@inbook {470, title = {Social Protection and Welfare Systems: Implications for Early Childhood Development}, booktitle = {Handbook of Early Childhood Development Research and Its Impact on Global Policy}, year = {2013}, pages = {260-274}, publisher = {Oxford Univ. Press}, organization = {Oxford Univ. Press}, address = {New York}, url = {https://global.oup.com/academic/product/handbook-of-early-childhood-development-research-and-its-impact-on-global-policy-9780199922994?cc=us\&lang=en\&$\#$}, author = {L. Aber and L. Biersteker and A. Dawes and L. Rawlings}, editor = {P. R. Britto et. al} } @article {227, title = {The social brain: neural basis of social knowledge.}, journal = {Annu Rev Psychol}, volume = {60}, year = {2009}, month = {2009}, pages = {693-716}, abstract = {

Social cognition in humans is distinguished by psychological processes that allow us to make inferences about what is going on inside other people-their intentions, feelings, and thoughts. Some of these processes likely account for aspects of human social behavior that are unique, such as our culture and civilization. Most schemes divide social information processing into those processes that are relatively automatic and driven by the stimuli, versus those that are more deliberative and controlled, and sensitive to context and strategy. These distinctions are reflected in the neural structures that underlie social cognition, where there is a recent wealth of data primarily from functional neuroimaging. Here I provide a broad survey of the key abilities, processes, and ways in which to relate these to data from cognitive neuroscience.

}, keywords = {Amygdala, Animals, Biological Evolution, Brain, Brain Mapping, Empathy, Facial Expression, Humans, Nerve Net, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Personal Construct Theory, Prefrontal Cortex, Self Concept, Social Behavior}, issn = {0066-4308}, doi = {10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163514}, author = {Adolphs, Ralph} } @article {714, title = {A Study of a Violence Prevention Program in Prekindergarten Classrooms}, journal = {Children \& Schools}, volume = {31}, year = {2009}, month = {Jan-07-2009}, pages = {177 - 187}, issn = {1532-8759}, doi = {10.1093/cs/31.3.177}, url = {http://cs.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/doi/10.1093/cs/31.3.177}, author = {Allen, S. F.} } @article {3266, title = {A systematic policy analysis of Early Childhood Development and peacebuilding in fourteen conflict-affected and post-conflict countries}, year = {2016}, publisher = {UCL Insitute of Education}, url = {http://s3.amazonaws.com/inee-assets/resources/37b_Policy_Study_ECD_and_Peacebuilding_(FULL).pdf}, author = {Ang, L. and Oliver. S. and UNICEF} } @article {235, title = {Social networks and cooperation in hunter-gatherers.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {481}, year = {2012}, pages = {497-501}, abstract = {

Social networks show striking structural regularities, and both theory and evidence suggest that networks may have facilitated the development of large-scale cooperation in humans. Here, we characterize the social networks of the Hadza, a population of hunter-gatherers in Tanzania. We show that Hadza networks have important properties also seen in modernized social networks, including a skewed degree distribution, degree assortativity, transitivity, reciprocity, geographic decay and homophily. We demonstrate that Hadza camps exhibit high between-group and low within-group variation in public goods game donations. Network ties are also more likely between people who give the same amount, and the similarity in cooperative behaviour extends up to two degrees of separation. Social distance appears to be as important as genetic relatedness and physical proximity in explaining assortativity in cooperation. Our results suggest that certain elements of social network structure may have been present at an early point in human history. Also, early humans may have formed ties with both kin and non-kin, based in part on their tendency to cooperate. Social networks may thus have contributed to the emergence of cooperation.

}, keywords = {Anthropology, Biological Evolution, Cooperative Behavior, Game Theory, Humans, Probability, Rural Population, Social Support, Tanzania, Wilderness}, issn = {1476-4687}, doi = {10.1038/nature10736}, author = {Apicella, Coren L and Marlowe, Frank W and Fowler, James H and Christakis, Nicholas A} } @article {715, title = {The Safe Kindergarten: Promotion of Communication and Social Skills Among Kindergartners}, journal = {Early Education \& Development}, volume = {19}, year = {2008}, month = {Mar-12-2008}, pages = {865 - 884}, issn = {1040-9289}, doi = {10.1080/10409280802516090}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10409280802516090}, author = {Aram, Dorit and Shlak, Maya} } @article {248, title = {Sniffing around oxytocin: review and meta-analyses of trials in healthy and clinical groups with implications for pharmacotherapy.}, journal = {Transl Psychiatry}, volume = {3}, year = {2013}, month = {2013}, pages = {e258}, abstract = {

The popularity of oxytocin (OT) has grown exponentially during the past decade, and so has the number of OT trials in healthy and clinical groups. We take stock of the evidence from these studies to explore potentials and limitations of pharmacotherapeutic applications. In healthy participants, intranasally administered OT leads to better emotion recognition and more trust in conspecifics, but the effects appear to be moderated by context (perceived threat of the \&$\#$39;out-group\&$\#$39;), personality and childhood experiences. In individuals with untoward childhood experiences, positive behavioral or neurobiological effects seem lowered or absent. In 19 clinical trials, covering autism, social anxiety, postnatal depression, obsessive-compulsive problems, schizophrenia, borderline personality disorder and post-traumatic stress, the effects of OT administration were tested, with doses ranging from 15 IU to more than 7000 IU. The combined effect size was d=0.32 (N=304; 95\% confidence interval (CI): 0.18-0.47; P\<0.01). However, of all disorders, only studies on autism spectrum disorder showed a significant combined effect size (d=0.57; N=68; 95\% CI: 0.15-0.99; P\<0.01). We hypothesize that for some of the other disorders, etiological factors rooted in negative childhood experiences may also have a role in the diminished effectiveness of treatment with OT.

}, keywords = {Administration, Intranasal, Anti-Anxiety Agents, Anxiety, Child, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Depression, Humans, Mental Disorders, Oxytocin, Personality Disorders, Phobic Disorders, Schizophrenia, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Trust}, issn = {2158-3188}, doi = {10.1038/tp.2013.34}, author = {Bakermans-Kranenburg, M J and van I Jzendoorn, M H} } @article {696, title = {Sociopsychological Foundations of Intractable Conflicts}, journal = {American Behavioral Scientist}, volume = {50}, year = {2007}, month = {Jan-07-2007}, pages = {1430 - 1453}, issn = {0002-7642}, doi = {10.1177/0002764207302462}, url = {http://abs.sagepub.com/cgi/doi/10.1177/0002764207302462}, author = {Bar-Tal, D.} } @article {258, title = {Social effects of oxytocin in humans: context and person matter.}, journal = {Trends Cogn Sci}, volume = {15}, year = {2011}, month = {2011 Jul}, pages = {301-9}, abstract = {

Building on animal research, the past decade has witnessed a surge of interest in the effects of oxytocin on social cognition and prosocial behavior in humans. This work has generated considerable excitement about identifying the neurochemical underpinnings of sociality in humans, and discovering compounds to treat social functioning deficits. Inspection of the literature, however, reveals that the effects of oxytocin in the social domain are often weak and/or inconsistent. We propose that this literature can be informed by an interactionist approach in which the effects of oxytocin are constrained by features of situations and/or individuals. We show how this approach can improve understanding of extant research, suggest novel mechanisms through which oxytocin might operate, and refine predictions about oxytocin pharmacotherapy.

