@inbook {5471, title = {Very Early Childhood Development}, booktitle = {Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health: Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (Volume 2)}, year = {2016}, note = {Black, Robert E
Laxminarayan, Ramanan
Temmerman, Marleen
Walker, Neff
Aboud, Frances E
Yousafzai, Aisha K
Review
Book Chapter}, address = {Washington (DC)}, abstract = {Discusses mental development from birth to age 24 months in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), focusing on cognitive and language domains, while touching on socioemotional, fine motor, and gross motor development, by (1) describing the measurement of these domains in order to provide an operational definition of the term mental development: (2) examining conditions that derail early child development, which arise during the prenatal period and continue throughout the next 24 months; and (3) presenting the results of several systematic reviews and meta-analyses to show the effects of stimulation and nutrition, along with disease-related interventions to promote mental development. The risk factors of greatest importance concern low-quality psychosocial stimulation at home; inadequate child nutrition; infections from environmental vectors, such as trachoma and malaria; and maternal nutrition and mental health during the first 1,000 days. Interventions include psychosocial stimulation, prenatal and postnatal nutrition, improvements in the physical environment, and maternal mental health care.}, keywords = {access to health services, Child Development, child health, childhood diseases, cognitive development, health outcomes, infancy, malnutrition, Mental Health, nutrition, Postnatal Care, Quality of Health Care}, isbn = {9781464803482
9781464803680}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0348-2_ch13}, author = {Aboud, F. E. and Yousafzai, A. K.}, editor = {Black, R. E. and Laxminarayan, R. and Temmerman, M. and Walker, N.} } @article {647, title = {Variation in Susceptibility to Environmental Influence: An Evolutionary Argument}, journal = {Psychological Inquiry}, volume = {8}, number = {3}, year = {1997}, month = {1997/07/01}, pages = {182-186}, publisher = {Routledge}, isbn = {1047-840X}, doi = {10.1207/s15327965pli0803_3}, author = {Belsky, Jay} } @article {4886, title = {Validating the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Children in Rwanda}, journal = {J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry}, volume = {51}, number = {12}, year = {2012}, note = {Betancourt, Theresa
Scorza, Pamela
Meyers-Ohki, Sarah
Mushashi, Christina
Kayiteshonga, Yvonne
Binagwaho, Agnes
Stulac, Sara
Beardslee, William R
eng
K01 MH077246/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/
R34MH084679-02/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/
K01MH077246-05/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/
T32 MH096724/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/
R34 MH084679/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
2012/12/04 06:00
J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2012 Dec;51(12):1284-92. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2012.09.003. Epub 2012 Nov 8.}, month = {Dec}, pages = {1284-92}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: We assessed the validity of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Children (CES-DC) as a screen for depression in Rwandan children and adolescents. Although the CES-DC is widely used for depression screening in high-income countries, its validity in low-income and culturally diverse settings, including sub-Saharan Africa, is unknown. METHOD: The CES-DC was selected based on alignment with local expressions of depression-like problems in Rwandan children and adolescents. To examine criterion validity, we compared CES-DC scores to depression diagnoses on a structured diagnostic interview, the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview for Children (MINI KID), in a sample of 367 Rwandan children and adolescents aged 10 through 17 years. Caregiver and child or adolescent self-reports endorsing the presence of local depression-like problems agahinda kenshi (persistent sorrow) and kwiheba (severe hopelessness) were also examined for agreement with MINI KID diagnosis. RESULTS: The CES-DC exhibited good internal reliability (alpha = .86) and test-retest reliability (r = .85). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the CES-DC was 0.825 when compared to MINI KID diagnoses, indicating a strong ability to distinguish between depressed and nondepressed children and adolescents in Rwanda. A cut point of>/=30 corresponded with a sensitivity of 81.9\% and a specificity of 71.9\% in this referred sample. MINI KID diagnosis was well aligned with local expressions of depression-like problems. CONCLUSION: The CES-DC demonstrates good psychometric properties for clinical screening and evaluation in Rwanda, and should be considered for use in this and other low-resource settings. Population samples are needed to determine a generalizable cut point in nonreferred samples.}, keywords = {*Depression/diagnosis/epidemiology/psychology, *Mass Screening/methods/standards, Adolescent, Behavioral Symptoms/*diagnosis, Child, Female, Humans, Male, Predictive Value of Tests, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales/*standards, Reproducibility of Results, ROC Curve, Rwanda/epidemiology, Translations}, isbn = {1527-5418 (Electronic)
0890-8567 (Linking)}, author = {Betancourt, T. S. and Scorza, P. and Meyers-Ohki, S. and Mushashi, C. and Kayiteshonga, Y. and Binagwaho, A. and Stulac, S. and Beardslee, W. R.} } @article {309, title = {Variation in maternal care influences ventromedial hypothalamus activation in the rat.}, journal = {J Neuroendocrinol}, volume = {23}, year = {2011}, month = {2011 May}, pages = {393-400}, abstract = {

