5- to 11-year-old children: dual identity, common ingroup identity, and decategorization. Children read friendship stories based upon these models featuring in- and outgroup members. Outgroup attitudes were significantly more positive in the extended contact conditions, compared with the control, and this was mediated by "inclusion of other in self." The dual identity intervention was the most effective extended contact model at improving outgroup attitudes. The effect of condition on outgroup intended behavior was moderated by subgroup identity. Implications for theoretically based prejudice-reduction interventions among children are discussed.
Keywords: Attitude; Child; Child Behavior; Child, Preschool; Female; Group Processes; Humans; Interpersonal Relations; Male; Prejudice; Refugees; Social Identification

Variation in maternal care influences ventromedial hypothalamus activation in the rat. - Cameron, N. M.; Soehngen, E.; Meaney, M. J. (J Neuroendocrinol, 2011)
Natural variation in maternal care in the rat is an important source of individual differences in the female neuroendocrine system and sexual behaviours. Thus, females reared by low licking and grooming (LG) mothers are sexually more receptive to males, showing higher lordosis ratings, and are more motivated to mate compared to female offspring of high LG mothers. In the present study, we investigated the effect of natural variations in maternal care on the ventrolateral part of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMHvl) cell population and on the reproductive success of the female rat. Immunohistochemistry for phosphorylated oestrogen-receptor (pER) α and progesterone receptor (PR) were used to study the VMHvl of female offspring of high and low LG mothers at pro-oestrus and dioestrus. A second experiment investigated sexual behaviour and the effect of mating on c-Fos expression in the VMHvl of pro-oestrus and ovariectomised high and how female offspring. Lastly, we investigated the maternal effect on the establishment of the progestational state. A greater number of VMHvl pERα immunoreactive cells was found in the pro-oestrous female offspring of low LG mothers and PR was most abundant at pro-oestrus compared to dioestrus in both high and low LG females. Interestingly it is the less receptive high females that show the greater c-Fos expression in the VMH after mating in the pro-oestrous group. The difference in c-Fos expression after mating disappeared when the two groups were ovariectomised and received steroid replacement. Finally, low LG female offspring reached pseudopregnancy more often when receiving only seven intromissions at a 5-min interval compared to high LG females. Lower levels of maternal care may favour the reproductive success of low LG offspring by increasing pERα and oestrogen-dependent lordosis behaviour and lowering c-Fos after mating, resulting in inhibition of termination of oestrus.
Keywords: Animals; Behavior, Animal; Estrogen Receptor alpha; Estrous Cycle; Female; Hypothalamus; Male; Maternal Behavior; Neurosecretory Systems; Ovariectomy; Pregnancy; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; Pseudopregnancy; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Receptors, Progesterone; Sexual Behavior, Animal

The right to early childhood education in Latin America and the Caribbean: Executive summary - Campana; OMEP; EDUCO (2018)
Keywords: Early childhood education

Adult outcomes as a function of an early childhood educational program: an Abecedarian Project follow-up. - Campbell, Frances A; Pungello, Elizabeth P; Burchinal, Margaret; Kainz, Kirsten; Pan, Yi; Wasik, Barbara H; Barbarin, Oscar A; Sparling, Joseph J; Ramey, Craig T (Dev Psychol, 2012)
Adult (age 30) educational, economic, and social-emotional adjustment outcomes were investigated for participants in the Abecedarian Project, a randomized controlled trial of early childhood education for children from low-income families. Of the original 111 infants enrolled (98% African American), 101 took part in the age 30 follow-up. Primary indicators of educational level, economic status, and social adjustment were examined as a function of early childhood treatment. Treated individuals attained significantly more years of education, but income-to-needs ratios and criminal involvement did not vary significantly as a function of early treatment. A number of other indicators were described for each domain. Overall, the findings provide strong evidence for educational benefits, mixed evidence for economic benefits, and little evidence for treatment-related social adjustment outcomes. Implications for public policy are discussed.
Keywords: Adult; Age Factors; Child Development; Child, Preschool; Early Intervention (Education); Educational Status; Family; Female; Health Status; Humans; Infant; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Outcome Assessment (Health Care); Poverty; Questionnaires; Sex Factors; Social Adjustment; Socioeconomic Factors; Statistics as Topic; Young Adult

Effects of early intervention on intellectual and academic achievement: a follow-up study of children from low-income families. - Campbell, F A; Ramey, C T (Child Dev, 1994)
Follow-up data, obtained 4-7 years after intervention ended, are presented for the Carolina Abecedarian Project, an experimental study of early childhood educational intervention for children from poverty families. Subjects were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 intervention conditions: educational treatment from infancy through 3 years in public school (up to age 8); preschool treatment only (infancy to age 5); primary school treatment only (age 5-8 years), or an untreated control group. Positive effects of preschool treatment on intellectual development and academic achievement were maintained through age 12. School-age treatment alone was less effective. Results generally supported an intensity hypothesis in that scores on cognitive and academic achievement measures increased as duration of treatment increased.
Keywords: Child; Child, Preschool; Cohort Studies; Education, Special; Educational Status; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Intellectual Disability; Intelligence; Male; North Carolina; Poverty; Social Environment; Wechsler Scales

Early childhood investments substantially boost adult health - Campbell, F.; Conti, G.; Heckman, J. J.; Moon, S. H.; Pinto, R.; Pungello, E.; Pan, Y. (ScienceScience, 2014)
High-quality early childhood programs have been shown to have substantial benefits in reducing crime, raising earnings, and promoting education. Much less is known about their benefits for adult health. We report on the long-term health effects of one of the oldest and most heavily cited early childhood interventions with long-term follow-up evaluated by the method of randomization: the Carolina Abecedarian Project (ABC). Using recently collected biomedical data, we find that disadvantaged children randomly assigned to treatment have significantly lower prevalence of risk factors for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases in their mid-30s. The evidence is especially strong for males. The mean systolic blood pressure among the control males is 143 millimeters of mercury (mm Hg), whereas it is only 126 mm Hg among the treated. One in four males in the control group is affected by metabolic syndrome, whereas none in the treatment group are affected. To reach these conclusions, we address several statistical challenges. We use exact permutation tests to account for small sample sizes and conduct a parallel bootstrap confidence interval analysis to confirm the permutation analysis. We adjust inference to account for the multiple hypotheses tested and for nonrandom attrition. Our evidence shows the potential of early life interventions for preventing disease and promoting health.
Campbell, Frances Conti, Gabriella Heckman, James J Moon, Seong Hyeok Pinto, Rodrigo Pungello, Elizabeth Pan, Yi eng 1R01HD54702/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ RC1 MD004344/MD/NIMHD NIH HHS/ 5RC1MD004344/MD/NIMHD NIH HHS/ 5R37HD065072/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ R37 HD065072/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ R01 HD054702/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 2014/03/29 06:00 Science. 2014 Mar 28;343(6178):1478-85. doi: 10.1126/science.1248429.
Keywords: Adult; Biomarkers/blood; Blood Preservation; Body Mass Index; Cardiovascular Diseases/*epidemiology/physiopathology/*prevention & control; Child; Cholesterol, HDL/blood; Diet; Early Medical Intervention/*methods; Female; Health; Humans; Male; Metabolic Syndrome/*epidemiology/physiopathology/*prevention & control

Early childhood investments substantially boost adult health. - Campbell, Frances; Conti, Gabriella; Heckman, James J; Moon, Seong Hyeok; Pinto, Rodrigo; Pungello, Elizabeth; Pan, Yi (Science, 2014)
High-quality early childhood programs have been shown to have substantial benefits in reducing crime, raising earnings, and promoting education. Much less is known about their benefits for adult health. We report on the long-term health effects of one of the oldest and most heavily cited early childhood interventions with long-term follow-up evaluated by the method of randomization: the Carolina Abecedarian Project (ABC). Using recently collected biomedical data, we find that disadvantaged children randomly assigned to treatment have significantly lower prevalence of risk factors for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases in their mid-30s. The evidence is especially strong for males. The mean systolic blood pressure among the control males is 143 millimeters of mercury (mm Hg), whereas it is only 126 mm Hg among the treated. One in four males in the control group is affected by metabolic syndrome, whereas none in the treatment group are affected. To reach these conclusions, we address several statistical challenges. We use exact permutation tests to account for small sample sizes and conduct a parallel bootstrap confidence interval analysis to confirm the permutation analysis. We adjust inference to account for the multiple hypotheses tested and for nonrandom attrition. Our evidence shows the potential of early life interventions for preventing disease and promoting health.
Keywords: Adult; Biological Markers; Blood Preservation; Body Mass Index; Cardiovascular Diseases; Child; Cholesterol, HDL; Diet; Early Medical Intervention; Female; Health; Humans; Male; Metabolic Syndrome X

Adult outcomes as a function of an early childhood educational program: an Abecedarian Project follow-up - Campbell, F. A.; Pungello, E. P.; Burchinal, M.; Kainz, K.; Pan, Y.; Wasik, B. H.; Barbarin, O. A.; Sparling, J. J.; Ramey, C. T. (Dev PsycholDev Psychol, 2012)
Adult (age 30) educational, economic, and social-emotional adjustment outcomes were investigated for participants in the Abecedarian Project, a randomized controlled trial of early childhood education for children from low-income families. Of the original 111 infants enrolled (98% African American), 101 took part in the age 30 follow-up. Primary indicators of educational level, economic status, and social adjustment were examined as a function of early childhood treatment. Treated individuals attained significantly more years of education, but income-to-needs ratios and criminal involvement did not vary significantly as a function of early treatment. A number of other indicators were described for each domain. Overall, the findings provide strong evidence for educational benefits, mixed evidence for economic benefits, and little evidence for treatment-related social adjustment outcomes. Implications for public policy are discussed.
1939-0599 Campbell, Frances A Pungello, Elizabeth P Burchinal, Margaret Kainz, Kirsten Pan, Yi Wasik, Barbara H Barbarin, Oscar A Sparling, Joseph J Ramey, Craig T R01 HD040817/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States R01 HD054702/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States R37 HD065072/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States 6 R40 MC 00254/PHS HHS/United States Journal Article Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural United States Dev Psychol. 2012 Jul;48(4):1033-43. doi: 10.1037/a0026644. Epub 2012 Jan 16.
Keywords: *Child Development; *Early Intervention (Education); *Educational Status; *Social Adjustment; Adult; Age Factors; Child, Preschool; Family; Female; Health Status; Humans; Infant; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Outcome Assessment (Health Care); Poverty; Sex Factors; Socioeconomic Factors; Statistics as Topic; Surveys and Questionnaires; Young Adult