}, keywords = {Animals, Brain, Cognition Disorders, Humans, Oxytocin, Social Behavior}, issn = {1879-307X}, doi = {10.1016/j.tics.2011.05.002}, author = {Bartz, Jennifer A and Zaki, Jamil and Bolger, Niall and Ochsner, Kevin N} } @article {5446, title = {The science of early adversity: is there a role for large institutions in the care of vulnerable children?}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {386}, number = {9991}, year = {2015}, note = {Berens, Anne E
Nelson, Charles A
eng
MH091363/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
Review
England
2015/02/02 06:00
Lancet. 2015 Jul 25;386(9991):388-98. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61131-4. Epub 2015 Jan 29.}, month = {Jul 25}, pages = {388-98}, abstract = {It has been more than 80 years since researchers in child psychiatry first documented developmental delays among children separated from family environments and placed in orphanages or other institutions. Informed by such findings, global conventions, including the 1989 UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, assert a child{\textquoteright}s right to care within a family-like environment that offers individualised support. Nevertheless, an estimated 8 million children are presently growing up in congregate care institutions. Common reasons for institutionalisation include orphaning, abandonment due to poverty, abuse in families of origin, disability, and mental illness. Although the practice remains widespread, a robust body of scientific work suggests that institutionalisation in early childhood can incur developmental damage across diverse domains. Specific deficits have been documented in areas including physical growth, cognitive function, neurodevelopment, and social-psychological health. Effects seem most pronounced when children have least access to individualised caregiving, and when deprivation coincides with early developmental sensitive periods. Offering hope, early interventions that place institutionalised children into families have afforded substantial recovery. The strength of scientific evidence imparts urgency to efforts to achieve deinstitutionalisation in global child protection sectors, and to intervene early for individual children experiencing deprivation.}, keywords = {*Child Welfare, Brain/growth \& development, Child, Child Development, Child, Institutionalized/*psychology, Deinstitutionalization, Developmental Disabilities/etiology/*prevention \& control, Humans, Institutionalization, Orphanages, Social Support}, isbn = {1474-547X (Electronic)
0140-6736 (Linking)}, author = {Berens, A. E. and Nelson, C. A.} } @book {489, title = {South African Child Gauge 2013}, year = {2013}, publisher = {Children{\textquoteright}s Institute, University of Cape Town}, organization = {Children{\textquoteright}s Institute, University of Cape Town}, isbn = {9780799224986}, url = {https://books.google.com/books?id=RorhoAEACAAJ}, author = {Berry, L. and University of Cape Town. Children{\textquoteright}s Institute} } @article {4961, title = {Sierra Leone{\textquoteright}s former child soldiers: a longitudinal study of risk, protective factors, and mental health}, journal = {J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry}, volume = {49}, number = {6}, year = {2010}, note = {Betancourt, Theresa S
Brennan, Robert T
Rubin-Smith, Julia
Fitzmaurice, Garrett M
Gilman, Stephen E
eng
K01 MH077246/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/
K01 MH077246-01A2/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/
1K01MH077246-01A2/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S.
2010/05/25 06:00
J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2010 Jun;49(6):606-15. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2010.03.008. Epub 2010 May 1.}, month = {Jun}, pages = {606-15}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To investigate the longitudinal course of internalizing and externalizing problems and adaptive/prosocial behaviors among Sierra Leonean former child soldiers and whether postconflict factors contribute to adverse or resilient mental health outcomes. METHOD: Male and female former child soldiers (N = 260, aged 10 to 17 years at baseline) were recruited from the roster of an non-governmental organization (NGO)-run Interim Care Center in Kono District and interviewed in 2002, 2004, and 2008. The retention rate was 69\%. Linear growth models were used to investigate trends related to war and postconflict experiences. RESULTS: The long-term mental health of former child soldiers was associated with war experiences and postconflict risk factors, which were partly mitigated by postconflict protective factors. Increases in externalizing behavior were associated with killing/injuring others during the war and postconflict stigma, whereas increased community acceptance was associated with decreases in externalizing problems (b = -1.09). High baseline levels of internalizing problems were associated with being raped, whereas increases were associated with younger involvement in armed groups and social and economic hardships. Improvements in internalizing problems were associated with higher levels of community acceptance and increases in community acceptance (b = -0.86). Decreases in adaptive/prosocial behaviors were associated with killing/injuring others during the war and postconflict stigma, but partially mitigated by social support, being in school and increased community acceptance (b = 1.93). CONCLUSIONS: Psychosocial interventions for former child soldiers may be more effective if they account for postconflict factors in addition to war exposures. Youth with accumulated risk factors, lack of protective factors, and persistent distress should be identified. Sustainable services to promote community acceptance, reduce stigma, and expand social supports and educational access are recommended.}, keywords = {*Adaptation, Psychological, *Civil Disorders, *Developing Countries, *Internal-External Control, *Resilience, Psychological, *Social Adjustment, *Social Behavior, Adolescent, Aggression/psychology, Anxiety Disorders/diagnosis/epidemiology/psychology, Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depressive Disorder/diagnosis/epidemiology/psychology, Female, Homicide/psychology, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Mental Disorders/diagnosis/epidemiology/*psychology, Military Personnel/*psychology, Prejudice, Rape/psychology, Sierra Leone, Social Identification, Social Support, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/diagnosis/epidemiology/psychology, Violence/psychology/statistics \& numerical data, Wounds and Injuries/psychology, Young Adult}, isbn = {1527-5418 (Electronic)
0890-8567 (Linking)}, author = {Betancourt, T. S. and Brennan, R. T. and Rubin-Smith, J. and Fitzmaurice, G. M. and Gilman, S. E.} } @article {4951, title = {Sierra Leone{\textquoteright}s former child soldiers: a follow-up study of psychosocial adjustment and community reintegration}, journal = {Child Dev}, volume = {81}, number = {4}, year = {2010}, note = {Betancourt, Theresa Stichick
Borisova, Ivelina Ivanova
Williams, Timothy Philip
Brennan, Robert T
Whitfield, Theodore H
de la Soudiere, Marie
Williamson, John
Gilman, Stephen E
eng
K01 MH077246/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/
K01 MH077246-01A2/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/
1K01MH077246-01A2/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/
P60 MD002261/MD/NIMHD NIH HHS/
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S.
2010/07/20 06:00
Child Dev. 2010 Jul-Aug;81(4):1077-95. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01455.x.}, month = {Jul-Aug}, pages = {1077-95}, abstract = {This is the first prospective study to investigate psychosocial adjustment in male and female former child soldiers (ages 10-18; n = 156, 12\% female). The study began in Sierra Leone in 2002 and was designed to examine both risk and protective factors in psychosocial adjustment. Over the 2-year period of follow-up, youth who had wounded or killed others during the war demonstrated increases in hostility. Youth who survived rape not only had higher levels of anxiety and hostility but also demonstrated greater confidence and prosocial attitudes at follow-up. Of the potential protective resources examined, improved community acceptance was associated with reduced depression at follow-up and improved confidence and prosocial attitudes regardless of levels of violence exposure. Retention in school was also associated with greater prosocial attitudes.}, keywords = {*Adaptation, Psychological, *Social Adjustment, *Warfare, Adolescent, Child, Family, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Hostility, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Military Personnel/*psychology, Prospective Studies, Psychology, Adolescent, Psychology, Child, Residence Characteristics, Sierra Leone, Socioeconomic Factors, Violence}, isbn = {1467-8624 (Electronic)
0009-3920 (Linking)}, author = {Betancourt, T. S. and Borisova,, II and Williams, T. P. and Brennan, R. T. and Whitfield, T. H. and de la Soudiere, M. and Williamson, J. and Gilman, S. E.} } @article {4936, title = {Sierra Leone{\textquoteright}s child soldiers: war exposures and mental health problems by gender}, journal = {J Adolesc HealthJ Adolesc Health}, volume = {49}, number = {1}, year = {2011}, note = {Betancourt, Theresa S
Borisova, Ivelina I
de la Soudiere, Marie
Williamson, John
eng
K01 MH077246/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/
K01 MH077246-01A2/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/
1K01MH077246-01A2/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S.
2011/06/28 06:00
J Adolesc Health. 2011 Jul;49(1):21-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.09.021. Epub 2010 Dec 24.}, month = {Jul}, pages = {21-8}, abstract = {PURPOSE: To examine associations between war experiences, mental health, and gender in a sample of male and female Sierra Leonean former child soldiers. METHODS: A total of 273 former child soldiers (29\% females) were assessed for depression and anxiety by using the Hopkins Symptoms Checklist, and for hostility, confidence, and prosocial attitudes by using an instrument developed for use with Sierra Leonean child soldiers. RESULTS: The former child soldiers had witnessed and perpetrated violence at largely comparable rates, although females experienced higher rates of rape (p < .0001). More females scored within clinical ranges for depression (p = .008) and anxiety (p < .0001). In multiple regression analyses, female gender was a significant predictor of lower levels of confidence but not of mental health problems. Children who perpetrated injury or killing reported greater levels of depression (p < .0001), anxiety (p < .0001), and hostility (p < .0001). Surviving rape was associated with increased anxiety (p < .05) and hostility (p < .05), in males. Surviving rape was also related to higher confidence levels (p < .05) and prosocial attitudes (p < .05). Male former child soldiers who lost caregivers were also more vulnerable to depression (p < .05) and anxiety (p < .05), strong and significant effects noted among male child soldiers. CONCLUSIONS: In our sample, female and male child soldiers experienced comparable levels of most war exposures. Female soldiers reported higher rates of rape and lower levels of adaptive outcomes. Toxic forms of violence (killing or injuring; rape) were associated with particularly poor outcomes. Although all boys and girls who experience rape and loss of caregivers are generally at risk for mental health problems, boys in our sample demonstrated increased vulnerability; these findings indicate a need for more inclusive mental health services.}, keywords = {*Warfare, Adolescent, Cohort Studies, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Mental Disorders/*epidemiology, Military Personnel/*psychology, Sex Factors, Sierra Leone/epidemiology, Young Adult}, isbn = {1879-1972 (Electronic)
1054-139X (Linking)}, author = {Betancourt, T. S. and Borisova,, II and de la Soudiere, M. and Williamson, J.} } @book {2591, title = {Synthesis Report: Language Education and Social Cohesion (LESC) Initiative in Malaysia, Myanmar and Thailand}, year = {2016}, publisher = {UNICEF East Asia and Pacific Regional Office 2016}, organization = {UNICEF East Asia and Pacific Regional Office 2016}, url = {https://books.google.com/books?id=AZZnnQAACAAJ}, author = {Bianco, J.L.} } @article {280, title = {Socioeconomic disparities in adverse birth outcomes: a systematic review.}, journal = {Am J Prev Med}, volume = {39}, year = {2010}, month = {2010 Sep}, pages = {263-72}, abstract = {

CONTEXT: Adverse birth outcomes, such as preterm birth and low birth weight, have serious health consequences across the life course. Socioeconomic disparities in birth outcomes have not been the subject of a recent systematic review. The aim of this study was to systematically review the literature on the association of socioeconomic disadvantage with adverse birth outcomes, with specific attention to the strength and consistency of effects across socioeconomic measures, birth outcomes, and populations.

EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: Relevant articles published from 1999 to 2007 were obtained through electronic database searches and manual searches of reference lists. English-language studies from industrialized countries were included if (1) study objectives included examination of a socioeconomic disparity in a birth outcome and (2) results were presented on the association between a socioeconomic predictor and a birth outcome related to birth weight, gestational age, or intrauterine growth. Two reviewers extracted data and independently rated study quality; data were analyzed in 2008-2009.

EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: Ninety-three of 106 studies reported a significant association, overall or within a population subgroup, between a socioeconomic measure and a birth outcome. Socioeconomic disadvantage was consistently associated with increased risk across socioeconomic measures, birth outcomes, and countries; many studies observed racial/ethnic differences in the effect of socioeconomic measures.

CONCLUSIONS: Socioeconomic differences in birth outcomes remain pervasive, with substantial variation by racial or ethnic subgroup, and are associated with disadvantage measured at multiple levels (individual/family, neighborhood) and time points (childhood, adulthood), and with adverse health behaviors that are themselves socially patterned. Future reviews should focus on identifying interventions to successfully reduce socioeconomic disparities in birth outcomes.

}, keywords = {Continental Population Groups, Ethnic Groups, Female, Health Status Disparities, Humans, Infant, Low Birth Weight, Infant, Newborn, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Pregnancy Outcome, Premature Birth, Risk, Socioeconomic Factors}, issn = {1873-2607}, doi = {10.1016/j.amepre.2010.05.012}, author = {Blumenshine, Philip and Egerter, Susan and Barclay, Colleen J and Cubbin, Catherine and Braveman, Paula A} } @article {287, title = {Social stratification, classroom climate, and the behavioral adaptation of kindergarten children.}, journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A}, volume = {109 Suppl 2}, year = {2012}, month = {2012 Oct 16}, pages = {17168-73}, abstract = {

Socioeconomic status (SES) is the single most potent determinant of health within human populations, from infancy through old age. Although the social stratification of health is nearly universal, there is persistent uncertainty regarding the dimensions of SES that effect such inequalities and thus little clarity about the principles of intervention by which inequalities might be abated. Guided by animal models of hierarchical organization and the health correlates of subordination, this prospective study examined the partitioning of children\&$\#$39;s adaptive behavioral development by their positions within kindergarten classroom hierarchies. A sample of 338 5-y-old children was recruited from 29 Berkeley, California public school classrooms. A naturalistic observational measure of social position, parent-reported family SES, and child-reported classroom climate were used in estimating multilevel, random-effects models of children\&$\#$39;s adaptive behavior at the end of the kindergarten year. Children occupying subordinate positions had significantly more maladaptive behavioral outcomes than their dominant peers. Further, interaction terms revealed that low family SES and female sex magnified, and teachers\&$\#$39; child-centered pedagogical practices diminished, the adverse influences of social subordination. Taken together, results suggest that, even within early childhood groups, social stratification is associated with a partitioning of adaptive behavioral outcomes and that the character of larger societal and school structures in which such groups are nested can moderate rank-behavior associations.

}, keywords = {Adaptation, Psychological, California, Child, Child Behavior, Child Development, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Models, Psychological, Prospective Studies, Social Behavior, Social Class, Social Dominance, Social Environment, Students}, issn = {1091-6490}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.1201730109}, author = {Boyce, W. T. and Obradovic, J. and Bush, N. R. and Stamperdahl, J. and Kim, Y. S. and Adler, N.} } @article {285, title = {Social inequalities in childhood dental caries: the convergent roles of stress, bacteria and disadvantage.}, journal = {Soc Sci Med}, volume = {71}, year = {2010}, month = {2010 Nov}, pages = {1644-52}, abstract = {

The studies reported here examines stress-related psychobiological processes that might account for the high, disproportionate rates of dental caries, the most common chronic disease of childhood, among children growing up in low socioeconomic status (SES) families. In two 2004-2006 studies of kindergarten children from varying socioeconomic backgrounds in the San Francisco Bay Area of California (Ns = 94 and 38), we performed detailed dental examinations to count decayed, missing or filled dental surfaces and microtomography to assess the thickness and density of microanatomic dental compartments in exfoliated, deciduous teeth (i.e., the shed, primary dentition). Cross-sectional, multivariate associations were examined between these measures and SES-related risk factors, including household education, financial stressors, basal and reactive salivary cortisol secretion, and the number of oral cariogenic bacteria. We hypothesized that family stressors and stress-related changes in oral biology might explain, fully or in part, the known socioeconomic disparities in dental health. We found that nearly half of the five-year-old children studied had dental caries. Low SES, higher basal salivary cortisol secretion, and larger numbers of cariogenic bacteria were each significantly and independently associated with caries, and higher salivary cortisol reactivity was associated with thinner, softer enamel surfaces in exfoliated teeth. The highest rates of dental pathology were found among children with the combination of elevated salivary cortisol expression and high counts of cariogenic bacteria. The socioeconomic partitioning of childhood dental caries may thus involve social and psychobiological pathways through which lower SES is associated with higher numbers of cariogenic bacteria and higher levels of stress-associated salivary cortisol. This convergence of psychosocial, infectious and stress-related biological processes appears to be implicated in the production of greater cariogenic bacterial growth and in the conferral of an increased physical vulnerability of the developing dentition.