Natural variation in maternal care in the rat is an important source of individual differences in the female neuroendocrine system and sexual behaviours. Thus, females reared by low licking and grooming (LG) mothers are sexually more receptive to males, showing higher lordosis ratings, and are more motivated to mate compared to female offspring of high LG mothers. In the present study, we investigated the effect of natural variations in maternal care on the ventrolateral part of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMHvl) cell population and on the reproductive success of the female rat. Immunohistochemistry for phosphorylated oestrogen-receptor (pER) \α and progesterone receptor (PR) were used to study the VMHvl of female offspring of high and low LG mothers at pro-oestrus and dioestrus. A second experiment investigated sexual behaviour and the effect of mating on c-Fos expression in the VMHvl of pro-oestrus and ovariectomised high and how female offspring. Lastly, we investigated the maternal effect on the establishment of the progestational state. A greater number of VMHvl pER\α immunoreactive cells was found in the pro-oestrous female offspring of low LG mothers and PR was most abundant at pro-oestrus compared to dioestrus in both high and low LG females. Interestingly it is the less receptive high females that show the greater c-Fos expression in the VMH after mating in the pro-oestrous group. The difference in c-Fos expression after mating disappeared when the two groups were ovariectomised and received steroid replacement. Finally, low LG female offspring reached pseudopregnancy more often when receiving only seven intromissions at a 5-min interval compared to high LG females. Lower levels of maternal care may favour the reproductive success of low LG offspring by increasing pER\α and oestrogen-dependent lordosis behaviour and lowering c-Fos after mating, resulting in inhibition of termination of oestrus.

}, keywords = {Animals, Behavior, Animal, Estrogen Receptor alpha, Estrous Cycle, Female, Hypothalamus, Male, Maternal Behavior, Neurosecretory Systems, Ovariectomy, Pregnancy, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, Pseudopregnancy, Rats, Rats, Long-Evans, Receptors, Progesterone, Sexual Behavior, Animal}, issn = {1365-2826}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2826.2011.02124.x}, author = {Cameron, N. M. and Soehngen, E. and Meaney, M. J.} } @article {352, title = {Violence, crime, and abuse exposure in a national sample of children and youth: an update.}, journal = {JAMA Pediatr}, volume = {167}, year = {2013}, month = {2013 Jul}, pages = {614-21}, abstract = {

IMPORTANCE: Because exposure to violence, crime, and abuse has been shown to have serious consequences on child development, physicians and policymakers need to know the kinds of exposure that occur at various developmental stages.

OBJECTIVES: To provide updated estimates of and trends for childhood exposure to a broad range of violence, crime, and abuse victimizations.

DESIGN: The National Survey of Children\&$\#$39;s Exposure to Violence was based on a cross-sectional, US national telephone survey conducted in 2011.

SETTING: Interviews by telephone.

PARTICIPANTS: The experiences of 4503 children and youth aged 1 month to 17 years were assessed by interviews with caregivers and with youth in the case of those aged 10 to 17 years.