Identifying and Minimizing Errors in the Measurement of Early Childhood Development: Lessons Learned from the Cognitive Testing of the ECDI2030 - Cappa, Claudia; Petrowski, Nicole; De Castro, Elga Filipa; Geisen, Emily; LeBaron, Patricia; Allen-Leigh, Betania; Place, Jean Marie; Scanlon, Paul J. (International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2021)
<iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315px" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/5U4TJ5qBsZ0" title="YouTube video player" width="560px"> Early Childhood Development Index 2030 A New Tool to Measure SDG Indicator 4.2.1
Keywords: cognitive testing; cultural relevance; early childhood; questionnaire design

Developmental effects of exposure to Intimate Partner Violence in early childhood: A review of the literature - Carpenter, Georgia L.; Stacks, Ann M. (Children and Youth Services Review, 2009)
Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is a prevalent social problem in the United States and women of childbearing age are the most likely victims. The young children born to these women are impacted, however, women are not routinely asked about IPV even when there is evidence that their child has been abused. To highlight the importance of routinely screening for IPV in child welfare and other social service agencies this article reviews typical social-emotional development and physiological/neurological development in early childhood and the impact that IPV and trauma have on these domains of development. Early intervention with young children and caregivers living with IPV provides a significant buffer to the negative effects that witnessing IPV have on children's development and their relationships with caregivers.
Keywords: Development; Infant; Intimate Partner Violence; Trauma

Testosterone reactivity to provocation mediates the effect of early intervention on aggressive behavior. - Carré, Justin M; Iselin, Anne-Marie R; Welker, Keith M; Hariri, Ahmad R; Dodge, Kenneth A (Psychol Sci, 2014)
We tested the hypotheses that the Fast Track intervention program for high-risk children would reduce adult aggressive behavior and that this effect would be mediated by decreased testosterone responses to social provocation. Participants were a subsample of males from the full trial sample, who during kindergarten had been randomly assigned to the 10-year Fast Track intervention or to a control group. The Fast Track program attempted to develop children's social competencies through child social-cognitive and emotional-coping skills training, peer-relations coaching, academic tutoring, and classroom management, as well as training for parents to manage their child's behavior. At a mean age of 26 years, participants responded to laboratory provocations. Results indicated that, relative to control participants, men assigned to the intervention demonstrated reduced aggression and testosterone reactivity to social provocations. Moreover, reduced testosterone reactivity mediated the effect of intervention on aggressive behavior, which provides evidence for an enduring biological mechanism underlying the effect of early psychosocial intervention on aggressive behavior in adulthood.
Keywords: Adaptation, Psychological; Adult; Aggression; Antisocial Personality Disorder; Child; Cognitive Therapy; Early Intervention (Education); Humans; Male; Negotiating; Schools; Testosterone

Constructing Patriotism: Teaching History and Memories in Global Worlds - Carretero, M. (Information Age Pub., 2011)

Update on Neuroimaging and Cognitive Functioning in Maltreatment-Related Pediatric PTSD: Treatment Implications - Carrion, VictorG; Wong, ShaneS; Kletter, Hilit (Journal of Family ViolenceJournal of Family ViolenceJournal of Family Violence, 2013)
Keywords: Child maltreatment; Interventions; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Neuropsychological testing; Pediatric PTSD

Oxytocin pathways and the evolution of human behavior. - Carter, C. S. (Annu Rev Psychol, 2014)
This review examines the hypothesis that oxytocin pathways--which include the neuropeptide oxytocin, the related peptide vasopressin, and their receptors--are at the center of physiological and genetic systems that permitted the evolution of the human nervous system and allowed the expression of contemporary human sociality. Unique actions of oxytocin, including the facilitation of birth, lactation, maternal behavior, genetic regulation of the growth of the neocortex, and the maintenance of the blood supply to the cortex, may have been necessary for encephalization. Peptide-facilitated attachment also allows the extended periods of nurture necessary for the emergence of human intellectual development. In general, oxytocin acts to allow the high levels of social sensitivity and attunement necessary for human sociality and for rearing a human child. Under optimal conditions oxytocin may create an emotional sense of safety. Oxytocin dynamically moderates the autonomic nervous system, and effects of oxytocin on vagal pathways, as well as the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of this peptide, help to explain the pervasive adaptive consequences of social behavior for emotional and physical health.
Keywords: Behavior; Biological Evolution; Brain; Emotions; Humans; Maternal Behavior; Oxytocin; Social Behavior

Sex differences in oxytocin and vasopressin: implications for autism spectrum disorders? - Carter, C. S. (Behav Brain Res, 2007)
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are male-biased and characterized by deficits in social behavior and social communication, excessive anxiety or hyperreactivity to stressful experiences, and a tendency toward repetitiveness. The purpose of this review is to consider evidence for a role for two sexually dimorphic neuropeptides, oxytocin (OT) and arginine vasopressin (VP), in these features of ASD. Both VP and OT play a role in normal development. VP is androgen-dependent and of particular importance to male behavior. Excess VP or disruptions in the VP system could contribute to the male vulnerability to ASD. Alternatively, protective processes mediated via OT or the OT receptor might help to explain the relatively rare occurrence of ASD in females. Disruptions in either OT or VP or their receptors could result from genetic variation or epigenetic modifications of gene expression, especially during early development. Deficits in other developmental growth factors, such as reelin, which may in turn regulate or be regulated by OT or VP, are additional candidates for a role in ASD.
Keywords: Amygdala; Animals; Arginine Vasopressin; Autistic Disorder; Female; Humans; Male; Oxytocin; Sex Factors

The biochemistry of love: an oxytocin hypothesis. - Carter, C. S.; Porges, S. W. (EMBO Rep, 2013)
Keywords: Feedback, Physiological; Female; Gene Expression; Heart; Humans; Love; Male; Mental Health; Oxytocin; Receptors, Oxytocin; Sex; Sexual Behavior; Social Distance; Stress, Physiological; Vasopressins

The chemistry of child neglect: do oxytocin and vasopressin mediate the effects of early experience? - Carter, C. S. (Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2005)
Keywords: Child; Child Abuse; Humans; Orphanages; Oxytocin; Psychosocial Deprivation; Time Factors; Vasopressins

Peptide pathways to peace - C. S. Carter; S.W. Porges (Pathways to peace: The transformative power of children and families, 2014)
This chapter examines specific neuroendocrine pathways that may influence the positive social behaviors necessary for peace (where peace is defined as social safety within a society). This definition emphasizes the enabling power of social safety in promoting positive "states" associated with individuals interacting, socially connecting, and being mutually responsible for each other. Peptide pathways, including those reliant on oxytocin and vasopressin and their receptors, function as an integrated system mediating states of social safety. These endocrine and genetic pathways are at the center of a network that permitted the evolution of the human nervous system and allowed the expression of contemporary human sociality. Affiliation, pair bonds, and other forms of prosocial behaviors are not simply the absence of aggression. As reviewed here, we now understand that the prerequisites for peace, including prosocial behaviors and social safety, are built on active peptide systems. Knowledge of neurobiological mechanisms that form the foundations of social bonds and restorative behaviors offers a rational perspective for understanding, preventing, or intervening in the aftermath of adversity, and for enabling the emergence of peace in human societies. Published in the Strungmann Forum Reports Series.
Keywords: attachment; bonding; neurobiological mechanisms; Oxytocin; peace; prosociality; vasopressin

Physiological substrates of mammalian monogamy: the prairie vole model. - Carter, C. S.; DeVries, A. C.; Getz, L. L. (Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 1995)
Prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) are described here as a model system in which it is possible to examine, within the context of natural history, the proximate processes regulating the social and reproductive behaviors that characterize a monogamous social system. Neuropeptides, including oxytocin and vasopressin, and the adrenal glucocorticoid, corticosterone, have been implicated in the neural regulation of partner preferences, and in the male, vasopressin has been implicated in the induction of selective aggression toward strangers. We hypothesize here that interactions among oxytocin, vasopressin and glucocorticoids could provide substrates for dynamic changes in social and agonistic behaviors, including those required in the development and expression of monogamy. Results from research with voles suggest that the behaviors characteristics of monogamy, including social attachments and biparental care, may be modified by hormones during development and may be regulated by different mechanisms in males and females.
Keywords: Animals; Arvicolinae; Female; Gonadal Steroid Hormones; Male; Models, Psychological; Pair Bond; Sexual Behavior, Animal

Attachment and Bonding: A New Synthesis - C. S. Carter; L. Ahnert; K. E. Grossmann; S. B. Hrdy; M. E. Lamb; S. W. Porges; N. Sachser (The MIT Press, 2005)
Attachment and bonding are evolved processes; the mechanisms that permit the development of selective social bonds are assumed to be very ancient, based on neural circuitry rooted deep in mammalian evolution, but the nature and timing of these processes and their ultimate and proximate causes are only beginning to be understood. In this Dahlem Workshop Report, scientists from different disciplines—including anthropology, psychology, psychiatry, and behavioral biology—come together to explore the concepts of attachment and bonding from diverse perspectives. In their studies they seek to understand the causes or the consequences of attachment and bonding in general and their different qualities in individual development in particular. They address such questions as biobehavioral processes in attachment and bonding; early social attachment and its influences on later patterns of behavior; bonding later in life; and adaptive and maladaptive (or pathological) outcomes. The studies confirm that social bonds have consequences for virtually all aspects of behavior and may be protective in the face of both physical and emotional challenges.