}, keywords = {Bacterial Physiological Phenomena, Child, Colony Count, Microbial, Cross-Sectional Studies, Dental Caries, Family, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Male, Risk Factors, Saliva, San Francisco, Social Class, Stress, Psychological}, issn = {1873-5347}, doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.07.045}, author = {Boyce, W. T. and Den Besten, P. K. and Stamperdahl, J. and Zhan, L. and Jiang, Y. and Adler, N. E. and Featherstone, J. D.} } @article {294, title = {Strengthening systems for integrated early childhood development services: a cross-national analysis of governance.}, journal = {Ann N Y Acad Sci}, volume = {1308}, year = {2014}, pages = {245-55}, abstract = {

While there has been substantial growth in early childhood development (ECD) services in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), there is considerable inequity in their distribution and quality. Evidence-based governance strategies are necessary, but currently they are insufficient for widespread, quality implementation. In particular, there is a limited understanding of the use of systems approaches for the analysis of ECD services as they go to scale. The aim of this paper is to present findings from four countries, using a cross-national case study approach to explore governance mechanisms required to strengthen national systems of ECD services. While different sets of governance strategies and challenges were identified in each country, overarching themes also emerged with implications for systems strengthening. Study results focus on local, mid-level and central governance, with recommendations for effective coordination and the integration of ECD services in LMICs.

}, keywords = {Child, Child Development, Child, Preschool, Delivery of Health Care, Integrated, Early Intervention (Education), Early Medical Intervention, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, National Health Programs}, issn = {1749-6632}, doi = {10.1111/nyas.12365}, author = {Britto, P. R. and Yoshikawa, H. and van Ravens, J. and Ponguta, L. A. and Reyes, M. and Oh, S. and Dimaya, R. and Nieto, A. M. and Seder, R.} } @article {5868, title = {Strengthening systems for integrated early childhood development services: a cross-national analysis of governance}, journal = {Ann N Y Acad SciAnn N Y Acad Sci}, volume = {1308}, year = {2014}, note = {1749-6632
Britto, Pia Rebello
Yoshikawa, Hirokazu
van Ravens, Jan
Ponguta, Liliana Angelica
Reyes, Maria
Oh, Soojin
Dimaya, Roland
Nieto, Ana Maria
Seder, Richard
Journal Article
United States
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2014 Jan;1308:245-55. doi: 10.1111/nyas.12365.}, month = {Jan}, pages = {245-55}, edition = {2014/02/28}, abstract = {While there has been substantial growth in early childhood development (ECD) services in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), there is considerable inequity in their distribution and quality. Evidence-based governance strategies are necessary, but currently they are insufficient for widespread, quality implementation. In particular, there is a limited understanding of the use of systems approaches for the analysis of ECD services as they go to scale. The aim of this paper is to present findings from four countries, using a cross-national case study approach to explore governance mechanisms required to strengthen national systems of ECD services. While different sets of governance strategies and challenges were identified in each country, overarching themes also emerged with implications for systems strengthening. Study results focus on local, mid-level and central governance, with recommendations for effective coordination and the integration of ECD services in LMICs.}, keywords = {*Child Development, Child, Child, Preschool, coordination, Delivery of Health Care, Integrated/organization \& administration, early childhood, Early Intervention (Education)/*organization \& administration, Early Medical Intervention/organization \& administration, governance, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), National Health Programs, systems strengthening}, isbn = {0077-8923}, doi = {10.1111/nyas.12365}, author = {Britto, P. R. and Yoshikawa, H. and van Ravens, J. and Ponguta, L. A. and Reyes, M. and Oh, S. and Dimaya, R. and Nieto, A. M. and Seder, R.} } @article {7452, title = {Social Protection Programs and Early Childhood Development: Unexplored Potential}, year = {2013}, institution = {Plan International Australia, Yale University}, keywords = {early childhood development, social protection}, url = {https://ecdpeace.org//sites/default/files/files/yale-plan-social-protection-study-v3-2013.pdf}, author = {Britto, P. and Williamson, A. and Snow, T. and Mandad, K.} } @article {297, title = {Social class, psychiatric disorder of mother, and accidents to children.}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {1}, year = {1978}, month = {1978 Feb 18}, pages = {378-81}, keywords = {Accident Proneness, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Child, Depression, Family Characteristics, Female, Humans, Life Change Events, London, Middle Aged, Mother-Child Relations, Risk, Social Class, Socioeconomic Factors}, issn = {0140-6736}, author = {Brown, G W and Davidson, S} } @article {656, title = {Some neo-Darwinian decision rules for altruism: Weighing cues for inclusive fitness as a function of the biological importance of the decision}, journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology}, volume = {67}, number = {5}, year = {1994}, pages = {773-789}, publisher = {American Psychological Association}, address = {US}, abstract = {

A neo-Darwinian heuristic for decisions involving altruism is hypothesized in this article. Following W. Hamilton\&$\#$39;s (1964) analysis of inclusive fitness, the assumption of this study is that tendencies to help another person are selected against, except when the donor and recipient are related and share genes underlying these tendencies. An important social psychological implication of Hamilton\&$\#$39;s formulation is that in group-living individuals (1) natural selection favors those who are prone to help others as a function of the latters\&$\#$39; relatedness, potential fecundity, or other features indicating a recipient\&$\#$39;s capacity to enhance the donors\&$\#$39; inclusive fitness, and (2) this effect is especially strong when help is biologically significant. Such a heuristic is demonstrated in several studies involving hypothetical decisions to help: In life-or-death situations, people chose to aid close kin over distant kin, the young over the old, the healthy over the sick, the wealthy over the poor, and the premenopausal woman over the postmenopausal woman; whereas when it is a matter of an everyday favor, they gave less weight to kinship and opted to help either the very young or the very old over those of intermediate age, the sick over the healthy, and the poor over the wealthy. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

}, keywords = {*Altruism, Decision Making}, isbn = {1939-1315(Electronic);0022-3514(Print)}, doi = {10.1037/0022-3514.67.5.773}, author = {Burnstein, Eugene and Crandall, Christian and Kitayama, Shinobu} } @article {303, title = {Social psychological contributions to the decade of the brain. Doctrine of multilevel analysis.}, journal = {Am Psychol}, volume = {47}, year = {1992}, month = {1992 Aug}, pages = {1019-28}, abstract = {

The 1990s were declared by Congress to be the \"decade of the brain.\" This declaration is important to all psychologists, not only neuroscientists, because with this declaration come expectations of the cognitive and behavioral sciences generally and because the brain does not exist in isolation but rather is a fundamental component of developing and aging individuals who themselves are mere actors in the larger theater of life. This article examines the importance of a multilevel, integrative approach to the study of mental and behavioral phenomena in the decade of the brain, reviews how this approach highlights the synergistic relationship between theoretical and clinically relevant research, and illustrates how this approach can foster the transition from microtheories to general psychological theories.

}, keywords = {Behavior, Brain, Humans, Mental Disorders, Social Environment}, issn = {0003-066X}, author = {Cacioppo, J T and Berntson, G G} } @article {316, title = {Sex differences in oxytocin and vasopressin: implications for autism spectrum disorders?}, journal = {Behav Brain Res}, volume = {176}, year = {2007}, month = {2007 Jan 10}, pages = {170-86}, abstract = {

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are male-biased and characterized by deficits in social behavior and social communication, excessive anxiety or hyperreactivity to stressful experiences, and a tendency toward repetitiveness. The purpose of this review is to consider evidence for a role for two sexually dimorphic neuropeptides, oxytocin (OT) and arginine vasopressin (VP), in these features of ASD. Both VP and OT play a role in normal development. VP is androgen-dependent and of particular importance to male behavior. Excess VP or disruptions in the VP system could contribute to the male vulnerability to ASD. Alternatively, protective processes mediated via OT or the OT receptor might help to explain the relatively rare occurrence of ASD in females. Disruptions in either OT or VP or their receptors could result from genetic variation or epigenetic modifications of gene expression, especially during early development. Deficits in other developmental growth factors, such as reelin, which may in turn regulate or be regulated by OT or VP, are additional candidates for a role in ASD.

}, keywords = {Amygdala, Animals, Arginine Vasopressin, Autistic Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Oxytocin, Sex Factors}, issn = {0166-4328}, doi = {10.1016/j.bbr.2006.08.025}, author = {Carter, C. S.} } @article {5754, title = {Summer preschool program for refugees: A practitioner{\textquoteright}s guide for improving school readiness}, year = {2017}, publisher = {ACEV - Mother Child Education Foundation}, address = {Istanbul, Turkey}, abstract = {In order to reach their highest potential, all children must be supported through education from early ages onwards. This is why from its inception to the present; ACEV has been developing intervention programs suited to the needs of disadvantaged children with limited access to preschool education. ACEV{\textquoteright}s Preschool Education Program (PEP) was developed with this purpose for our Summer Preschools in 2003, in regions where access to early childhood education remains low. Then, PEP was adapted in 2016 to meet the needs of Syrian children, and implemented as a pilot project in collaboration with the Istanbul Provincial Directorate of National Education. This Practitioner{\textquoteright}s Guide draws from the Monitoring and Evaluation Report of the pilot project for the Summer Preschools for Syrian Children, prepared by Asst. Prof. Ersoy Erdemir. It addresses the various factors recommended for consideration in efforts to improve the school readiness of Syrian children via a short-term intervention program. The first section of the Guide contains information on ACEV{\textquoteright}s Summer Preschools Program, while the second section focuses on recommendations for consideration in future implementations based on the experiences gained in this project. }, keywords = {Early childhood education, refugee children, school readiness}, url = {http://www.en.acev.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/3.Syrian-Children.CaseStudy.pdf}, author = {A{\c C}EV and Mother Child Education Foundation} } @article {328, title = {Stress during gestation alters postpartum maternal care and the development of the offspring in a rodent model.}, journal = {Biol Psychiatry}, volume = {59}, year = {2006}, month = {2006 Jun 15}, pages = {1227-35}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: Epidemiological studies suggest that environmental adversity can alter parental care and thus influence child development. We addressed the question of whether stressors can directly affect parental behavior using a rodent model of stable, individual differences in maternal behavior.

METHODS: Lactating rat mothers were characterized as high or low in pup-directed licking/grooming (LG) behavior, rebred, and subjected to 7 days of intermittent stress or control conditions during gestation. Female rats were mated a third time without any subsequent intervention. Maternal behavior, oxytocin receptor (OTR) binding, and offspring behavior were examined.