RESULTS: Two-fifths (41.2\%) of children and youth experienced a physical assault in the last year, and 1 in 10 (10.1\%) experienced an assault-related injury. Two percent experienced sexual assault or sexual abuse in the last year, but the rate was 10.7\% for girls aged 14 to 17 years. More than 1 in 10 (13.7\%) experienced maltreatment by a caregiver, including 3.7\% who experienced physical abuse. Few significant changes could be detected in rates since an equivalent survey in 2008, but declines were documented in peer flashing, school bomb threats, juvenile sibling assault, and robbery and total property victimization.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: The variety and scope of children\&$\#$39;s exposure to violence, crime, and abuse suggest the need for better and more comprehensive tools in clinical and research settings for identifying these experiences and their effects.

}, keywords = {Adolescent, Bullying, Caregivers, Child, Child Abuse, Child, Preschool, Crime, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Incidence, Infant, Male, Peer Group, Prevalence, Risk Factors, United States, Violence}, issn = {2168-6211}, doi = {10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.42}, author = {Finkelhor, David and Turner, Heather A and Shattuck, Anne and Hamby, Sherry L} } @article {351, title = {Violence, abuse, and crime exposure in a national sample of children and youth.}, journal = {Pediatrics}, volume = {124}, year = {2009}, month = {2009 Nov}, pages = {1411-23}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this research was to obtain national estimates of exposure to the full spectrum of the childhood violence, abuse, and crime victimizations relevant to both clinical practice and public-policy approaches to the problem.

METHODS: The study was based on a cross-sectional national telephone survey that involved a target sample of 4549 children aged 0 to 17 years.

RESULTS: A clear majority (60.6\%) of the children and youth in this nationally representative sample had experienced at least 1 direct or witnessed victimization in the previous year. Almost half (46.3\%) had experienced a physical assault in the study year, 1 in 4 (24.6\%) had experienced a property offense, 1 in 10 (10.2\%) had experienced a form of child maltreatment, 6.1\% had experienced a sexual victimization, and more than 1 in 4 (25.3\%) had been a witness to violence or experienced another form of indirect victimization in the year, including 9.8\% who had witnessed an intrafamily assault. One in 10 (10.2\%) had experienced a victimization-related injury. More than one third (38.7\%) had been exposed to 2 or more direct victimizations, 10.9\% had 5 or more, and 2.4\% had 10 or more during the study year.

CONCLUSIONS: The scope and diversity of child exposure to victimization is not well recognized. Clinicians and researchers need to inquire about a larger spectrum of victimization types to identify multiply victimized children and tailor prevention and interventions to the full range of threats that children face.

}, keywords = {Adolescent, Child, Child Abuse, Child Abuse, Sexual, Child, Preschool, Crime, Crime Victims, Domestic Violence, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, United States, Violence}, issn = {1098-4275}, doi = {10.1542/peds.2009-0467}, author = {Finkelhor, David and Turner, Heather and Ormrod, Richard and Hamby, Sherry L} } @article {7228, title = {Violence against children in the time of COVID-19: What we have learned, what remains unknown and the opportunities that lie ahead}, journal = {Child Abuse \& Neglect}, volume = {116}, year = {2021}, month = {Jan-06-2021}, pages = {104776}, keywords = {children, COVID-19, pandemic, violence exposure}, issn = {01452134}, doi = {10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104776}, url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0145213420304312}, author = {Fore, Henrietta H.} } @article {667, title = {Violence, Peace, and Peace Research}, journal = {Journal of Peace Research}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, year = {1969}, pages = {167-191}, publisher = {Sage Publications, Ltd.}, isbn = {00223433}, url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/422690}, author = {Galtung, J.} } @article {5888, title = {Violence, peace and peace research}, journal = {J Peace ResJ Peace Res}, volume = {6}, number = {3}, year = {1969}, pages = {167-191}, keywords = {Humans, peacefulness, Peacetime, Police, Social Justice, Social order, Social structures, Urban violence, Violence, Violent extremism}, author = {Galtung, J.} } @article {7283, title = {The voices of children in the global health debate}, journal = {The Lancet}, volume = {395}, year = {2020}, month = {Jan-02-2020}, pages = {541 - 542}, keywords = {children, Global Health}, issn = {01406736}, doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30364-0}, url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673620303640}, author = {Gatera, Grace and Pavarini, Gabriela} } @article {366, title = {Violent conflict and opiate use in low and middle-income countries: a systematic review.}, journal = {Int J Drug Policy}, volume = {25}, year = {2014}, month = {2014 Mar}, pages = {196-203}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: Violent conflicts disproportionately affect populations in low and middle-income countries, and exposure to conflict is a known risk factor for mental disorders and substance use, including use of illicit opiates. Opiate use can be particularly problematic in resource-limited settings because few treatment options are available and dependence can impede economic development. In this systematic review, we explore the relationship between violent conflict and opiate use in conflict-affected populations in low and middle-income countries.