Developmental consequences of oxytocin. - Carter, C. S. (Physiol Behav, 2003)
This paper examines the developmental effects of the mammalian neuropeptide, oxytocin (OT). In adults, OT is the most abundant neuropeptide in the hypothalamus and serves integrative functions, coordinating behavioral and physiological processes. For example, OT has been implicated in parturition, lactation, maternal behavior and pair bond formation. In addition, OT is capable of moderating behavioral responses to various stressors as well as the reactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Neonates may be exposed to hormones of maternal origin, possibly including peptides administered to the mother in the perinatal period to hasten or delay birth and in milk; however, whether peptide hormones from the mother influence the developing infant remains to be determined. In rodents, endogenous OT is first synthesized during the early postnatal period, although its functions at this time are not well known. Experiments in neonatal prairie voles have documented the capacity of OT and OT receptor antagonists to have immediate and lifelong consequences for social behaviors, including adult pair bonding and parental behaviors, as well as the reactivity of the HPA axis; most of these effects are sexually dimorphic. Possible mechanisms for such effects, including long-lasting changes in OT and vasopressin, are summarized.
Keywords: Animals; Arvicolinae; Behavior, Animal; Brain; Female; Humans; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System; Male; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Neuropeptides; Oxytocin; Pituitary-Adrenal System; Reproduction; Social Behavior; Vasopressins

Neuroendocrine perspectives on social attachment and love. - Carter, C. S. (Psychoneuroendocrinology, 1998)
The purpose of this paper is to review existing behavioral and neuroendocrine perspectives on social attachment and love. Both love and social attachments function to facilitate reproduction, provide a sense of safety, and reduce anxiety or stress. Because social attachment is an essential component of love, understanding attachment formation is an important step toward identifying the neurobiological substrates of love. Studies of pair bonding in monogamous rodents, such as prairie voles, and maternal attachment in precocial ungulates offer the most accessible animal models for the study of mechanisms underlying selective social attachments and the propensity to develop social bonds. Parental behavior and sexual behavior, even in the absence of selective social behaviors, are associated with the concept of love; the analysis of reproductive behaviors, which is far more extensive than our understanding of social attachment, also suggests neuroendocrine substrates for love. A review of these literatures reveals a recurrent association between high levels of activity in the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis and the subsequent expression of social behaviors and attachments. Positive social behaviors, including social bonds, may reduce HPA axis activity, while in some cases negative social interactions can have the opposite effect. Central neuropeptides, and especially oxytocin and vasopressin have been implicated both in social bonding and in the central control of the HPA axis. In prairie voles, which show clear evidence of pair bonds, oxytocin is capable of increasing positive social behaviors and both oxytocin and social interactions reduce activity in the HPA axis. Social interactions and attachment involve endocrine systems capable of decreasing HPA reactivity and modulating the autonomic nervous system, perhaps accounting for health benefits that are attributed to loving relationships.
Keywords: Animals; Biological Evolution; Child; Female; Humans; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System; Love; Male; Neurosecretory Systems; Object Attachment; Pair Bond; Parent-Child Relations; Pituitary-Adrenal System; Sexual Behavior; Social Behavior

Consequences of early experiences and exposure to oxytocin and vasopressin are sexually dimorphic. - Carter, C. S.; Boone, E. M.; Pournajafi-Nazarloo, H.; Bales, K. L. (Dev Neurosci, 2009)
In the socially monogamous prairie vole, we have observed that small changes in early handling, as well as early hormonal manipulations can have long-lasting and sexually dimorphic effects on behavior. These changes may be mediated in part by changes in parental interactions with their young, acting on systems that rely on oxytocin (OT) and arginine vasopressin (AVP). Knowledge of both endogenous and exogenous influences on systems that rely on OT and AVP may be helpful in understanding sexually dimorphic developmental disorders, such as autism, that are characterized by increased anxiety and deficits in social behavior.
Keywords: Animals; Arginine Vasopressin; Behavior, Animal; Brain; Humans; Oxytocin; Peptides; Receptors, Vasopressin; Sex Characteristics; Social Behavior

An initial guide to leveraging the power of social emotional learning > As you prepare to reopen and renew your school community - CASEL (CASEL, 2020)
Keywords: COVID-19; Schools; social emotional learning

Parents as Partners: A U.K. Trial of a U.S. Couples-Based Parenting Intervention For At-Risk Low-Income Families - Casey, Polly; Cowan, Philip A.; Cowan, Carolyn P.; Draper, Lucy; Mwamba, Naomi; Hewison, David (Family Process, 2017)
Keywords: at risk families; co-parenting; low-income families; United Kingdom

Do early infant feeding patterns relate to breast-feeding continuation and weight gain? Data from a longitudinal cohort study - Casiday, R. E.; Wright, C. M.; Panter-Brick, C.; Parkinson, K. N. (Eur J Clin Nutr, 2004)
OBJECTIVES: To describe the first-week feeding patterns for breast- vs bottle-fed babies, and their association with sustained breast-feeding and infant weight gain at 6 weeks. DESIGN: A longitudinal cohort study. SETTING: Feeding diaries were completed by mothers in an urban UK community shortly after birth; follow-up weight and feeding data were collected at routine health checks. SUBJECTS: Mothers of 923 full-term infants born during the recruiting period agreed to join the study. In all, 502 usable diaries were returned from 54% of the cohort. RESULTS: Breast-fed infants were fed more frequently (2.71 h between feeds) than bottle-fed infants (3.25 h between feeds) and mixed-fed infants (3.14 h between feeds) (P<0.001) in the first week of life, while duration of feeds was similar. Only exclusive breast-feeding in the first week (P<0.001) and maternal education (P=0.004) were related to continued breast-feeding at 6 weeks. Greater first-week feeding frequency (as measured by feed-to-feed interval, h) was associated with higher weight gain at 6 weeks for breast-feeders, but no analysed factors were associated with higher weight gain for bottle-feeders. CONCLUSIONS: This large-scale study of first-week feeding patterns sheds light on the important and complicated issues of breast-feeding continuation and infant weight gain, with implications for the feeding advice given to mothers. Supplementary bottle feeds were clearly associated with discontinued breast-feeding at 6 weeks. Over that period, higher weight gain was associated with more frequent feeding for breast-fed infants only. SPONSORSHIP: Henry Smith Charity, SPARKS, Child Growth Foundation.
Casiday, R E Wright, C M Panter-Brick, C Parkinson, K N eng Comparative Study Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't England 2004/04/01 05:00 Eur J Clin Nutr. 2004 Sep;58(9):1290-6. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601964.
Keywords: *Weight Gain; Adult; Bottle Feeding/*statistics & numerical data; Breast Feeding/*statistics & numerical data; Cohort Studies; Educational Status; Energy Intake; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant Food; Infant, Newborn/*growth & development; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Mothers/*psychology

Role of genotype in the cycle of violence in maltreated children. - Caspi, Avshalom; McClay, Joseph; Moffitt, Terrie E; Mill, Jonathan; Martin, Judy; Craig, Ian W; Taylor, Alan; Poulton, Richie (Science, 2002)
We studied a large sample of male children from birth to adulthood to determine why some children who are maltreated grow up to develop antisocial behavior, whereas others do not. A functional polymorphism in the gene encoding the neurotransmitter-metabolizing enzyme monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) was found to moderate the effect of maltreatment. Maltreated children with a genotype conferring high levels of MAOA expression were less likely to develop antisocial problems. These findings may partly explain why not all victims of maltreatment grow up to victimize others, and they provide epidemiological evidence that genotypes can moderate children's sensitivity to environmental insults.
Keywords: Adolescent; Adult; Antisocial Personality Disorder; Chi-Square Distribution; Child; Child Abuse; Child, Preschool; Environment; Genetics, Behavioral; Genotype; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Minisatellite Repeats; Monoamine Oxidase; Polymorphism, Genetic; Promoter Regions, Genetic; Violence

Truth, lies, and intimacy: an attachment perspective. - Cassidy, J (Attach Hum Dev, 2001)
This paper outlines some of the ways in which secure attachment is associated with the capacity to participate in successful intimate relationships. The paper begins with the discussion of four key abilities required for intimacy: the ability to seek care, the ability to give care, the ability to feel comfortable with an autonomous self, and the ability to negotiate. Bowlby's attachment theory (1969/1982, 1973, 1980) and related research are presented as a framework for understanding the development of these abilities. Next, attachment, intimacy, and sexuality are discussed. In the final section, attachment, intimacy, and truth are considered.
Keywords: Adult; Deception; Defense Mechanisms; Female; Humans; Infant; Interpersonal Relations; Male; Mother-Child Relations; Object Attachment; Personality Development; Truth Disclosure

The Nature of the Child’s Ties - Cassidy, J. (Handbook of Attachment, Third Edition: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications, 2018)

Beyond individual war trauma: domestic violence against children in Afghanistan and Sri Lanka. - Catani, Claudia; Schauer, Elisabeth; Neuner, Frank (J Marital Fam Ther, 2008)
To date, research on the psychosocial consequences of mass trauma resulting from war and organized violence on children has primarily focused on the individual as the unit of treatment and analysis with particular focus on mental disorders caused by traumatic stress. This body of research has stimulated the development of promising individual-level treatment approaches for addressing psychological trauma. In contrast, there is virtually no literature addressing the effects of mass trauma on the family and community systems. Research conducted in Sri Lanka and Afghanistan, two long-standing war-torn societies, found that in addition to multiple exposure to war or disaster-related traumatic events children also indicated high levels of exposure to family violence. These findings point to the need for conjoint family- and community-based programs of prevention and intervention that are specifically tailored for the context of the affected society. In particular, programs should take issues such as poverty, child labor, and parental alcohol use into account in assessing and treating children in the aftermath of mass trauma.
Keywords: Adolescent; Adult; Afghanistan; Child; Child Abuse; Child Welfare; Domestic Violence; Female; Humans; Male; Mental Health; Parent-Child Relations; Risk Factors; Sri Lanka; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic; Stress, Psychological; War