RESULTS: Stress reduced OTR levels and pup LG of high LG mothers to levels comparable with those of low LG mothers. The adult offspring of the gestational stress/high LG mothers resembled those of low LG mothers on behavioral measures of anxiety and maternal behavior, as well as OTR levels. The results of the third mating revealed an enduring effect of gestational stress on both mother and offspring maternal LG.

CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that stress can directly alter maternal care through the neuroendocrine systems that normally regulate this behavior. Thus, the effects of environmental adversity can be transmitted across generations through a nongenomic mechanism involving maternal care.

}, keywords = {Analysis of Variance, Animals, Animals, Newborn, Behavior, Animal, Corticosterone, Disease Models, Animal, Female, Grooming, Maternal Behavior, Postpartum Period, Pregnancy, Rats, Rats, Long-Evans, Receptors, Oxytocin, Stress, Psychological}, issn = {0006-3223}, doi = {10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.10.016}, author = {Champagne, Frances A and Meaney, Michael J} } @book {507, title = {Socioemotional Development in Cultural Context}, year = {2011}, publisher = {Guilford Publications}, organization = {Guilford Publications}, isbn = {9781609181888}, url = {http://www.guilford.com/books/Socioemotional-Development-in-Cultural-Context/Chen-Rubin/9781609181864}, author = {Chen, X. and Rubin, K.H.} } @article {6188, title = {Small voices, BIG dreams 2019: Violence against children, as explained by children}, year = {2019}, institution = {ChildFund Alliance}, address = {New York City}, keywords = {violence against children, violence prevention}, url = {https://www.smallvoicesbigdreams.org/en/}, author = {Childfund, Alliance} } @article {4111, title = {Seven essential elements for creating effective children{\textquoteright}s media to promote peacebuilding: Lessons from international co-productions of Sesame Street and other children{\textquoteright}s media programs}, journal = {New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development}, volume = {2018}, year = {2018}, month = {Jan-03-2018}, pages = {55 - 69}, doi = {10.1002/cad.2018.2018.issue-15910.1002/cad.20229}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/cad.2018.2018.issue-159http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/cad.20229http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1002/cad.20229/fullpdfhttps://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1002\%2Fcad.20229}, author = {Cole, C. F. and Lee, J. H. and Bucuvalas, A. and Sirali, Y.}, editor = {Leckman, J. F. and Britto, P. R.} } @article {661, title = {Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital}, journal = {American Journal of Sociology}, volume = {94}, year = {1988}, pages = {S95-S120}, publisher = {The University of Chicago Press}, abstract = {

In this paper, the concept of social capital is introduced and illustrated, its forms are described, the social structural conditions under which it arises are examined, and it is used in an analysis of dropouts from high school. Use of the concept of social capital is part of a general theoretical strategy discussed in the paper: taking rational action as a starting point but rejecting the extreme individualistic premises that often accompany it. The conception of social capital as a resource for action is one way of introducing social structure into the rational action paradigm. Three forms of social capital are examined: obligations and expectations, information channels, and social norms. The role of closure in the social structure in facilitating the first and third of these forms of social capital is described. An analysis of the effect of the lack of social capital available to high school sophomores on dropping out of school before graduation is carried out. The effect of social capital within the family and in the community outside the family is examined.

}, isbn = {00029602}, doi = {10.2307/2780243}, author = {Coleman, James S.} } @article {2731, title = {Socioeconomic Status, Family Processes, and Individual Development}, journal = {Journal of marriage and the family}, volume = {72}, number = {3}, year = {2010}, note = {20676350[pmid]
J Marriage Fam}, pages = {685-704}, abstract = {Research during the past decade shows that social class or socioeconomic status (SES) is related to satisfaction and stability in romantic unions, the quality of parent-child relationships, and a range of developmental outcomes for adults and children. This review focuses on evidence regarding potential mechanisms proposed to account for these associations. Research findings reported during the past decade demonstrate support for an interactionist model of the relationship between SES and family life, which incorporates assumptions from both the social causation and social selection perspectives. The review concludes with recommendations for future research on SES, family processes and individual development in terms of important theoretical and methodological issues yet to be addressed.}, isbn = {0022-2445
1741-3737}, doi = {10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00725.x}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2910915/}, author = {Conger, Rand D. and Conger, Katherine J. and Martin, Monica J.} } @article {7306, title = {Supporting Maternal Mental Health and Nurturing Care in Humanitarian Settings}, journal = {Journal on Education in Emergencies}, volume = {7}, year = {2021}, month = {Nov-06-2022}, pages = {119}, keywords = {early childhood development, humanitarian settings, mental health and psychological support services}, doi = {10.33682/zhd4-5xt710.33682/9s48-6d0x}, url = {https://archive.nyu.edu/handle/2451/62213}, author = {Daelmans, Bernadette and Nair, Mahalakshmi and Hanna, Fahmy and Lincetto, Ornella and Dua, Tarun and Hunt, Xanthe} } @article {7682, title = {Scoping Review: Digital Mental Health Interventions for Children and Adolescents Affected by War}, journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Child \& Adolescent Psychiatry}, year = {2024}, month = {Jan-05-2024}, abstract = {

Objective: More than 200 million children and adolescents live in countries affected by violent conflict, are likely to have complex mental health needs, and struggle to access traditional mental health services. Digital mental health interventions have the potential to overcome some of the barriers in accessing mental health support. We performed a scoping review to map existing digital mental health interventions relevant for children and adolescents affected by war, to examine the strength of the evidence base, and to inform the development of future interventions. More.

}, keywords = {adolescents; children; digital intervention; mental health; war}, issn = {08908567}, doi = {10.1016/j.jaac.2024.02.017}, url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0890856724002430}, author = {Danese, Andrea and Martsenkovskyi, Dmytro and Remberk, Barbara and Khalil, Monika Youssef and Diggins, Emma and Keiller, Eleanor and Masood, Saba and Awah, Isang and Barbui, Corrado and Beer, Ren{\'e}e and Calam, Rachel and Gagliato, Marcio and Jensen, Tine K. and Kostova, Zlatina and Leckman, James F. and Lewis, Stephanie J. and Lorberg, Boris and Myshakivska, Olha and Pfeiffer, Elisa and Rosner, Rita and Schleider, Jessica L. and Shenderovich, Yulia and Skokauskas, Norbert and Tolan, Patrick H. and Caffo, Ernesto and Sijbrandij, Marit and Ougrin, Dennis and Leventhal, Bennett L. and Weisz, John R.} } @article {6466, title = {Sexual assault hotline sees spike in messages from minors amid coronovirus outbreak}, year = {2020}, month = {April/2020}, publisher = {Newsweek}, keywords = {Child Abuse, COVID-19, sexual abuse}, url = {https://www.newsweek.com/sexual-assault-hotline-sees-spike-messages-minors-amid-coronavirus-outbreak-1498520}, author = {DaSilva, C.} } @inbook {5666, title = {Structural violence and early childhood development}, booktitle = {Pathways to peace: The transformative power of children and families}, year = {2014}, pages = {233 - 250}, publisher = {The MIT Press}, organization = {The MIT Press}, chapter = {13}, abstract = {The first part of this chapter examines the influence of structural violence on early child development and the family environment. In contrast to direct violence, this form manifests as unequal exposure to protective and risk factors, inequitable access to the resources and services that could ameliorate risk and support positive development, and as unequal service quality. Similar to direct violence, the structural variant violates the rights of children and undermines the protective capacities of those who care for them. Insults to early development raise the probability of poor outcomes in the long term, including reduced capabilities for productive, prosocial, and peaceable citizenship. The second part offers the example of an essential package of population-level, evidence-based services for young children and caregivers that has been developed in South Africa. These services aim to reduce exposure to risk factors that compromise developmental potential, and to increase protective and promotive influences in those most affected by poverty. It covers basic services designed to promote maternal and child health and nutrition, stimulation for early learning, social protection, child protection, and the well-being of primary caregivers. Provision of these services is seen as a social good (not just an investment in future productivity). They should be available to all, but particularly to those disadvantaged by poverty and other forms of deprivation occasioned by structural violence.}, keywords = {child health, early childhood development, peaceable citizenship, protective influences, rights of children, structural violence}, doi = {10.7551/mitpress/9780262027984.003.0013}, url = {https://direct.mit.edu/books/edited-volume/3682/Pathways-to-PeaceThe-Transformative-Power-of}, author = {Dawes, Andrew and Merwe, Amelia van der}, editor = {Leckman, James F. and Panter-Brick, Catherine and Salah, Rima} } @article {2816, title = {Sensitivity and attachment: a meta-analysis on parental antecedents of infant attachment}, journal = {Child Dev}, volume = {68}, number = {4}, year = {2006}, note = {De Wolff, M S
van Ijzendoorn, M H
eng
Meta-Analysis
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
1997/08/01 00:00
Child Dev. 1997 Aug;68(4):571-91.}, month = {Aug}, pages = {571-91}, abstract = {This meta-analysis included 66 studies (N = 4,176) on parental antecedents of attachment security. The question addressed was whether maternal sensitivity is associated with infant attachment security, and what the strength of this relation is. It was hypothesized that studies more similar to Ainsworth{\textquoteright}s Baltimore study (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, \& Wall, 1978) would show stronger associations than studies diverging from this pioneering study. To create conceptually homogeneous sets of studies, experts divided the studies into 9 groups with similar constructs and measures of parenting. For each domain, a meta-analysis was performed to describe the central tendency, variability, and relevant moderators. After correction for attenuation, the 21 studies (N = 1,099) in which the Strange Situation procedure in nonclinical samples was used, as well as preceding or concurrent observational sensitivity measures, showed a combined effect size of r(1,097) = .24. According to Cohen{\textquoteright}s (1988) conventional criteria, the association is moderately strong. It is concluded that in normal settings sensitivity is an important but not exclusive condition of attachment security. Several other dimensions of parenting are identified as playing an equally important role. In attachment theory, a move to the contextual level is required to interpret the complex transactions between context and sensitivity in less stable and more stressful settings, and to pay more attention to nonshared environmental influences.}, keywords = {*Maternal Behavior, *Mother-Child Relations, *Object Attachment, *Psychological Theory, *Psychology, Child, Adult, Communication, Cooperative Behavior, Cues, Female, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Parenting/*psychology, Research Design, Touch}, isbn = {0009-3920 (Print)
0009-3920 (Linking)}, doi = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1997.tb04218.x}, author = {De Wolff, M. S. and van IJzendoorn, M. H.} } @article {2831, title = {Sex, attachment, and the development of reproductive strategies}, journal = {Behav Brain Sci}, volume = {32}, number = {1}, year = {2009}, note = {Del Giudice, Marco
eng
England
2009/02/13 09:00
Behav Brain Sci. 2009 Feb;32(1):1-21; discussion 21-67. doi: 10.1017/S0140525X09000016.}, month = {Feb}, pages = {1-21; discussion 21-67}, abstract = {This target article presents an integrated evolutionary model of the development of attachment and human reproductive strategies. It is argued that sex differences in attachment emerge in middle childhood, have adaptive significance in both children and adults, and are part of sex-specific life history strategies. Early psychosocial stress and insecure attachment act as cues of environmental risk, and tend to switch development towards reproductive strategies favoring current reproduction and higher mating effort. However, due to sex differences in life history trade-offs between mating and parenting, insecure males tend to adopt avoidant strategies, whereas insecure females tend to adopt anxious/ambivalent strategies, which maximize investment from kin and mates. Females are expected to shift to avoidant patterns when environmental risk is more severe. Avoidant and ambivalent attachment patterns also have different adaptive values for boys and girls, in the context of same-sex competition in the peer group: in particular, the competitive and aggressive traits related to avoidant attachment can be favored as a status-seeking strategy for males. Finally, adrenarche is proposed as the endocrine mechanism underlying the reorganization of attachment in middle childhood, and the implications for the relationship between attachment and sexual development are explored. Sex differences in the development of attachment can be fruitfully integrated within the broader framework of adaptive plasticity in life history strategies, thus contributing to a coherent evolutionary theory of human development.}, keywords = {*Biological Evolution, *Object Attachment, *Sex Characteristics, Adolescent, Adrenarche/physiology/*psychology, Adult, Aggression/psychology, Animals, Child, Child Development, Child, Preschool, Competitive Behavior, Female, Humans, Infant, Life Change Events, Male, Marriage/*psychology, Parent-Child Relations, Parenting, Phenotype, Psychological Theory, Sexual Behavior/physiology/psychology, Sexual Development, Stress, Psychological}, isbn = {1469-1825 (Electronic)
0140-525X (Linking)}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X09000016}, author = {Del Giudice, M.} } @article {5261, title = {Secondary Traumatization in Caregivers Working With Women and Children Who Suffered Extreme Violence by the "Islamic State"}, journal = {Front Psychiatry}, volume = {9}, year = {2018}, note = {Denkinger, Jana K
Windthorst, Petra
Rometsch-Ogioun El Sount, Caroline
Blume, Michael
Sedik, Hes
Kizilhan, Jan I
Gibbons, Niamh
Pham, Phuong
Hillebrecht, Jennifer
Ateia, Nora
Nikendei, Christoph
Zipfel, Stephan
Junne, Florian
eng
Switzerland
2018/06/21 06:00
Front Psychiatry. 2018 Jun 5;9:234. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00234. eCollection 2018.}, pages = {234}, abstract = {Introduction: Refugees fleeing persecution, torture, or sexual violence are at high risk of developing both acute and chronic psychological disorders. Systematic violence, as committed against the Yazidi minority in Northern Iraq by the terror organization known as the Islamic State (IS), can be seen as a particularly traumatic burden to the victims, but also to caregivers providing treatments and assistance to them. The intense exposure to traumatic content may cause secondary traumatization in respective caregivers. This study aims (1) to identify the prevalence of secondary traumatization in caregivers working with traumatized women and children from Northern Iraq; (2) to determine the specific distressing factors and resources of the caregivers; as well as (3) to analyze whether caregivers{\textquoteright} personal history of trauma or flight, attachment styles, working arrangements as well as support offers qualify as risk or resilience factors for secondary traumatization. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, N = 84 caregivers (social workers, psychotherapists/physicians, and interpreters) in the context of a Humanitarian Admission Program (HAP) for women and children traumatized by the so called IS were investigated about their work-related burdens and resources. Secondary traumatization was assessed with the Questionnaire for Secondary Traumatization (FST). To identify relevant determinants for secondary traumatization multiple linear regression analyses were performed. Results: Secondary traumatization was present in 22.9\% of the participating caregivers, with 8.6\% showing a severe symptom load. A personal history of traumatic experiences, a personal history of flight, a higher number of hours per week working in direct contact with refugees as well as a preoccupied attachment style were detected as risk factors for secondary traumatization. A secure attachment style could be identified as a resilience factor for secondary traumatization. Discussion: Caregivers working with traumatized refugees are at high risk of developing secondary traumatization. Based on the findings of this study and theoretical considerations, a framework of classification for different types of trauma-associated psychological burdens of caregivers working with traumatized refugees is proposed. Implications for the training and supervision of professionals in refugee- and trauma-care are discussed.}, keywords = {attachment style, caregiver, genocide, Refugees, resilience, secondary traumatization, Trauma, Yazidi}, isbn = {1664-0640 (Print)
1664-0640 (Linking)}, author = {Denkinger, J. K. and Windthorst, P. and Rometsch-Ogioun El Sount, C. and Blume, M. and Sedik, H. and Kizilhan, J. I. and Gibbons, N. and Pham, P. and Hillebrecht, J. and Ateia, N. and Nikendei, C. and Zipfel, S. and Junne, F.} } @article {380, title = {Secondary analysis of the "Love Me...Never Shake Me" SBS education program.}, journal = {Child Abuse Negl}, volume = {32}, year = {2008}, month = {2008 Nov}, pages = {1017-25}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVE: Shaken baby syndrome (SBS) is preventable; however, an estimated 21-74 per 100,000 children worldwide are victims annually. This study examined the effectiveness of an SBS prevention program in the US.