METHODS: We searched MEDLINE, PsychINFO, SCOPUS, PILOTS, and select grey literature databases using a defined list of key terms related to conflict and opiate use, screened the results for relevant and methodologically rigorous studies, and conducted a forward search of the bibliographies of selected results to identify additional studies.

RESULTS: We screened 707 articles, selecting 6 articles for inclusion: 4 quantitative studies and 2 qualitative studies that examined populations in 9 different countries. All study participants were adults (aged 15-65) living in or displaced from a conflict-affected country. Data sources included death records, hospital records, and interviews with refugees, internally displaced persons, and others affected by conflict. Overall, we found a positive, but ambiguous, association between violent conflict and opiate use, with five of six studies suggesting that opiate use increases with violent conflict. Five key factors mediate the conceptual relationship between opiate use and violent conflict: (1) pre-conflict opiate presence, (2) mental disorders, (3) lack of economic opportunity, (4) changes in social norms or structure, and (5) changes in drug availability.

CONCLUSIONS: The strength and direction of the association between opiate use and violent conflict and the proposed mediating factors may differ between contexts, necessitating country and population-specific research and interventions. Prevalence of opiate use prior to the start of conflict was common to all populations in which conflict induced a change in opiate use, suggesting that interventions to reduce opiate use and future research should focus on such populations. Population-based, longitudinal studies that use systematic measures of exposure to conflict and opiate use are needed to further explore this association and its mediating factors.

}, keywords = {Conflict (Psychology), Developing Countries, Humans, Mental Disorders, Opioid-Related Disorders, Refugees, Risk Factors, Social Control, Informal, Violence}, issn = {1873-4758}, doi = {10.1016/j.drugpo.2013.11.003}, author = {Jack, Helen and Masterson, Amelia Reese and Khoshnood, Kaveh} } @article {4096, title = {Variations in maternal behavior--oxytocin and reward pathways--peripheral measures matter?!}, journal = {Neuropsychopharmacology}, volume = {36}, year = {2011}, month = {2011 Dec}, pages = {2587-8}, keywords = {Animals, Brain, Female, Humans, Maternal Behavior, Mother-Child Relations, Neural Pathways, Oxytocin, Pregnancy, Reward}, issn = {1740-634X}, doi = {10.1038/npp.2011.201}, author = {Leckman, J. F.} } @article {4071, title = {Violence, health, and South-North collaboration: Interdisciplinary research in light of the 2030 Agenda.}, journal = {Soc Sci Med}, volume = {146}, year = {2015}, month = {2015 Dec}, pages = {236-42}, keywords = {Cooperative Behavior, Global Health, Health Status, Humans, Interdisciplinary Studies, Internationality, United Nations, Violence}, issn = {1873-5347}, doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.10.029}, author = {Lee, B. X. and Leckman, J. F. and Khoshnood, K.} } @article {682, title = {Violent conflict and population health in the Middle East Introduction}, journal = {Global Public HealthGlob Public Health}, volume = {6}, number = {5}, year = {2011}, note = {Sp. Iss. SI
780ml
Times Cited:1
Cited References Count:29}, pages = {467-471}, keywords = {Afghanistan, armed conflict, mental-health, Refugees, resilience, Torture, War}, isbn = {1744-1692}, doi = {10.1080/17441692.2011.578581}, author = {Moran, M. and Khawaja, M. and Khoshnood, K. and Ramahi, T. and Inhorn, M. C.} } @article {446, title = {Violence, suffering, and mental health in Afghanistan: a school-based survey.}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {374}, year = {2009}, month = {2009 Sep 5}, pages = {807-16}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: Studies in Afghanistan have shown substantial mental health problems in adults. We did a survey of young people (11-16 years old) in the country to assess mental health, traumatic experiences, and social functioning.