Tsunami, war, and cumulative risk in the lives of Sri Lankan schoolchildren. - Catani, Claudia; Gewirtz, Abigail H; Wieling, Elizabeth; Schauer, Elizabeth; Elbert, Thomas; Neuner, Frank (Child Dev, 2010)
This study examines the impact of children's exposure to natural disaster against the backdrop of exposure to other traumatic events and psychosocial risks. One thousand three hundred ninety-eight Sri Lankan children aged 9-15 years were interviewed in 4 cross-sectional studies about exposure to traumatic life events related to the war, the tsunami experience, and family violence. Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, somatic complaints, psychosocial functioning, and teacher reports of school grades served as outcome measures. A global outcome variable of "positive adaptation" was created from a combination of these measures. Data showed extensive exposure to adversity and traumatic events among children in Sri Lanka. Findings of regression analyses indicated that all 3 event types--tsunami and disaster, war, and family violence--significantly contributed to poorer child adaptation.
Keywords: Adaptation, Psychological; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Disasters; Family; Female; Humans; Interviews as Topic; Male; Questionnaires; Regression Analysis; Resilience, Psychological; Risk Factors; Schools; Socioeconomic Factors; Sri Lanka; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic; Tsunamis; Violence; War

The effects of Healthy Steps on discipline strategies of parents of young children - Caughy, Margaret O'Brien; Miller, Therese L.; Genevro, Janice L.; Huang, Keng-Yen; Nautiyal, Charu (Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 2003)

Coronavirus (COVID-19) - CDC (2020)
Keywords: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC); COVID-19

Summer preschool program for refugees: A practitioner's guide for improving school readiness - AÇEV; Mother Child Education Foundation (ACEV - Mother Child Education Foundation, 2017)
In order to reach their highest potential, all children must be supported through education from early ages onwards. This is why from its inception to the present; ACEV has been developing intervention programs suited to the needs of disadvantaged children with limited access to preschool education. ACEV’s Preschool Education Program (PEP) was developed with this purpose for our Summer Preschools in 2003, in regions where access to early childhood education remains low. Then, PEP was adapted in 2016 to meet the needs of Syrian children, and implemented as a pilot project in collaboration with the Istanbul Provincial Directorate of National Education. This Practitioner’s Guide draws from the Monitoring and Evaluation Report of the pilot project for the Summer Preschools for Syrian Children, prepared by Asst. Prof. Ersoy Erdemir. It addresses the various factors recommended for consideration in efforts to improve the school readiness of Syrian children via a short-term intervention program. The first section of the Guide contains information on ACEV’s Summer Preschools Program, while the second section focuses on recommendations for consideration in future implementations based on the experiences gained in this project.
Keywords: Early childhood education; refugee children; school readiness

Parent-child interaction therapy with physically abusive parents: efficacy for reducing future abuse reports. - Chaffin, Mark; Silovsky, Jane F; Funderburk, Beverly; Valle, Linda Anne; Brestan, Elizabeth V; Balachova, Tatiana; Jackson, Shelli; Lensgraf, Jay; Bonner, Barbara L (J Consult Clin Psychol, 2004)
A randomized trial was conducted to test the efficacy and sufficiency of parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT) in preventing re-reports of physical abuse among abusive parents. Physically abusive parents (N=110) were randomly assigned to one of three intervention conditions: (a) PCIT, (b) PCIT plus individualized enhanced services, or (c) a standard community-based parenting group. Participants had multiple past child welfare reports, severe parent-to-child violence, low household income, and significant levels of depression, substance abuse, and antisocial behavior. At a median follow-up of 850 days, 19% of parents assigned to PCIT had a re-report for physical abuse compared with 49% of parents assigned to the standard community group. Additional enhanced services did not improve the efficacy of PCIT. The relative superiority of PCIT was mediated by greater reduction in negative parent-child interactions, consistent with the PCIT change model.
Keywords: Adult; Child; Child Abuse; Female; Forecasting; Humans; Male; Parent-Child Relations; Parents; Psychotherapy

Naturally occurring variations in maternal behavior in the rat are associated with differences in estrogen-inducible central oxytocin receptors. - Champagne, F; Diorio, J; Sharma, S; Meaney, M J (Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2001)
Naturally occurring variations in maternal licking/grooming influence neural development and are transmitted from mother to female offspring. We found that the induction of maternal behavior in virgin females through constant exposure to pups (pup sensitization) was significantly shorter in the offspring of High compared with Low licking/grooming mothers, suggesting differences in maternal responsivity. In randomly selected females screened for individual differences in maternal responsivity and subsequently mated, there was a significant and negative correlation (r = -0.73) between the latency to exhibit maternal behavior in the pup sensitization paradigm and the frequency of pup licking/grooming during lactation. Females that were more maternally responsive to pups and that showed increased levels of pup licking/grooming also showed significantly higher oxytocin receptor levels in the medial preoptic area, the lateral septum, the central nucleus (n.) of the amygdala, the paraventricular n. of the hypothalamus, and the bed n. of the stria terminalis. Intracerebroventricular administration of an oxytocin receptor antagonist to mothers on postpartum day 3 completely eliminated the differences in pup licking/grooming, suggesting that differences in oxytocin receptor levels are functionally related to maternal behavior. Finally, estrogen treatment of virgin females significantly increased oxytocin receptor binding in the medial preoptic area and lateral septum of female offspring of High, but not Low, licking/grooming mothers. These findings suggest that maternal licking/grooming influences the development of estrogen sensitivity in brain regions that regulate maternal behavior, providing a potential mechanism for the intergenerational transmission of individual differences in maternal behavior.
Keywords: Animals; Autoradiography; Brain; Estrogens; Female; Grooming; Maternal Behavior; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Receptors, Oxytocin

Epigenetic legacy of parental experiences: Dynamic and interactive pathways to inheritance - Champagne, F. A. (Dev PsychopatholDev PsychopatholDev Psychopathol, 2016)
The quality of the environment experienced by an individual across his or her lifespan can result in a unique developmental trajectory with consequences for adult phenotype and reproductive success. However, it is also evident that these experiences can impact the development of offspring with continued effect on subsequent generations. Epigenetic mechanisms have been proposed as a mediator of both these within- and across-generation effects, and there is increasing evidence to support the role of environmentally induced changes in DNA methylation, posttranslational histone modifications, and noncoding RNAs in predicting these outcomes. Advances in our understanding of these molecular modifications contribute to increasingly nuanced perspectives on plasticity and transmission of phenotypes across generations. A challenge that emerges from this research is in how we integrate these "new" perspectives with traditional views of development, reproduction, and inheritance. This paper will highlight evidence suggestive of an epigenetic impact of the environment on mothers, fathers, and their offspring, and illustrate the importance of considering the dynamic nature of reproduction and development and inclusive views of inheritance within the evolving field of behavioral and environmental epigenetics.
1469-2198 Champagne, Frances A R01 MH092580/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States P50 MH090964/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States Journal Article United States Dev Psychopathol. 2016 Nov;28(4pt2):1219-1228. doi: 10.1017/S0954579416000808. Epub 2016 Sep 30.
Keywords: *Phenotype; Child; Child, Preschool; DNA Methylation/genetics; Epigenesis, Genetic/*genetics; Female; Genotype; Histones/genetics; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Maternal Inheritance/*genetics; Parenting/*psychology; Paternal Inheritance/*genetics; Pregnancy; Protein Processing, Post-Translational/genetics; RNA, Untranslated/genetics; Social Environment

Stress during gestation alters postpartum maternal care and the development of the offspring in a rodent model. - Champagne, Frances A; Meaney, Michael J (Biol Psychiatry, 2006)
BACKGROUND: Epidemiological studies suggest that environmental adversity can alter parental care and thus influence child development. We addressed the question of whether stressors can directly affect parental behavior using a rodent model of stable, individual differences in maternal behavior. METHODS: Lactating rat mothers were characterized as high or low in pup-directed licking/grooming (LG) behavior, rebred, and subjected to 7 days of intermittent stress or control conditions during gestation. Female rats were mated a third time without any subsequent intervention. Maternal behavior, oxytocin receptor (OTR) binding, and offspring behavior were examined. RESULTS: Stress reduced OTR levels and pup LG of high LG mothers to levels comparable with those of low LG mothers. The adult offspring of the gestational stress/high LG mothers resembled those of low LG mothers on behavioral measures of anxiety and maternal behavior, as well as OTR levels. The results of the third mating revealed an enduring effect of gestational stress on both mother and offspring maternal LG. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that stress can directly alter maternal care through the neuroendocrine systems that normally regulate this behavior. Thus, the effects of environmental adversity can be transmitted across generations through a nongenomic mechanism involving maternal care.
Keywords: Analysis of Variance; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Behavior, Animal; Corticosterone; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Grooming; Maternal Behavior; Postpartum Period; Pregnancy; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Receptors, Oxytocin; Stress, Psychological

Interplay between social experiences and the genome: epigenetic consequences for behavior. - Champagne, Frances A (Adv Genet, 2012)
Social experiences can have a persistent effect on biological processes leading to phenotypic diversity. Variation in gene regulation has emerged as a mechanism through which the interplay between DNA and environments leads to the biological encoding of these experiences. Epigenetic modifications-molecular pathways through which transcription is altered without altering the underlying DNA sequence-play a critical role in the normal process of development and are being increasingly explored as a mechanism linking environmental experiences to long-term biobehavioral outcomes. In this review, evidence implicating epigenetic factors, such as DNA methylation and histone modifications, in the link between social experiences occurring during the postnatal period and in adulthood and altered neuroendocrine and behavioral outcomes will be highlighted. In addition, the role of epigenetic mechanisms in shaping variation in social behavior and the implications of epigenetics for our understanding of the transmission of traits across generations will be discussed.
Keywords: Animals; Brain; DNA Methylation; Epigenesis, Genetic; Hippocampus; Histones; Humans; Maternal Behavior; Mother-Child Relations

Linking child survival and child development for health, equity, and sustainable development - Chan, M. (Lancet, 2013)
1474-547x Chan, Margaret Journal Article England Lancet. 2013 May 4;381(9877):1514-5. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60944-7.
Keywords: *Child Development; *Child Mortality; *Child Welfare; *Social Problems/prevention & control; Child, Preschool; Conservation of Natural Resources; Health Status; Humans

Linking child survival and child development for health, equity, and sustainable development. - Chan, Margaret (Lancet, 2013)
Keywords: Child Development; Child Mortality; Child Welfare; Child, Preschool; Conservation of Natural Resources; Health Status; Humans; Social Problems

The early years: silent emergency or unique opportunity? - Chan, Margaret; Lake, Anthony; Hansen, Keith (The Lancet)