METHODS: A descriptive, secondary analysis of the Prevent Child Abuse Ohio (PCAO) \"Love Me...Never Shake Me\" SBS education program database included 7,051 women who completed a commitment statement, pre and post-test, and follow-up survey.

RESULTS: Participants were mostly White (76\%), had at least some college education (62\%), were privately insured (62\%), and lived with the father and infant (63\%). Mothers knew of the dangers of shaking (96\%) and recommended SBS education for all parents (98\%) because they found it helpful (97\%). Scores on the pre and post-tests were significantly different, but there was no difference based on education site or demographics. There was a significant increase in a pre/post-test item pertaining to infant crying. At follow-up, participants remembered postpartum SBS education (98\%), but post-discharge did not receive SBS education from their primary care provider (62\%). Most mothers practiced infant soothing techniques (79\%) provided in the education; however, few women practiced self-coping techniques (36\%) and accessed community support services (9\%).

CONCLUSIONS: Postpartum SBS prevention education should continue. Development of SBS programs should result from these study findings focusing on education content and program evaluation.

PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Mothers report that shaken baby syndrome education is important for all parents and memorable at follow-up. Postpartum SBS education should continue because the hospital is the primary place they receive education. Mothers\&$\#$39; report they less frequently receive education from healthcare sources post-discharge. Diligence of primary care providers to incorporate SBS prevention education in well child visits will increase parental exposure to this information. Education may need to place greater emphasis on infant crying and soothing, as well as parent support and self-coping techniques versus the dangers of shaking.

}, keywords = {Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Adult, Analysis of Variance, Child Abuse, Databases, Factual, Fathers, Female, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Hospitals, Humans, Infant Care, Infant, Newborn, Male, Middle Aged, Mothers, Ohio, Patient Education as Topic, Postpartum Period, Questionnaires, Shaken Baby Syndrome, Young Adult}, issn = {1873-7757}, doi = {10.1016/j.chiabu.2008.02.006}, author = {Deyo, Grace and Skybo, Theresa and Carroll, Alisa} } @article {2851, title = {A systematic review on the mental health of children and adolescents in areas of armed conflict in the Middle East}, journal = {Child Care Health Dev}, volume = {38}, number = {2}, year = {2012}, note = {Dimitry, L
eng
Review
England
2011/05/28 06:00
Child Care Health Dev. 2012 Mar;38(2):153-61. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2214.2011.01246.x. Epub 2011 May 27.}, month = {Mar}, pages = {153-61}, abstract = {For many decades, the Middle East has been troubled with numerous long-standing armed conflicts and wars. Children and adolescents were not spared the trauma and its consequences. Exposure to traumatic events can result in mental, behavioural and emotional problems in children and adolescents. To date, this is the first paper that aims to systematically review the literature on the mental health of children and adolescents living in areas of armed conflict in the Middle East, specifically Israel, Palestine, Lebanon and Iraq. It explores factors that mediate between exposure to armed conflict and mental, behavioural and emotional problems and places them in a cultural context. Pubmed was searched and papers were identified using specific inclusion criteria. Seventy-one eligible studies were included. The main findings are that children and adolescents living in these conflict zones are exposed to high levels of traumatic experiences. Number of conflict-related traumatic experiences correlates positively with prevalence of mental, behavioural and emotional problems. Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents is estimated to be 5-8\% in Israel, 23-70\% in Palestine and 10-30\% in Iraq (insufficient data for Lebanon). The main determining factors identified were level and type of exposure, age, gender, socio-economic adversity, social support and religiosity. These findings bring to light the pressing need to provide children and adolescents living in conflict areas with help. They are useful in designing new interventions to strengthen child and adolescent resilience in areas of conflict worldwide. Specific recommendations are included.}, keywords = {*Mental Health, *Psychology, Child, *Warfare, Adolescent, Child, Child Welfare, Child, Preschool, Conflict (Psychology), culture, Female, Humans, Infant, Iraq, Israel, Lebanon, Male, Mental Disorders/*etiology, Middle East, Mothers/*psychology, Social Support, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*epidemiology/*psychology, Young Adult}, isbn = {1365-2214 (Electronic)
0305-1862 (Linking)}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2214.2011.01246.x}, author = {Dimitry, L.} } @article {2931, title = {The structure of online social networks mirrors those in the offline world}, journal = {Social Networks}, volume = {43}, year = {2015}, month = {10//}, pages = {39-47}, abstract = {We use data on frequencies of bi-directional posts to define edges (or relationships) in two Facebook datasets and a Twitter dataset and use these to create ego-centric social networks. We explore the internal structure of these networks to determine whether they have the same kind of layered structure as has been found in offline face-to-face networks (which have a distinctively scaled structure with successively inclusive layers at 5, 15, 50 and 150 alters). The two Facebook datasets are best described by a four-layer structure and the Twitter dataset by a five-layer structure. The absolute sizes of these layers and the mean frequencies of contact with alters within each layer match very closely the observed values from offline networks. In addition, all three datasets reveal the existence of an innermost network layer at \~{}1.5 alters. Our analyses thus confirm the existence of the layered structure of ego-centric social networks with a very much larger sample (in total, >185,000 egos) than those previously used to describe them, as well as identifying the existence of an additional network layer whose existence was only hypothesised in offline social networks. In addition, our analyses indicate that online communities have very similar structural characteristics to offline face-to-face networks.}, keywords = {Ego-centric social networks, Facebook, Network scaling, Network structure, Twitter}, isbn = {0378-8733}, author = {Dunbar, R. I. M. and Arnaboldi, Valerio and Conti, Marco and Passarella, Andrea} } @article {343, title = {Suffering, hope, and entrapment: resilience and cultural values in Afghanistan.}, journal = {Soc Sci Med}, volume = {71}, year = {2010}, month = {2010 Jul}, pages = {71-83}, abstract = {

A critical health-related issue in war-affected areas is how people make sense of adversity and why they show resilience in a high-risk environment. In Afghanistan, the burden of poor mental health arises in contexts of pervasive poverty, social inequality, and persistent violence. In 2006, we conducted face-to-face interviews with 1011 children (age 11-16) and 1011 adult caregivers, randomly selected in a school-based survey in three northern and central areas. Participants narrated their experiences as part of a systematic health survey, including an open-ended questionnaire on major life stressors and solutions to mitigate them. Responses were analysed using an inductive thematic approach and categorised for quantitative presentation, producing a conceptual model. For adults, the primary concern is repairing their \"broken economy,\" the root of all miseries in social, educational, governance, and health domains. For students, frustrations focus on learning environments as well as poverty, as education is perceived as the gateway to upward social and economic mobility. Hope arises from a sense of moral and social order embodied in the expression of key cultural values: faith, family unity, service, effort, morals, and honour. These values form the bedrock of resilience, drive social aspirations, and underpin self-respect and dignity. However, economic impediments, social expectations, and cultural dictates also combine to create entrapment, as the ability to realise personal and social aspirations is frustrated by structural inequalities injurious to health and wellbeing. This study contributes to a small but growing body of work on resilience in public health and conflict settings. It demonstrates that culture functions both as an anchor for resilience and an anvil of pain, and highlights the relevance of ethnographic work in identifying what matters most in formulating social and public health policies to promote a hopeful future.