METHODS: In 2006, we interviewed 1011 children, 1011 caregivers, and 358 teachers, who were randomly sampled in 25 government-operated schools within three purposively chosen areas (Kabul, Bamyan, and Mazar-e-Sharif municipalities). We assessed probable psychiatric disorder and social functioning in students with the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire multi-informant (child, parent, teacher) ratings. We also used the Depression Self-Rating Scale and an Impact of Events Scale. We assessed caregiver mental health with both international and culturally-specific screening instruments (Self-Reported Questionnaire and Afghan Symptom Checklist). We implemented a checklist of traumatic events to examine the exposure to, and nature of, traumatic experiences. We analysed risk factors for mental health and reports of traumatic experiences.

FINDINGS: Trauma exposure and caregiver mental health were predictive across all child outcomes. Probable psychiatric ratings were associated with female gender (odds ratio [OR] 2.47, 95\% CI 1.65-3.68), five or more traumatic events (2.58, 1.36-4.90), caregiver mental health (1.11, 1.08-1.14), and residence areas (0.29, 0.17-0.51 for Bamyan and 0.37, 0.23-0.57 for Mazar-e-Sharif vs Kabul). The same variables predicted symptoms of depression. Two thirds of children reported traumatic experiences. Symptoms of post-traumatic stress were associated with five or more traumatic events (3.07, 1.78-5.30), caregiver mental health (1.06, 1.02-1.09), and child age (1.19, 1.04-1.36). Children\&$\#$39;s most distressing traumatic experiences included accidents, medical treatment, domestic and community violence, and war-related events.

INTERPRETATION: Young Afghans experience violence that is persistent and not confined to acts of war. Our study emphasises the value of school-based initiatives to address child mental health, and the importance of understanding trauma in the context of everyday forms of suffering, violence, and adversity.

FUNDING: Wellcome Trust.

}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Afghan Campaign 2001-, Afghanistan, Attitude to Health, Child, Child Welfare, Cross-Sectional Studies, Faculty, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Life Change Events, Male, Mental Disorders, Mental Health, Parents, Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Schools, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Violence}, issn = {1474-547X}, doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61080-1}, author = {Panter-Brick, C. and Eggerman, M. and Gonzalez, V. and Safdar, S.} } @article {5739, title = {Violence prevention must start in early childhood}, year = {2018}, institution = {UN Office of the Special Representative to the Secretary-General on Violence Against Children}, address = {New York, NY}, keywords = {early childhood, violence against children}, url = {https://violenceagainstchildren.un.org/sites/violenceagainstchildren.un.org/files/documents/publications/earlychildhood.pdf}, author = {SRSGVAC and Pais, M. S.} } @article {3346, title = {Violent Conflict and Educational Inequality}, year = {2016}, month = {January 2016}, institution = {FHI 360 Education Policy and Data Center}, type = {Literature Review}, address = {Washington, DC}, url = {https://www.epdc.org/sites/default/files/documents/Conflict\%20and\%20Inequality\%20Literature\%20Review\%20FINAL.pdf}, author = {UNICEF} }