The Changing State of Global Poverty - Chandy, L.,; G. Gertz (Child Poverty and Inequality: New Perspectives, 2011)

Truth commissions and intergroup forgiveness: The case of the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission - Chapman, Audrey R. (Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 2007)
This article considers the experience of the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) in promoting intergroup forgiveness and reconciliation focusing on the participation of victims in the TRC process and their response. It utilizes a variety of sources of empirical data collected during a 6-year collaborative project between the Science and Human Rights Program of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation for which I served as the project director. The article analyzes transcripts of the TRC human rights violations hearings and amnesty hearings and follow-up focus groups with participants conducted as part of the project. These data show the limitations of the TRC in promoting forgiveness and reconciliation in a meaningful way. The TRC had difficulties in conceptualizing forgiveness and reconciliation on an intergroup level and concentrated instead on relationships between individual victims and perpetrators. Former victims and members of their families who testified at the violations hearings rarely mentioned these topics unless prompted to do so, and those who did were generally not inclined to forgive perpetrators. At the amnesty hearings perpetrators were reluctant to acknowledge their wrongdoing or to offer meaningful apologies, expressions of regret, or some form of compensation to those who had suffered. In light of these data the article questions the efficacy of the TRC's approach to forgiveness and healing and the capacity of transitional justice mechanisms in postconflict societies to promote forgiveness and reconciliation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: *Forgiveness; *Intergroup Dynamics; *Justice; *Society; *Truth; Family; Human Rights; Perpetrators; Violence

Maternal posttraumatic stress disorder and depression in pediatric primary care: association with child maltreatment and frequency of child exposure to traumatic events. - Chemtob, Claude M; Gudiño, Omar G; Laraque, Danielle (JAMA Pediatr, 2013)
IMPORTANCE: Maternal posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may be associated with increased risk for child maltreatment and child exposure to traumatic events. Exposure to multiple traumatic events is associated with a wide range of adverse health and social outcomes in children. OBJECTIVE: To examine the association of probable maternal depression, PTSD, and comorbid PTSD and depression with the risk for child maltreatment and parenting stress and with the number of traumatic events to which preschool children are exposed. DESIGN: Cross-sectional observational design. We used analysis of variance to determine whether probable maternal psychopathology groups differed on child maltreatment, parenting stress, and children's exposure to traumatic events. Hierarchical regression analyses were used to examine the unique and interactive effects of depression and PTSD severity scores on these outcomes. SETTING: Urban pediatric primary care outpatient clinic. PARTICIPANTS: Ninety-seven mothers of children aged 3 to 5 years. EXPOSURE: Pediatric primary care visit. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Probable maternal depression and/or PTSD, parenting stress, child exposure to traumatic events, and child maltreatment. RESULTS: Mothers with probable comorbid PTSD and depression reported greater child-directed psychological aggression and physical assault and greater parenting stress. The children of mothers with PTSD (mean number of events the child was exposed to, 5.0) or with comorbid PTSD and depression (3.5 events) experienced more traumatic events than those of mothers with depression (1.2 events) or neither disorder (1.4 events). Severity of depressive symptoms uniquely predicted physical assault and neglect. Symptom scores for PTSD and depression interacted to predict psychological aggression and child exposure to traumatic events. When PTSD symptom severity scores were high, psychological aggression and the number of traumatic events children experienced rose. Depressive symptom severity scores predicted the risk for psychological aggression and exposure to traumatic events only when PTSD symptom severity scores were low. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Children of mothers with PTSD are exposed to more traumatic events. Posttraumatic stress disorder is associated with an increased risk for child maltreatment beyond that associated with depression. Screening and intervention for maternal PTSD, in addition to maternal depression, may increase our ability to reduce children's exposure to traumatic stress and maltreatment.
Keywords: Adult; Child Abuse; Child, Preschool; Comorbidity; Cross-Sectional Studies; Depression; Female; Humans; Male; Mothers; Primary Health Care; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic; Stress, Psychological

Socioemotional Development in Cultural Context - Chen, X.; Rubin, K.H. (Guilford Publications, 2011)

Exploring antenatal education content for couples in Blantyre, Malawi - Chikalipo, Maria Chifuniro; Chirwa, Ellen Mbweza; Muula, Adamson Sinjani (BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 2018)

Small voices, BIG dreams 2019: Violence against children, as explained by children - Childfund, Alliance (ChildFund Alliance, 2019)
Keywords: violence against children; violence prevention

Implementing the Global Compact on Refugees for Children. Examples of Child-focused work - ChildrenOnTheMove (Initiative for Child Rights in the Global Compacts, 2020)
Keywords: children; refugees and migrants

Working document on child rights in the global compacts - ChildRightsGlobalCompacts (Child Rights in the Global Compacts, 2017)
Keywords: child rights; children on the move; refugee children

Ten acts for the Global Compact: A civil society vision for a transformative agenda for human mobility, migration and development - ChildRightsGlobalCompacts (Child Rights in the Global Compacts, 2017)
Keywords: child migrations; child protection; refugee children

Death, Hope and Sex: Steps to an Evolutionary Ecology of Mind and Morality - Chisholm, J.S. (Cambridge University Press, 1999)

Linking family-friendly policies to women's economic empowerment. An evidence brief - Chopra, D.; Krishnan, M.; UNICEF (UNICEF, 2019)
Keywords: childcare; family-friendly policies; gender equality; parental leave; women's economic empowerment

GCR-SCI Advocacy Briefing on the rights of children in Greece, September - October 2021 - Chouzouraki, A.; Gorevan, D. (Greek Council for Refugees, 2021)
Keywords: child rights and protection; Greece; refugees and migrants

The Culture of Peace - Chowdhury, A. K. (Pathways to peace: The transformative power of children and families, 2014)
Here, I wish to put forth a different perspective: The task of uniting the strengths and capabilities of billions of individuals, so as to ensure long-term peace and security in our world, is very much underway. Focusing on that which binds us together as human beings, a culture—a set of values, attitudes, traditions and modes of behavior and ways of life—is being created to support the eventual realization of these goals. For this to be successful, however, each individual must be empowered to act according to fundamental principles. These principles must be evident in our actions (both individual and societal), and they must form the very basis upon which policies are formulated at local, regional, national, and international levels. By immersing ourselves in a culture that supports and promotes peace, individual efforts will, over time, unite to enable sustainable peace and security to emerge.
Keywords: The Culture of Peace

Creating The Culture of Peace: A clarion call for individual and collective transformation - Chowdhury, A.; Ikeda, D. (British-American publishing company I.B. Tauris, 2020)
Keywords: Culture of Peace; peace promotion; violence prevention

Peace, Conflict, and Violence: Peace Psychology for the 21st Century - Christie, D. J.; Wagner, R. V.; Du Nann Winter, D. (Prentice Hall, 2001)

Healthy human development as a path to peace - D. J. Christie; C. Panter-Brick; J. R. Behrman; J. R. Cochrane; A. Dawes; K. Goth; J. Hayden; A. S. Masten; I. Nasser; R. Punamaki; M. Tomlinson (Pathways to Peace: The Transformative Power of Children and Families, 2014)
What is the potential role of early childhood interventions for promoting peace? From our perspective, healthy human development during early childhood can lay the foundation for the child’s acquisition of complex and specific capacities required to engage in peace-promoting behavior. This chapter focuses on children’s capacity to create, maintain, and restore harmonious and equitable relationships with others. Obstacles and catalysts for healthy human development are identified, as are the competencies required for children to engage in harmonious and equitable relationships. Sustainable peace in a society requires a “systems approach” that reduces both direct and structural violence and promotes peaceful means and socially just ends. A model is proposed based on four sequential foundations: healthy human development, healthy primary relationships, prosocial interpersonal relations, and the adoption of a peace and social justice orientation toward out-group members. Three case studies are presented to clarify the key concepts and propositions we advance. Drawing on an agentic perspective, in which the child is a producer as well as the product of social environments, our concept of peaceful children implies not only healthy human development and the acquisition of specific developmental capacities for peace, but also the child’s internalization of a set of values that support a commitment to relational harmony and social justice. In conclusion, suggestions for future research are offered.
Keywords: attachment; Human Development; nurturing; prosociality; Social Justice

Peace psychology for a peaceful world. - Christie, D. J.; Tint, B. S.; Wagner, R. V.; Winter, D. D. (Am Psychol, 2008)
Although the literature in peace psychology has been growing rapidly, many American psychologists are unaware of how conflict is resolved and peace is conceptualized and achieved. This article reviews the long history and broadening scope of peace psychology and introduces a model of peace that is useful for organizing the literature. The model suggests that peace can be facilitated at four different points of intervention. The authors discuss relationships between positive and negative peace, structural and direct violence, and peacekeeping, peacemaking, and peacebuilding. They advance some challenges for peace psychologists and conclude that peace psychology is a crucial field for grappling with humanity's most pressing problems in the coming decades.
Keywords: Conflict (Psychology); Humans; Social Justice; Violence; War

What is peace psychology the psychology of ? - Christie, D. J. (Journal of Social IssuesJournal of Social Issues, 2006)
Peace psychology emerged as a distinct area of research and practice during the Cold War, when the preeminent concern was the prevention of nuclear war. Now global in scope, the focal concerns of peace psychologists are nuanced by geohistorical contexts and the distinction between episodic violence and structural violence, the latter of which also kills people, albeit slowly through the deprivation of basic need satisfaction. Accordingly, the focal concerns of contributors to this issue vary depending on geohistorical context: some being primarily concerned with patterns of behavior and cognition involved in the prevention of violent episodes and others with the amelioration of structural violence. A systems perspective is used as a framework for integrating episodes and structures of violence and peace. Articles emphasizing "systemic violence" demonstrate the interplay between structures and episodes of violence. Articles on "systemic peacebuilding" examine intergroup contact, the nonviolent management of conflict, and movement toward socially just structures, thereby yielding an increase in cooperative and equitable relationships across levels, from interpersonal to intergroup.
012rg Times Cited:38 Cited References Count:63