}, keywords = {Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Adult, Afghanistan, Child, Conflict (Psychology), Cultural Characteristics, Domestic Violence, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Questionnaires, Resilience, Psychological, Social Values, Socioeconomic Factors, Stress, Psychological, War}, issn = {1873-5347}, doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.03.023}, author = {Eggerman, M. and Panter-Brick, C.} } @article {175, title = {Strategies for reducing inequalities and improving developmental outcomes for young children in low-income and middle-income countries.}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {378}, year = {2011}, month = {2011 Oct 8}, pages = {1339-53}, abstract = {

This report is the second in a Series on early child development in low-income and middle-income countries and assesses the effectiveness of early child development interventions, such as parenting support and preschool enrolment. The evidence reviewed suggests that early child development can be improved through these interventions, with effects greater for programmes of higher quality and for the most vulnerable children. Other promising interventions for the promotion of early child development include children\&$\#$39;s educational media, interventions with children at high risk, and combining the promotion of early child development with conditional cash transfer programmes. Effective investments in early child development have the potential to reduce inequalities perpetuated by poverty, poor nutrition, and restricted learning opportunities. A simulation model of the potential long-term economic effects of increasing preschool enrolment to 25\% or 50\% in every low-income and middle-income country showed a benefit-to-cost ratio ranging from 6\·4 to 17\·6, depending on preschool enrolment rate and discount rate.

}, keywords = {Child Development, Humans}, issn = {1474-547X}, doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60889-1}, author = {Engle, P. L. and Fernald, L. C. H. and Alderman, H. and Behrman, J. and O{\textquoteright}Gara, C. and Yousafzai, A. and de Mello, M. C. and Hidrobo, M. and Ulkuer, N. and Ertem, I. and Iltus, S.} } @article {5693, title = {Strategies to avoid the loss of developmental potential in more than 200 million children in the developing world}, journal = {The Lancet}, volume = {369}, year = {2007}, month = {Jan-01-2007}, pages = {229 - 242}, issn = {01406736}, doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60112-3}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673607601123http://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0140673607601123?httpAccept=text/xmlhttp://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0140673607601123?httpAccept=text/plain}, author = {Engle, Patrice L and Black, Maureen M and Behrman, Jere R and Cabral de Mello, Meena and Gertler, Paul J and Kapiriri, Lydia and Martorell, Reynaldo and Young, Mary Eming} } @book {6040, title = {School, family, and community partnerships: Preparing educators and improving schools}, year = {2018}, pages = {656}, publisher = {Routledge}, organization = {Routledge}, edition = {2nd}, keywords = {Academic Achievement, Educational Policy, Educational Research, Elementary Secondary Education, Family School Relationship, Homework, Inner City, Marital Status, One Parent Family, Parent Attitudes, Parent Participation, Parent Teacher Cooperation, Partnerships in Education, School Community Programs, School Community Relationship, Teacher Attitudes, Urban Schools}, isbn = {9780429972768}, url = {https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=TyZhDwAAQBAJ\&gl=us\&source=productsearch\&utm_source=HA_Desktop_US\&utm_medium=SEM\&utm_campaign=PLA\&pcampaignid=MKTAD0930BO1\&gclid=EAIaIQobChMIzdKyqJCH4gIVC0wNCh1k2AmvEAQYAyABEgL33_D_BwE\&gclsrc=aw.ds}, author = {Epstein, J.L.} } @article {344, title = {Structural violence and clinical medicine.}, journal = {PLoS Med}, volume = {3}, year = {2006}, month = {2006 Oct}, pages = {e449}, keywords = {Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, Baltimore, Child Welfare, Child, Preschool, Clinical Medicine, Ethics, Institutional, Haiti, Health Services Accessibility, Humans, Infant, Public Health, Rwanda, Socioeconomic Factors, Violence}, issn = {1549-1676}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pmed.0030449}, author = {Farmer, Paul E and Nizeye, Bruce and Stulac, Sara and Keshavjee, Salmaan} } @article {3046, title = {The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children{\textquoteright}s externalizing behavior: a meta-analytic study}, journal = {Child Dev}, volume = {81}, number = {2}, year = {2010}, note = {Fearon, R Pasco
Bakermans-Kranenburg, Marian J
van Ijzendoorn, Marinus H
Lapsley, Anne-Marie
Roisman, Glenn I
eng
Meta-Analysis
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
2010/05/05 06:00
Child Dev. 2010 Mar-Apr;81(2):435-56. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01405.x.}, month = {Mar-Apr}, pages = {435-56}, abstract = {This study addresses the extent to which insecure and disorganized attachments increase risk for externalizing problems using meta-analysis. From 69 samples (N = 5,947), the association between insecurity and externalizing problems was significant, d = 0.31 (95\% CI: 0.23, 0.40). Larger effects were found for boys (d = 0.35), clinical samples (d = 0.49), and from observation-based outcome assessments (d = 0.58). Larger effects were found for attachment assessments other than the Strange Situation. Overall, disorganized children appeared at elevated risk (d = 0.34, 95\% CI: 0.18, 0.50), with weaker effects for avoidance (d = 0.12, 95\% CI: 0.03, 0.21) and resistance (d = 0.11, 95\% CI: -0.04, 0.26). The results are discussed in terms of the potential significance of attachment for mental health.}, keywords = {*Internal-External Control, *Mother-Child Relations, *Object Attachment, Adaptation, Psychological, Aggression/psychology, Anxiety, Separation/diagnosis/psychology, Child, Child Behavior Disorders/*diagnosis/*psychology, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Personality Assessment, Reactive Attachment Disorder/*diagnosis/*psychology, Risk Factors, Sex Factors}, isbn = {1467-8624 (Electronic)
0009-3920 (Linking)}, author = {Fearon, R. P. and Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. and van IJzendoorn, M. H. and Lapsley, A. M. and Roisman, G. I.} } @article {3061, title = {Stochastic epigenetic variation as a driving force of development, evolutionary adaptation, and disease}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, volume = {107}, number = {suppl 1}, year = {2010}, month = {January 26, 2010}, pages = {1757-1764}, abstract = {Neo-Darwinian evolutionary theory is based on exquisite selection of phenotypes caused by small genetic variations, which is the basis of quantitative trait contribution to phenotype and disease. Epigenetics is the study of nonsequence-based changes, such as DNA methylation, heritable during cell division. Previous attempts to incorporate epigenetics into evolutionary thinking have focused on Lamarckian inheritance, that is, environmentally directed epigenetic changes. Here, we propose a new non-Lamarckian theory for a role of epigenetics in evolution. We suggest that genetic variants that do not change the mean phenotype could change the variability of phenotype; and this could be mediated epigenetically. This inherited stochastic variation model would provide a mechanism to explain an epigenetic role of developmental biology in selectable phenotypic variation, as well as the largely unexplained heritable genetic variation underlying common complex disease. We provide two experimental results as proof of principle. The first result is direct evidence for stochastic epigenetic variation, identifying highly variably DNA-methylated regions in mouse and human liver and mouse brain, associated with development and morphogenesis. The second is a heritable genetic mechanism for variable methylation, namely the loss or gain of CpG dinucleotides over evolutionary time. Finally, we model genetically inherited stochastic variation in evolution, showing that it provides a powerful mechanism for evolutionary adaptation in changing environments that can be mediated epigenetically. These data suggest that genetically inherited propensity to phenotypic variability, even with no change in the mean phenotype, substantially increases fitness while increasing the disease susceptibility of a population with a changing environment.}, author = {Feinberg, Andrew P. and Irizarry, Rafael A.} } @article {350, title = {Sensitive parenting is associated with plasma oxytocin and polymorphisms in the OXTR and CD38 genes.}, journal = {Biol Psychiatry}, volume = {72}, year = {2012}, month = {2012 Aug 1}, pages = {175-81}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: Research in mammals has demonstrated the involvement of oxytocin (OT) in social bond formation; yet, its role in human bonding remains unclear. Plasma OT has been used as a proxy for central activity and studies indicate its association with human affiliative behaviors. Molecular genetic studies also reveal a role for OT neuropathways in shaping the social brain. However, the links between peripheral OT, genetic markers, and their combined contribution to human parenting are unknown.

METHODS: Participants included 352 individuals: 272 mothers and fathers and their 4- to 6-month-old-infants and 80 nonparents. Plasma OT was assayed from adults who were genotyped for oxytocin receptor (OXTR) and CD38 risk alleles associated with social dysfunctions. CD38 is an ectoenzyme that mediates the release of brain OT. Parent-infant interactions were microcoded for parental touch and gaze synchrony and participants reported on parental care in childhood.

RESULTS: OXTR (rs2254298 and rs1042778) and CD38 (rs3796863) risk alleles were each associated with lower plasma OT. Reduced plasma OT and both OXTR and CD38 risk alleles were related to less parental touch. The interaction of high plasma OT and low-risk CD38 alleles predicted longer durations of parent-infant gaze synchrony. Parents reporting greater parental care showed higher plasma OT, low-risk CD38 alleles, and more touch toward their infants.

CONCLUSIONS: Results indicate that peripheral and genetic markers of the extended OT pathway are interrelated and underpin core behaviors associated with human parenting and social engagement. These findings may have important implications for understanding neuropsychiatric disorders marked by early social dysfunctions.

}, keywords = {Adult, Alleles, Antigens, CD38, DNA, Female, Genetic Variation, Genotype, Humans, Infant, Male, Object Attachment, Oxytocin, Parent-Child Relations, Parenting, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Polymorphism, Genetic, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Receptors, Oxytocin, Regression Analysis, Risk Assessment, Young Adult}, issn = {1873-2402}, doi = {10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.12.025}, author = {Feldman, Ruth and Zagoory-Sharon, Orna and Weisman, Omri and Schneiderman, Inna and Gordon, Ilanit and Maoz, Rina and Shalev, Idan and Ebstein, Richard P} } @article {3151, title = {A Summary of: Education Under Attack 2014}, year = {2014}, url = {http://protectingeducation.org/sites/default/files/documents/eua_2014_full_0.pdf}, author = {GCPEA and Global Coalition to Protect Education from Attack} } @article {6203, title = {Studying perceived needs for information on maternal and infant health care in the puerperium period among fathers of newborns in China}, journal = {Midwifery}, volume = {78}, year = {2019}, month = {Jan-11-2019}, pages = {32 - 41}, keywords = {Fathers of newborns, Perceived need for information on maternal and infant healthcare;China, Puerperium}, issn = {02666138}, doi = {10.1016/j.midw.2019.07.002}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0266613819301792$\#$!}, author = {Ge, Binqian and Wan, Shen-xian and Li, Hui-ling and Shen, Qian and Wang, Wei and MO, Yuanyuan and Kelly, Brian C. and Wang, Ji-chuan} } @article {360, title = {Socioeconomic status and the brain: mechanistic insights from human and animal research.}, journal = {Nat Rev Neurosci}, volume = {11}, year = {2010}, month = {2010 Sep}, pages = {651-9}, abstract = {

Human brain development occurs within a socioeconomic context and childhood socioeconomic status (SES) influences neural development--particularly of the systems that subserve language and executive function. Research in humans and in animal models has implicated prenatal factors, parent-child interactions and cognitive stimulation in the home environment in the effects of SES on neural development. These findings provide a unique opportunity for understanding how environmental factors can lead to individual differences in brain development, and for improving the programmes and policies that are designed to alleviate SES-related disparities in mental health and academic achievement.

}, keywords = {Animals, Brain, Cognition, Humans, Mental Disorders, Social Class}, issn = {1471-0048}, doi = {10.1038/nrn2897}, author = {Hackman, Daniel A and Farah, Martha J and Meaney, Michael J} } @article {361, title = {The social context of childcare practices and child malnutrition in Niger{\textquoteright}s recent food crisis.}, journal = {Disasters}, volume = {33}, year = {2009}, month = {2009 Mar}, pages = {132-51}, abstract = {

In 2004-05, Niger suffered a food crisis during which global attention focused on high levels of acute malnutrition among children. In response, decentralised emergency nutrition programmes were introduced into much of southern Niger. Child malnutrition, however, is a chronic problem and its links with food production and household food security are complex. This qualitative, anthropological study investigates pathways by which children are rendered vulnerable in the context of a nutritional \&$\#$39;emergency\&$\#$39;. It focuses on household-level decisions that determine resource allocation and childcare practices in order to explain why practices apparently detrimental to children\&$\#$39;s health persist. Risk aversion, the need to maintain self-identity and status, and constrained decision making result in a failure to invest extra necessary resources ingrowth-faltering children. Understanding and responding to the social context of child malnutrition will help humanitarian workers to integrate their efforts more effectively with longer-term development programmes aimed at improving livelihood security.

}, keywords = {Child Care, Child Nutrition Disorders, Child, Preschool, Decision Making, Food Supply, Humans, Infant, Interviews as Topic, Niger, Parent-Child Relations, Resource Allocation, Starvation}, issn = {1467-7717}, doi = {10.1111/j.1467-7717.2008.01066.x}, author = {Hampshire, K. and Casiday, R. and Kilpatrick, K. and Panter-Brick, C.} } @article {5166, title = {The social context of childcare practices and child malnutrition in Niger{\textquoteright}s recent food crisis}, journal = {Disasters}, volume = {33}, number = {1}, year = {2009}, note = {Hampshire, Katherine
Casiday, Rachel
Kilpatrick, Kate
Panter-Brick, Catherine
eng
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
England
2008/06/03 09:00
Disasters. 2009 Mar;33(1):132-51. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-7717.2008.01066.x. Epub 2008 May 29.}, month = {Mar}, pages = {132-51}, abstract = {In 2004-05, Niger suffered a food crisis during which global attention focused on high levels of acute malnutrition among children. In response, decentralised emergency nutrition programmes were introduced into much of southern Niger. Child malnutrition, however, is a chronic problem and its links with food production and household food security are complex. This qualitative, anthropological study investigates pathways by which children are rendered vulnerable in the context of a nutritional {\textquoteright}emergency{\textquoteright}. It focuses on household-level decisions that determine resource allocation and childcare practices in order to explain why practices apparently detrimental to children{\textquoteright}s health persist. Risk aversion, the need to maintain self-identity and status, and constrained decision making result in a failure to invest extra necessary resources ingrowth-faltering children. Understanding and responding to the social context of child malnutrition will help humanitarian workers to integrate their efforts more effectively with longer-term development programmes aimed at improving livelihood security.}, keywords = {*Decision Making, *Parent-Child Relations, *Resource Allocation, *Starvation, Child Care, Child Nutrition Disorders, Child, Preschool, Food Supply, Humans, Infant, Interviews as Topic, Niger}, isbn = {1467-7717 (Electronic)
0361-3666 (Linking)}, author = {Hampshire, K. and Casiday, R. and Kilpatrick, K. and Panter-Brick, C.} } @article {362, title = {Saving lives, preserving livelihoods: understanding risk, decision-making and child health in a food crisis.}, journal = {Soc Sci Med}, volume = {68}, year = {2009}, month = {2009 Feb}, pages = {758-65}, abstract = {

The purpose of this paper is to analyse household decision-making regarding resource allocation in the aftermath of a food crisis in rural Niger. International attention had resulted in humanitarian agencies launching emergency nutrition programmes to alleviate persistently high levels of acute child malnutrition. We conducted participant observation, 93 in-depth interviews, 15 focus groups, 44 feeding and illness histories for children under 5, and debriefing sessions with local humanitarian staff. The impetus for this study came from observations of marked intra-household differences in child growth and health status, despite the caregivers\&$\#$39; ethos of treating children equally. Egalitarian input, however, does not always result in equal outcomes: vulnerable children become \"victims of non-discrimination\" through a form of benign neglect engendered by pervasive poverty. The ethos and practices of equal investment in children are rooted in a need to balance the perceived risks to children with the preservation of long-term livelihoods. We discuss the mismatch of views between external interventions, which focus on saving individual children\&$\#$39;s lives, and local priorities, aimed at spreading risk. This mismatch is rooted in the different ways in which humanitarian agencies and local communities weigh up risks and vulnerabilities in matters of child health.

}, keywords = {Caregivers, Child, Child, Preschool, Decision Making, Family Relations, Female, Humans, Infant, Interviews as Topic, Male, Niger, Poverty, Resource Allocation, Starvation}, issn = {0277-9536}, doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.11.014}, author = {Hampshire, K. R. and Panter-Brick, C. and Kilpatrick, K. and Casiday, R. E.} } @article {6131, title = {Self-Regulation in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Challenges and Future Directions}, journal = {Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review}, volume = {22}, year = {2019}, month = {Jan-03-2019}, pages = {104 - 117}, keywords = {Collectivistic, culture, Emotion regulation, Executive functioning, LMICs, Low resource settings, Low- and middle-income countries, Parenting; Reflective functioning, Self-control, self-regulation}, issn = {1096-4037}, doi = {10.1007/s10567-019-00278-0}, url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007\%2Fs10567-019-00278-0}, author = {Haslam, Divna and Mejia, Anilena and Thomson, Dana and Betancourt, Theresa} } @article {5718, title = {Skill formation and the economics of investing in disadvantaged children}, journal = {Science}, volume = {312}, number = {5782}, year = {2006}, note = {Heckman, James J
eng
R01HD043411/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S.
2006/07/01 09:00
Science. 2006 Jun 30;312(5782):1900-2. doi: 10.1126/science.1128898.}, month = {Jun 30}, pages = {1900-2}, abstract = {This paper summarizes evidence on the effects of early environments on child, adolescent, and adult achievement. Life cycle skill formation is a dynamic process in which early inputs strongly affect the productivity of later inputs.}, keywords = {*Achievement, *Child Development, *Early Intervention (Education)/economics, *Education/economics, *Vulnerable Populations, Adolescent, Child, Child, Preschool, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Family, Humans, Income, Infant, Intelligence, Public Policy, United States}, isbn = {1095-9203 (Electronic)
0036-8075 (Linking)}, author = {Heckman, J. J.} } @article {5893, title = {Social Policy: Targeting programs effectively}, journal = {Nat Hum Behav}, volume = {1}, year = {2017}, note = {Heckman, James J
Garcia, Jorge Luis
R01 HD054702/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States
R24 AG048081/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States
R37 HD065072/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
England
Nat Hum Behav. 2017;1. doi: 10.1038/s41562-016-0019. Epub 2017 Jan 10.}, edition = {2017/06/27}, abstract = {By linking data from a 40-year birth cohort study with multiple administrative databases, Caspi and colleagues show that 20\% of the population accounts for 60\% - 80\% of several adult social ills. Outcomes for this group can be accurately predicted from as early as age 3, using a small set of indicators of disadvantage. This finding supports policies that target children from disadvantaged families and complements recent literature on the life-cycle benefits of early childhood programmes.}, isbn = {2397-3374 (Print)}, doi = {10.1038/s41562-016-0019}, author = {Heckman, J. J. and Garcia, J. L.} } @article {370, title = {The science of early life toxic stress for pediatric practice and advocacy.}, journal = {Pediatrics}, volume = {131}, year = {2013}, month = {2013 Feb}, pages = {319-27}, abstract = {

Young children who experience toxic stress are at high risk for a number of health outcomes in adulthood, including cardiovascular disease, cancers, asthma, and depression. The American Academy of Pediatrics has recently called on pediatricians, informed by research from molecular biology, genomics, immunology, and neuroscience, to become leaders in science-based strategies to build strong foundations for children\&$\#$39;s life-long health. In this report, we provide an overview of the science of toxic stress. We summarize the development of the neuroendocrine-immune network, how its function is altered by early life adversity, and how these alterations then increase vulnerability to disease. The fact that early environments shape and calibrate the functioning of biological systems very early in life is both a cautionary tale about overlooking critical periods in development and reason for optimism about the promise of intervention. Even in the most extreme cases of adversity, well-timed changes to children\&$\#$39;s environments can improve outcomes. Pediatricians are in a unique position to contribute to the public discourse on health and social welfare by explaining how factors that seem distal to child health may be the key to some of the most intractable public health problems of our generation. We consider the challenges and opportunities for preventing toxic stress in the context of contemporary pediatric practice.

}, keywords = {Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Adult, Animals, Asthma, Brain, Cardiovascular Diseases, Child, Child Abuse, Child, Preschool, Depressive Disorder, Disease Models, Animal, Humans, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Infant, Life Change Events, Neoplasms, Neuroimmunomodulation, Neuronal Plasticity, Neurosecretory Systems, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Psychophysiology, Social Environment, Young Adult}, issn = {1098-4275}, doi = {10.1542/peds.2012-0469}, author = {Johnson, Sara B and Riley, Anne W and Granger, Douglas A and Riis, Jenna} } @article {408, title = {Stigma building blocks: how instruction and experience teach children about rejection by outgroups.}, journal = {Pers Soc Psychol Bull}, volume = {38}, year = {2012}, month = {2012 Mar}, pages = {357-69}, abstract = {

Gaining an understanding of intergroup relations and outgroup rejection is an important childhood development. Children learn about rejection by outgroups via their own experiences and external instruction. A comparison of the impact of experience and instruction on first-, third-, and fifth-grade children\&$\#$39;s evaluations of rejection by outgroups in a minimal-groups paradigm suggests that the relative impact of experience and instruction differs as children age. In Study 1, younger children were more influenced by instruction, and older children were more influenced by what they experienced for themselves. In Study 2, younger children were more influenced by instruction, even when that instruction conflicted with what they experienced; older children were more influenced by their own experiences, even when those experiences contradicted what they were told to expect. These findings suggest that children begin learning about outgroup rejection through instruction but start to rely more on their own experiences as they age.