Contributions of psychology to war and peace. - Christie, D. J.; Montiel, C. J. (Am Psychol, 2013)
The contributions of American psychologists to war have been substantial and responsive to changes in U.S. national security threats and interests for nearly 100 years. These contributions are identified and discussed for four periods of armed conflict: World Wars I and II, the Cold War, and the Global War on Terror. In contrast, about 50 years ago, largely in reaction to the threat of nuclear war, some psychologists in the United States and around the world broke with the tradition of supporting war and began focusing their scholarship and activism on the prevention of war and promotion of peace. Today, peace psychology is a vibrant area of psychology, with theory and practice aimed at understanding, preventing, and mitigating both episodes of organized violence and the pernicious worldwide problem of structural violence. The growth, scope, and content of peace psychology are reviewed along with contributions to policies that promote peace, social justice, and human well-being.
Keywords: History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; Psychology; Terrorism; Violence; War; World War I; World War II

Local brain functional activity following early deprivation: a study of postinstitutionalized Romanian orphans. - Chugani, H T; Behen, M E; Muzik, O; Juhász, C; Nagy, F; Chugani, D C (Neuroimage, 2001)
Early global deprivation of institutionalized children may result in persistent specific cognitive and behavioral deficits. In order to examine brain dysfunction underlying these deficits, we have applied positron emission tomography using 2-deoxy-2-[(18)F]fluoro-D-glucose in 10 children (6 males, 4 females, mean age 8.8 years) adopted from Romanian orphanages. Using statistical parametric mapping (SPM), the pattern of brain glucose metabolism in the orphans was compared to the patterns obtained from two control groups: (i) a group of 17 normal adults (9 males, 8 females, mean age 27.6 years) and (ii) a group of 7 children (5 males and 2 females, mean age 10.7 years) with medically refractory focal epilepsy, but normal glucose metabolism pattern in the contralateral hemisphere. Consistent with previous studies of children adopted from Romanian orphanages, neuropsychological assessment of Romanian orphans in the present study showed mild neurocognitive impairment, impulsivity, and attention and social deficits. Comparing the normalized glucose metabolic rates to those of normal adults, the Romanian orphans showed significantly decreased metabolism bilaterally in the orbital frontal gyrus, the infralimbic prefrontal cortex, the medial temporal structures (amygdala and head of hippocampus), the lateral temporal cortex, and the brain stem. These findings were confirmed using a region-of-interest approach. SPM analysis showed significantly decreased glucose metabolism in the same brain regions comparing the orphans to the nonepileptic hemisphere of the childhood epilepsy controls. Dysfunction of these brain regions may result from the stress of early global deprivation and may be involved in the long-term cognitive and behavioral deficits displayed by some Romanian orphans.
Keywords: Adoption; Adult; Amygdala; Blood Glucose; Brain; Brain Mapping; Brain Stem; Cerebral Cortex; Child; Child Behavior Disorders; Child, Institutionalized; Female; Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; Hippocampus; Humans; Intellectual Disability; Male; Orphanages; Psychosocial Deprivation; Risk Factors; Romania; United States

Are the world’s richest countries family friendly? Policy in the OECD and EU - Chzhen, Y.; Gromada, A.; Rees, Gwyther (UNICEF, 2019)
Keywords: breastfeeding; childcare centres; family policy; OECD/EU countries; parental leave

An Ecological Transactional Perspective on Child Maltreatment: Failure of the Average Expectable Environment and Its Influence Upon Child Development - Cicchetti, D.; K. Valentino (Developmental Psychopathology, Risk, Disorder, and Adaptation, 2006)

Resilience under conditions of extreme stress: a multilevel perspective. - Cicchetti, D. (World Psychiatry, 2010)
Resilience has been conceptualized as a dynamic developmental process encompassing the attainment of positive adaptation within the context of significant threat, severe adversity, or trauma. Until the past decade, the empirical study of resilience predominantly focused on behavioral and psychosocial correlates of, and contributors to, the phenomenon and did not examine neurobiological or genetic correlates of and contributors to resilience. Technological advances in molecular genetics and neuroimaging, and in measuring other biological aspects of behavior, have made it more feasible to begin to conduct research on pathways to resilient functioning from a multilevel perspective. Child maltreatment constitutes a profound immersion in severe stress that challenges and frequently impairs development across diverse domains of biological and psychological functioning. Research on the determinants of resilience in maltreated children is presented as an illustration of empirical work that is moving from single-level to multilevel investigations of competent functioning in the face of adversity and trauma. These include studies of personality, neural, neuroendocrine, and molecular genetic contributors to resilient adaptation. Analogous to neural plasticity that takes place in response to brain injury, it is conjectured that it may be possible to conceptualize resilience as the ability of individuals to recover functioning after exposure to extreme stress. Multilevel randomized control prevention and intervention trials have substantial potential for facilitating the promotion of resilient functioning in diverse high-risk populations that have experienced significant adversity. Determining the multiple levels at which change is engendered through randomized control trials will provide insight into the mechanisms of change, the extent to which neural plasticity may be promoted, and the interrelations between biological and psychological processes in the development of maladaptation, psychopathology, and resilience.

Annual Research Review: Resilient functioning in maltreated children--past, present, and future perspectives. - Cicchetti, D. (J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 2013)
BACKGROUND: Through a process of probabilistic epigenesis, child maltreatment progressively contributes to compromised adaptation on a variety of developmental domains central to successful adjustment. These developmental failures pose significant risk for the emergence of psychopathology across the life course. In addition to the psychological consequences of maltreatment, a growing body of research has documented the deleterious effects of abuse and neglect on biological processes. Nonetheless, not all maltreated children develop maladaptively. Indeed, some percentage of maltreated children develops in a resilient fashion despite the significant adversity and stress they experience. METHODS: The literature on the determinants of resilience in maltreated children is selectively reviewed and criteria for the inclusion of the studies are delineated. RESULTS: The majority of the research on the contributors to resilient functioning has focused on a single level of analysis and on psychosocial processes. Multilevel investigations have begun to appear, resulting in several studies on the processes to resilient functioning that integrate biological/genetic and psychological domains. CONCLUSIONS: Much additional research on the determinants of resilient functioning must be completed before we possess adequate knowledge based on a multiple levels of analysis approach that is commensurate with the complexity inherent in this dynamic developmental process. Suggestions for future research on the development of resilient functioning in maltreated children are proffered and intervention implications are discussed.
Keywords: Adolescent; Adult; Brain; Character; Child; Child Abuse; Epigenesis, Genetic; Forecasting; Gene-Environment Interaction; Genotype; Humans; Life Change Events; Mental Disorders; Models, Statistical; Personality Development; Psychopathology; Psychophysiologic Disorders; Resilience, Psychological; Social Environment

Normalizing the development of cortisol regulation in maltreated infants through preventive interventions. - Cicchetti, D.; Rogosch, F. A.; Toth, S. L.; Sturge-Apple, M. L. (Dev Psychopathol, 2011)
Longitudinal effects of child maltreatment on cortisol regulation in infants from age 1 to 3 years were investigated in the context of a randomized preventive intervention trial. Thirteen-month-old infants from maltreating families (N = 91) and their mothers were randomly assigned to one of three intervention conditions: child-parent psychotherapy, psychoeducational parenting intervention, and a control group involving standard community services (CS). A fourth group of infants from nonmaltreating families (N = 52) and their mothers comprised a nonmaltreated comparison (NC) group. The two active interventions were combined into one maltreated intervention (MI) group for statistical analyses. Saliva samples were obtained from children at 10:00 a.m. before beginning a laboratory observation session with their mothers when the children were 13 months of age (preintervention), 19 months (midintervention), 26 months (postintervention), and 38 months (1-year postintervention follow-up). At the initial assessment, no significant differences among groups in morning cortisol were observed. Latent growth curve analyses examined trajectories of cortisol regulation over time. Beginning at midintervention, divergence was found among the groups. Whereas the MI group remained indistinguishable from the NC group across time, the CS group progressively evinced lower levels of morning cortisol, statistically differing from the MI and NC groups. Results highlight the value of psychosocial interventions for early child maltreatment in normalizing biological regulatory processes.
Keywords: Child Abuse; Child, Preschool; Family Therapy; Female; Humans; Hydrocortisone; Infant; Male; Mother-Child Relations; Mothers; Parenting; Saliva; Treatment Outcome

12 Key ways for states to get back on track - CivilSocietyActionCommittee (Civil Society Action Committee, 2021)
Keywords: children in migration; civil society; climate change; COVID-19

Development of individual differences in stress responsiveness: an overview of factors mediating the outcome of early life experiences. - Claessens, Sanne E F; Daskalakis, Nikolaos P; van der Veen, Rixt; Oitzl, Melly S; de Kloet, E Ronald; Champagne, Danielle L (Psychopharmacology (Berl), 2011)
RATIONALE: Human epidemiology and animal studies have convincingly shown the long-lasting impact of early life experiences on the development of individual differences in stress responsiveness in later life. The interplay between genes and environment underlies this phenomenon. OBJECTIVES: We provide an overview of studies investigating the impact of early life experiences on the development of individual differences in neuroendocrine stress responsiveness in adulthood and address (1) impact of environment on later stress phenotypes, (2) role of genetic factors in modulating the outcome of environment, and (3) role of nonshared environmental experience in the outcome of gene × environment interplays. We present original findings where we investigated the influence of nonshared experiences in terms of individual differences in maternal care received, on the development of stress phenotype in later life in rats. RESULTS: Environmental influences in early life exert powerful effects on later stress phenotypes, but they do not always lead to expression of diseases. Heterogeneity in response is explained by the role of particular genetic factors in modulating the influence of environment. Nonshared experiences are important in the outcome of gene × environment interplays in humans. We show that nonshared experiences acquired through within-litter variation in maternal care in rats predict the stress phenotype of the offspring. CONCLUSION: The outcome of early experience is not deterministic and depends on several environmental and genetic factors interacting in an intricate manner to support stress adaptation. The degree of "match" and "mismatch" between early and later life environments predicts resilience and vulnerability to stress-related diseases, respectively.
Keywords: Animals; Disease Susceptibility; Humans; Life Change Events; Neurosecretory Systems; Phenotype; Rats; Resilience, Psychological; Risk Factors; Stress, Psychological

A future for the world's children? A WHO–UNICEF–Lancet Commission - Clark, Helen; Coll-Seck, Awa Marie; Banerjee, Anshu; Peterson, Stefan; Dalglish, Sarah L; Ameratunga, Shanthi; Balabanova, Dina; Bhan, Maharaj Kishan; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A; Borrazzo, John; Claeson, Mariam; Doherty, Tanya; et al. (The Lancet, 2020)
Keywords: child health; climate change; conflict; early childhood; ecological degradation; migrating populations; pervasive inequalities; predatory commercial practices

Quantitative EEG in low-IQ children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. - Clarke, Adam R; Barry, Robert J; McCarthy, Rory; Selikowitz, Mark; Magee, Christopher A; Johnstone, Stuart J; Croft, Rodney J (Clin Neurophysiol, 2006)
OBJECTIVE: This study investigated EEG differences between children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) and matched control subjects, with either normal or low IQs. METHODS: Twenty normal-IQ and 20 low-IQ children with AD/HD, and 40 age-, IQ- and sex-matched control subjects participated in this study. EEG was recorded from 21 sites during an eyes-closed resting condition and Fourier transformed to provide estimates for total power, and absolute and relative power in the delta, theta, alpha and beta bands. RESULTS: Children with AD/HD had increased theta activity with decreased levels of alpha and beta activity compared to control subjects. IQ was not found to impact on the EEG. No significant differences were found between subjects with normal and low IQs, with the low- and high-IQ AD/HD groups having similar EEG profiles. CONCLUSIONS: Low-IQ children with AD/HD have similar EEG abnormalities to those with normal IQs, and IQ does not appear to impact on EEG power measures. SIGNIFICANCE: This is the first study to investigate EEG differences in low-IQ children with and without AD/HD.
Keywords: Adolescent; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Brain; Child; Electroencephalography; Female; Humans; Intellectual Disability; Intelligence Tests; Male

Peace and Conflict Studies Versus Peace Science - J. L. Clemens (The Encyclopedia of Peace Psychology, 2012)

Changed Lives: The Effects of the Perry Preschool Program on Youths Through Age 19 - Clement, J.R.B. (High/Scope Foundation, 1984)
This study is the eighth in a series of reports of longitudinal research on the long-term effects of participation versus nonparticipation in a program of high quality early childhood education, on 123 black youths from families of low socioeconomic status, who were at risk of failing in school. The study finds that young people up to 19 years of age who attended the High/Scope Educational Research Foundation's Perry Preschool Program (PPP) in the early 1960s continue to outperform peers who did not attend preschool. The PPP provided an organized educational experience directed at the intellectual and social development of young children who participated, in most cases, for 2 years when they were 3 and 4 years of age. Fifty-eight children were assigned to the preschool group called the experimental group and 65 children were assigned to the no-preschool group called the control group. The Perry Preschool study addressed the issue of whether high quality early childhood education would improve the lives of low-income children and their families, and the quality of life of the community as a whole. Sections of the report concern: (1) the background and context of the Perry Preschool Study; (2) preschool's effects on school success, early socioeconomic success, and social responsibility; (3) review and interpretation of study outcomes over time; (4) preschool's long-term impact; (5) the lessons of early childhood research; and (6) nine case studies of children growing up in Ypsilanti, Michigan. An appendix provides information about supplementary analyses of the data. Three commentaries on the study are included. (RH)

2019 Edition of the minimum standards for child protection in humanitarian action (CPMS) - CMPS (Alliance for Child Protection in Humanitarian Action, 2019)
Keywords: child protection; humanitarian action

Religion, Health and the Economy - Cochrane, J. R. (The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to African Religions, 2012)

Childhood socioeconomic status and adult health. - Cohen, Sheldon; Janicki-Deverts, Denise; Chen, Edith; Matthews, Karen A (Ann N Y Acad Sci, 2010)
Socioeconomic status (SES) exposures during childhood are powerful predictors of adult cardiovascular morbidity, cardiovascular mortality, all-cause mortality, and mortality due to a range of specific causes. However, we still know little about when childhood SES exposures matter most, how long they need to last, what behavioral, psychological, or physiological pathways link the childhood SES experience to adult health, and which specific adult health outcomes are vulnerable to childhood SES exposures. Here, we discuss the evidence supporting the link between childhood and adolescent SES and adult health, and explore different environmental, behavioral, and physiological pathways that might explain how early SES would influence adult health. We also address the ages when SES exposures matter most for setting adult health trajectories as well as the role of exposure duration in SES influences on later health. While early childhood exposures seem to be potent predictors of a range of health outcomes, we emphasize that later childhood and adolescent exposures are risks for other health outcomes.
Keywords: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Health Behavior; Health Status; Humans; Risk Factors; Social Class; Socioeconomic Factors; Stress, Psychological

Negotiating Across Cultures: Communication Obstacles in International Diplomacy - Cohen, R. (United States Institute of Peace Press, 1991)

Contributions of positive psychology to peace: toward global well-being and resilience. - Cohrs, J. C.; Christie, D. J.; White, M. P.; Das, C. (Am Psychol, 2013)
In this article, we analyze the relationship between positive psychology and peace psychology. We discuss how positive emotions, engagement, meaning, personal well-being, and resilience may impact peace at different levels, ranging from the personal and interpersonal to community, national, and global peace. First, we argue that an individual's positive experiences, personal well-being, and personal resilience, as defined in current positive psychology, may in fact contribute to personal and interpersonal peace but can also entail detrimental consequences for other individuals, communities, and nations. Second, we describe how peace psychology contains traces of positive psychology, especially with its focus on the pursuit of social justice. Third, reviewing and extending the concept of community resilience, we outline directions for further conceptual and empirical work in positive psychology inspired by peace psychology. Such work would do well to transcend positive psychology's current bias toward individualism and nationalism and to conceptualize well-being and resilience at the level of the "global community." This extended "positive peace psychology" perspective would have important implications for our understanding of how to overcome oppression and work toward global peace.
Keywords: Attitude; Global Health; Humans; Models, Psychological; Personal Satisfaction; Resilience, Psychological; Social Justice; Violence

Seven essential elements for creating effective children's media to promote peacebuilding: Lessons from international co-productions of Sesame Street and other children's media programs - Cole, C. F.; Lee, J. H.; Bucuvalas, A.; Sirali, Y. (New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 2018)

Begin with the children: What research on Sesame Street's international coproductions reveals about using media to promote a new more peaceful world - Cole, C. F.; Labin, D. B.; del Rocio Galarza, M. (International Journal of Behavioral Development, 2008)
For nearly four decades, Sesame Workshop has brought the joy of learning to the world's youngest citizens through the introduction of locally-produced coproductions of the preschool television series, Sesame Street. Many of these television shows have been specifically designed to forward important prosocial messages directly linked to the complex socio-political backdrop in which they are created. Focusing on recent projects in Israel, Palestine, Jordan, and Kosovo, this article reviews research on the educational effectiveness of these initiatives and highlights the ways in which study results provide information on best practices for media projects designed for children living in regions of conflict. The paper also reviews the strengths and weaknesses of various approaches and provides practical information on how difficult issues have been presented in an age-appropriate and culturally-relevant manner. By acknowledging the challenges inherent to producing media designed to effect attitudinal and behavior changes in places mired in ongoing conflict, these studies, when examined as a group, provide emerging evidence of the need for increasingly direct and specific media intervention efforts. Presenting these studies in light of the projects that they evaluate and the related socio-political circumstances offers a body of evidence suggesting the educational value of these media efforts and indicating a need for further study in this field.

Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital - Coleman, James S. (American Journal of Sociology, 1988)
In this paper, the concept of social capital is introduced and illustrated, its forms are described, the social structural conditions under which it arises are examined, and it is used in an analysis of dropouts from high school. Use of the concept of social capital is part of a general theoretical strategy discussed in the paper: taking rational action as a starting point but rejecting the extreme individualistic premises that often accompany it. The conception of social capital as a resource for action is one way of introducing social structure into the rational action paradigm. Three forms of social capital are examined: obligations and expectations, information channels, and social norms. The role of closure in the social structure in facilitating the first and third of these forms of social capital is described. An analysis of the effect of the lack of social capital available to high school sophomores on dropping out of school before graduation is carried out. The effect of social capital within the family and in the community outside the family is examined.

Characteristics of Protracted, Intractable Conflict: Toward the Development of a Metaframework-I - Coleman, Peter T. (Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 2003)
Protracted, intractable conflicts mark a new research frontier in the field of conflict studies. These intense, inescapable conflicts over issues such as critical resources, identity, meaning, justice, and power are complex, traumatic, and often resist even the most serious attempts at resolution. But why are they intractable? What characteristics distinguish intractable conflicts from more tractable, resolvable conflicts? Scholars have begun to identify a diverse array of interrelated factors. This article is the first in a three-part series that presents a metaframework for protracted, intractable conflict: a broad conceptual framework for theory building and intervention. This article begins the series by outlining the unique characteristics and challenges posed by conflict in this domain.

Countdown to 2030: tracking progress towards universal coverage for reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health - CollaborationCountdownTo (Lancet, 2018)
Building upon the successes of Countdown to 2015, Countdown to 2030 aims to support the monitoring and measurement of women's, children's, and adolescents' health in the 81 countries that account for 95% of maternal and 90% of all child deaths worldwide. To achieve the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030, the rate of decline in prevalence of maternal and child mortality, stillbirths, and stunting among children younger than 5 years of age needs to accelerate considerably compared with progress since 2000. Such accelerations are only possible with a rapid scale-up of effective interventions to all population groups within countries (particularly in countries with the highest mortality and in those affected by conflict), supported by improvements in underlying socioeconomic conditions, including women's empowerment. Three main conclusions emerge from our analysis of intervention coverage, equity, and drivers of reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health (RMNCH) in the 81 Countdown countries. First, even though strong progress was made in the coverage of many essential RMNCH interventions during the past decade, many countries are still a long way from universal coverage for most essential interventions. Furthermore, a growing body of evidence suggests that available services in many countries are of poor quality, limiting the potential effect on RMNCH outcomes. Second, within-country inequalities in intervention coverage are reducing in most countries (and are now almost non-existent in a few countries), but the pace is too slow. Third, health-sector (eg, weak country health systems) and non-health-sector drivers (eg, conflict settings) are major impediments to delivering high-quality services to all populations. Although more data for RMNCH interventions are available now, major data gaps still preclude the use of evidence to drive decision making and accountability. Countdown to 2030 is investing in improvements in measurement in several areas, such as quality of care and effective coverage, nutrition programmes, adolescent health, early childhood development, and evidence for conflict settings, and is prioritising its regional networks to enhance local analytic capacity and evidence for RMNCH.
eng Review England 2018/02/06 06:00 Lancet. 2018 Apr 14;391(10129):1538-1548. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30104-1. Epub 2018 Jan 31.

Evaluation of the Media Initiative for Children-Respecting Difference Programme in the Education Sector - Collins, K. (2015)

Male involvement interventions and improved couples’ emotional relationships in Tanzania and Zimbabwe: ‘When we are walking together, I feel happy’ - Comrie-Thomson, Liz; Mavhu, Webster; Makungu, Christina; Nahar, Quamrun; Khan, Rasheda; Davis, Jessica; Stillo, Erica; Hamdani, Saadya; Luchters, Stanley; Vaughan, Cathy (Culture, Health & Sexuality, 2019)
Keywords: couple relationships; Love; Male involvement; maternal and child health

Angry and aggressive behavior across three generations: a prospective, longitudinal study of parents and children - Conger, R. D.; Neppl, T.; Kim, K. J.; Scaramella, L. (J Abnorm Child Psychol, 2003)
This investigation examined intergenerational continuities in both angry, aggressive parenting and also the angry, aggressive behavior of children and adolescents. Data from 75 G2 youth (26 men, 49 women, M = 22-years old), their mothers (G1), and their G3 children (47 boys, 28 girls, M = 2.4-years old) were included in the analyses. The prospective, longitudinal design of the study, which included observational and multiinformant measures, overcame many of the methodological limitations found in much of the earlier research on intergenerational transmission. The results demonstrated a direct connection between observed G1 aggressive parenting and observed G2 aggressive parenting from 5 to 7 years later. G2 aggressive behavior as an adolescent and G3 aggressive behavior as a child were related to parenting behavior but not directly to one another. The results were consistent with a social learning perspective on intergenerational continuities in angry and aggressive behaviors.
Conger, Rand D Neppl, Tricia Kim, Kee Jeong Scaramella, Laura DA05347/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States MCJ-109572/PHS HHS/United States MH00567/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States MH19734/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States MH43270/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States MH48165/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States MH51361/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. United States J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2003 Apr;31(2):143-60.
Keywords: *Aggression; *Anger; *Intergenerational Relations; *Parent-Child Relations; Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Cohort Studies; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Parenting/*psychology; Prospective Studies; Social Behavior Disorders/*epidemiology/*psychology; Surveys and Questionnaires

Socioeconomic Status, Family Processes, and Individual Development - Conger, Rand D.; Conger, Katherine J.; Martin, Monica J. (Journal of marriage and the family, 2010)
Research during the past decade shows that social class or socioeconomic status (SES) is related to satisfaction and stability in romantic unions, the quality of parent-child relationships, and a range of developmental outcomes for adults and children. This review focuses on evidence regarding potential mechanisms proposed to account for these associations. Research findings reported during the past decade demonstrate support for an interactionist model of the relationship between SES and family life, which incorporates assumptions from both the social causation and social selection perspectives. The review concludes with recommendations for future research on SES, family processes and individual development in terms of important theoretical and methodological issues yet to be addressed.
20676350[pmid] J Marriage Fam

A cluster randomised trial evaluation of the Media Initiative for Children: Respecting Difference Programme, Centre for Effective Education - Connolly, P.; Miller, S.; Eakin, A. (Center for Effective Education, Queen's University Belfast, 2010)

Using survey data to explore preschool children’s ethnic awareness and attitudes - Connolly, P. (Journal of Early Childhood Research, 2011)
This article presents the findings of a large-scale survey (n = 1049) of ethnic awareness and attitudes among three to four-year-old children in Northern Ireland. In drawing upon and applying Bourdieu’s notion of habitus, the article demonstrates how, even at this age, the children are already beginning to embody and internalize the cultural habits and dispositions of their respective ethnic groups; namely the Protestant and Catholic communities. This is illustrated in the present article in relation to the children’s attitudes towards particular national flags and awareness of specific sports associated with their respective communities. Informed by the work of Bourdieu, the article concludes by arguing for the need for greater use of quantitative methods in conjunction with in-depth qualitative and ethnographic research to help further our understanding of the influence of ethnicity in young children’s lives.

From conflict to peace building: The power of early childhood initiatives: Lessons from around the world - Connolly, P.; Hayden, J.; Levin, D.E.; Shulman, L.R.; World Forum Foundation; NIPPA - the Early Years Organisation (World Forum Foundation, 2007)

Too Young to Notice?: The Cultural and Political Awareness of 3-6 Year Olds in Northern Ireland - Connolly, P.; Smith, A.; Kelly, B.; Community Relations Council; Community Relations Council Staff; Channel Four (Northern Ireland Community Relations Council, 2002)
(Great Britain)

Addressing diversity and inclusion in the early years in conflict‐affected societies: A case study of the Media Initiative for Children - Northern Ireland. - Connolly, P.; Fitzpatrick, S; Gallagher, T; Harris, P. (Int J Early Years Education, 2006)
This article reports on the development and systematic evaluation of an innovative early years programme aimed at encouraging young children to respect differences within a deeply divided society that is emerging out of a prolonged period of violent conflict. The programme, the Media Initiative for Children—Northern Ireland, has been the product of a partnership between a US‐based organization (the Peace Initiatives Institute) and NIPPA—The Early Years Organisation, and has been supported by academic research and the efforts of a range of voluntary and statutory organizations. It has attempted to encourage young children to value diversity and be more inclusive of those who are different from themselves through the use of short cartoons designed for and broadcast on television as well as specially prepared curricular materials for use in pre‐school settings. To date the programme has been delivered through 200 settings to approximately 3500 pre‐school children across Northern Ireland. This article describes how the programme was developed and implemented as well as the rigorous approach taken to evaluating its effects on young children’s attitudes and awareness. Key lessons from this are identified and discussed in relation to future work in this area.

Cooperation beyond the dyad: on simple models and a complex society - Connor, Richard C. (Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 2010)
Players in Axelrod and Hamilton's model of cooperation were not only in a Prisoner's Dilemma, but by definition, they were also trapped in a dyad. But animals are rarely so restricted and even the option to interact with third parties allows individuals to escape from the Prisoner's Dilemma into a much more interesting and varied world of cooperation, from the apparently rare ‘parcelling’ to the widespread phenomenon of market effects. Our understanding of by-product mutualism, pseudo-reciprocity and the snowdrift game is also enriched by thinking ‘beyond the dyad’. The concepts of by-product mutualism and pseudo-reciprocity force us to think again about our basic definitions of cooperative behaviour (behaviour by a single individual) and cooperation (the outcome of an interaction between two or more individuals). Reciprocity is surprisingly rare outside of humans, even among large-brained ‘intelligent’ birds and mammals. Are humans unique in having extensive cooperative interactions among non-kin and an integrated cognitive system for mediating reciprocity? Perhaps, but our best chance for finding a similar phenomenon may be in delphinids, which also live in large societies with extensive cooperative interactions among non-relatives. A system of nested male alliances in bottlenose dolphins illustrates the potential and difficulties of finding a complex system of cooperation close to our own.

The Effects of Two Influential Early Childhood Interventions on Health and Healthy Behaviour - Conti, G.; Heckman, J.; Pinto, R. (Econ J (London)Econ J (London), 2016)
This paper examines the long-term impacts on health and healthy behaviors of two of the oldest and most widely cited U.S. early childhood interventions evaluated by the method of randomization with long-term follow-up: the Perry Preschool Project (PPP) and the Carolina Abecedarian Project (ABC). There are pronounced gender effects strongly favoring boys, although there are also effects for girls. Dynamic mediation analyses show a significant role played by improved childhood traits, above and beyond the effects of experimentally enhanced adult socioeconomic status. These results show the potential of early life interventions for promoting health.
Conti, Gabriella Heckman, James Pinto, Rodrigo eng R01 HD054702/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ R24 AG048081/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ R37 HD065072/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ England 2017/03/07 06:00 Econ J (London). 2016 Oct;126(596):F28-F65. doi: 10.1111/ecoj.12420. Epub 2016 Dec 7.
Keywords: Abecedarian Project; early childhood intervention; Health; Perry Preschool Project; randomized trial; social experiment

Understanding conscientiousness across the life course: an economic perspective - Conti, G.; Heckman, J. J. (Dev PsycholDev Psychol, 2014)
We discuss recent developments in the literature on the role of conscientiousness on healthy aging within an economic framework that helps to systematize and interpret the existing evidence.
Conti, Gabriella Heckman, James J eng 5R01HD054702/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ R01-HD32058-3/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ 5R37HD065072/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ R37 HD065072/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ R01 HD054702/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. 2014/04/30 06:00 Dev Psychol. 2014 May;50(5):1451-9. doi: 10.1037/a0036426.
Keywords: *Personality/physiology; *Research Design; Aging/physiology/*psychology; Brain/physiology; Databases, Factual; Executive Function/physiology; Health; Humans; Impulsive Behavior/physiology; Models, Economic; Models, Psychological; Neurosciences/*methods

Community engagement to strengthen social cohesion and child protection in Chad and Burundi: “Bottom Up” participatory monitoring, planning and action - P. Cook; N.B. Cohen; A. Oguniyi; J. Sewanou; UNICEF’s Peacebuilding, Education and Advocacy Programme (PBEA), Learning for Peace (International Insituted for Child Rights and Development (IICRD), 2016)

Promoting Mother–Infant Book Sharing and Infant Attention and Language Development in an Impoverished South African Population: A Pilot Study - Cooper, P. J.; Vally, Z.; Cooper, H.; Radford, T.; Sharples, A.; Tomlinson, M.; Murray, L. (Early Childhood Education JournalEarly Childhood Education JournalEarly Childhood Education Journal, 2014)
Keywords: Book sharing; Early literacy; Infant attention; Language Development; Maternal sensitivity