}, keywords = {Child, Child Development, Female, Group Processes, Humans, Learning, Male, Models, Educational, Prejudice, Problem-Based Learning, Rejection (Psychology), Social Distance, Social Identification, Social Stigma, Stereotyping}, issn = {1552-7433}, doi = {10.1177/0146167211426729}, author = {Kang, Sonia K and Inzlicht, Michael} } @article {4061, title = {Salivary oxytocin in clinically anxious youth: Associations with separation anxiety and family accommodation.}, journal = {Psychoneuroendocrinology}, volume = {65}, year = {2016}, month = {2016 Mar}, pages = {35-43}, abstract = {

Clinical anxiety disorders in youth are common and associated with interpersonal behaviors including reliance on parents for family accommodation, or changes that parents make to their own behaviors to help the youth avoid anxiety related distress. The neuropeptide oxytocin is associated with the regulation of anxiety and of close interpersonal behavior leading to the hypothesis that oxytocinergic functioning plays a role in youth anxiety and its disorders, and the resulting family accommodation. To test this hypothesis salivary OT from 50 youth with primary DSM-5 anxiety disorders was assayed. A multi-source/multi-method anxiety assessment including semistructured interviews with youth and mothers, rating scales, and behavioral observations was used to assess anxiety disorders and symptoms, and family accommodation. Youth with separation anxiety disorder had significantly lower salivary OT levels than clinically anxious youth not diagnosed with separation anxiety disorder. Salivary OT levels were significantly negatively correlated with separation anxiety symptoms based on both youth- and mother-ratings. Anxious behavior displayed by youth during interactions with their mothers was associated with lower salivary OT levels in youth. Maternal ratings of family accommodation were negatively associated with salivary OT levels in youth. Results support the role of the oxytocinergic system in youth anxiety and its disorders and in parental involvement in youth anxiety through family accommodation. OT may be particularly important for diagnoses and symptoms of separation anxiety, which is inherently interpersonal in nature. Findings have potentially important implications for assessment and treatment of anxiety in youth.

}, keywords = {Adolescent, Anxiety, Separation, Child, Female, Humans, Male, Mother-Child Relations, Mothers, Oxytocin, Pituitary Hormones, Saliva, Self Report, Surveys and Questionnaires}, issn = {1873-3360}, doi = {10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.12.007}, author = {Lebowitz, E. R. and Leckman, J. F. and Feldman, R. and Zagoory-Sharon, O. and McDonald, N. and Silverman, W. K.} } @article {4416, title = {Steps toward peace and violence prevention across generations: The potential of Early Child Development in the context of the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals}, journal = {New Dir Child Adolesc Dev}, volume = {2018}, number = {159}, year = {2018}, note = {Leckman, James F
Britto, Pia Rebello
eng
Review
2018/03/15 06:00
New Dir Child Adolesc Dev. 2018 Mar;2018(159):5-12. doi: 10.1002/cad.20227.}, month = {Mar}, pages = {5-12}, abstract = {This special issue of New Directions in Child and Adolescent Development features four review articles from authoritative leaders in the field. These articles highlight how far our field has come over the past five decades, as well as how much further effort is needed to refine, adapt, and implement - in a sustainable fashion - responsive parenting and nurturing care programs of proven value across the globe.}, isbn = {1534-8687 (Electronic)
1520-3247 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1002/cad.20227}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/cad.20227}, author = {Leckman, J. F. and Britto, P. R.} } @article {4036, title = {Steps Toward Peace and Violence Prevention Across Generations: The Potential of Early Child Development in the Context of the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals.}, journal = {New Dir Child Adolesc Dev}, volume = {2018}, year = {2018}, month = {2018 Mar}, pages = {5-12}, abstract = {

This special issue of New Directions in Child and Adolescent Development features four review articles from authoritative leaders in the field. These articles highlight how far our field has come over the past five decades, as well as how much further effort is needed to refine, adapt, and implement - in a sustainable fashion - responsive parenting and nurturing care programs of proven value across the globe.

}, issn = {1534-8687}, doi = {10.1002/cad.20227}, author = {Leckman, J. F. and Britto, P. R.} } @article {426, title = {The significance of childhood competence and problems for adult success in work: a developmental cascade analysis.}, journal = {Dev Psychopathol}, volume = {22}, year = {2010}, month = {2010 Aug}, pages = {679-94}, abstract = {

Success in the domain of work is a salient developmental task of adulthood and a key indicator of adaptive function in the evaluation of health and psychopathology. Yet few studies have examined pathways to work competence, especially with strategies testing for cumulative cascade effects over time. Cascade models spanning 20 years were tested via structural equation modeling, linking work competence in early adulthood to antecedent competence in work and other domains of competence in childhood and emerging adulthood. Data were drawn from the Project Competence longitudinal study of 205 school children followed for 20 years. Relative fit of alternative models was evaluated by the Bayesian information criterion. As hypothesized, the effectiveness of adaptive behavior in earlier age-salient developmental task domains forecasted later work competence, which also showed strong concurrent links to competence in other domains. Results suggest there are numerous pathways by which success or failure in major developmental task domains in childhood and adolescence may influence adaptation in other domains and eventually work competence, both concurrently and cumulatively over time. Cascade effects highlight the potential significance for later work competence of childhood conduct (antisocial vs. rule-abiding behavior) and social competence with peers, in addition to the ongoing role that academic attainment may have for work success. Work competence also showed considerable stability over a 10-year period during early adulthood. Implications and applications for future research and intervention are discussed.

}, keywords = {Achievement, Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Child, Educational Status, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Models, Psychological, Resilience, Psychological, Social Behavior, Socioeconomic Factors}, issn = {1469-2198}, doi = {10.1017/S0954579410000362}, author = {Masten, A. S. and Desjardins, C. D. and McCormick, C. M. and Kuo, S. I. and Long, J. D.} } @article {7143, title = {The state of the COVID-19 pandemic on the world{\textquoteright}s most vulnerable children. ECPC panel session summary report. G20 Civil Society (C20) Virtual Summit {\textemdash} C20 Saudi Arabia 2020}, year = {2021}, institution = {Early Childhood Peace Consortium (ECPC)}, abstract = {

Report on the Early Childhood Peace Consortium (ECPC) \“Global Call to Action in Response to COVID-19 for Children in Fragile and Conflict-affected Settings\”, delivered by a panel of multidisciplinary ECPC experts at the G20 Civil Society (C20) Virtual Summit \— C20 Saudi Arabia 2020

►\ READ\ the 21-page C20 Summit ECPC panel session report: \“The State of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the World\’s Most Vulnerable Children.
}, keywords = {C20, COVID-19, displaced children, early childhood development, G20, refugee and migrant children}, url = {https://ecdpeace.org/work-content/state-covid-19-pandemic-worlds-most-vulnerable-children}, author = {McCarthy, M. and ECPC} } @article {433, title = {Socio-economic status is associated with epigenetic differences in the pSoBid cohort.}, journal = {Int J Epidemiol}, volume = {41}, year = {2012}, month = {2012 Feb}, pages = {151-60}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: Epigenetic programming and epigenetic mechanisms driven by environmental factors are thought to play an important role in human health and ageing. Global DNA methylation has been postulated as an epigenetic marker for epidemiological studies as it is reflective of changes in gene expression linked to disease. How epigenetic mechanisms are affected by psychological, sociological and biological determinants of health still remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between socio-economic and lifestyle factors and epigenetic status, as measured by global DNA methylation content, in the pSoBid cohort, which is characterized by an extreme socio-economic and health gradient.

METHODS: DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes using the Maxwell\® 16 System and Maxwell\® 16 Blood DNA Purification kit (Promega, UK). Global DNA methylation was assessed using Methylamp\™ Global DNA Methylation Quantification Ultra kit (Epigentek, USA). Associations between global DNA methylation and socio-economic and lifestyle factors were investigated in linear regression models.

RESULTS: Global DNA hypomethylation was observed in the most socio-economically deprived subjects. Job status demonstrated a similar relationship, with manual workers having 24\% lower DNA methylation content than non-manual. Additionally, associations were found between global DNA methylation content and biomarkers of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and inflammation, including fibrinogen and interleukin-6 (IL-6), after adjustment for socio-economic factors.

CONCLUSIONS: This study has indicated an association between epigenetic status and socio-economic status (SES). This relationship has direct implications for population health and is reflected in further associations between global DNA methylation content and emerging biomarkers of CVD.

}, keywords = {Adult, Cohort Studies, DNA Methylation, Epigenesis, Genetic, Female, Humans, Life Style, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Social Class}, issn = {1464-3685}, doi = {10.1093/ije/dyr215}, author = {McGuinness, Dagmara and McGlynn, Liane M and Johnson, Paul C D and MacIntyre, Alan and Batty, G David and Burns, Harry and Cavanagh, Jonathan and Deans, Kevin A and Ford, Ian and McConnachie, Alex and McGinty, Agnes and McLean, Jennifer S and Millar, Keith and Packard, Chris J and Sattar, Naveed A and Tannahill, Carol and Velupillai, Yoga N and Shiels, Paul G} } @article {7246, title = {State of the world{\textquoteright}s fathers 2021: Structural solutions to achieve equality in care work}, year = {2021}, institution = {MenCare}, keywords = {COVID-19, equity, father involvement, Parenting}, url = {http://stateoftheworldsfathers.org/report/state-of-the-worlds-fathers-2021/}, author = {MenCare} } @article {438, title = {Social disadvantage, genetic sensitivity, and children{\textquoteright}s telomere length.}, journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A}, volume = {111}, year = {2014}, month = {2014 Apr 22}, pages = {5944-9}, abstract = {

Disadvantaged social environments are associated with adverse health outcomes. This has been attributed, in part, to chronic stress. Telomere length (TL) has been used as a biomarker of chronic stress: TL is shorter in adults in a variety of contexts, including disadvantaged social standing and depression. We use data from 40, 9-y-old boys participating in the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study to extend this observation to African American children. We report that exposure to disadvantaged environments is associated with reduced TL by age 9 y. We document significant associations between low income, low maternal education, unstable family structure, and harsh parenting and TL. These effects were moderated by genetic variants in serotonergic and dopaminergic pathways. Consistent with the differential susceptibility hypothesis, subjects with the highest genetic sensitivity scores had the shortest TL when exposed to disadvantaged social environments and the longest TL when exposed to advantaged environments.

}, keywords = {Adult, Child, Dopamine, Gene-Environment Interaction, Humans, Male, Regression Analysis, Serotonin, Signal Transduction, Social Environment, Telomere Homeostasis, Vulnerable Populations}, issn = {1091-6490}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.1404293111}, author = {Mitchell, Colter and Hobcraft, John and McLanahan, Sara S and Siegel, Susan Rutherford and Berg, Arthur and Brooks-Gunn, Jeanne and Garfinkel, Irwin and Notterman, Daniel} } @article {6315, title = {Supporting the youngest refugees and their families}, year = {2019}, publisher = {Moving Minds Alliance}, abstract = {

}, keywords = {early childhood development (ECD), early years, forced displacement, nurturing care, refugee and migrant children, refugee families}, url = {http://movingmindsalliance.org/files/moving-minds-brief-supporting-the-youngest-refugees-GRF2019-web.pdf}, author = {MovingMindsAlliance} } @article {7249, title = {Social Science{\textendash}Based Pathways to Reduce Social Inequality in Youth Outcomes and Opportunities at Scale}, journal = {Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World}, volume = {7}, year = {2021}, month = {Jan-01-2021}, pages = {237802312110202}, keywords = {inequality, opportunity, reduction, scale, youth}, issn = {2378-0231}, doi = {10.1177/23780231211020236}, url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/23780231211020236}, author = {Nalani, Andrew and Yoshikawa, Hirokazu and Carter, Prudence L.} } @article {3281, title = {A Study of Education and Resilience in Kenya{\textquoteright}s Arid and Semi-Arid Lands}, year = {2015}, month = {November 2015}, institution = {UNICEF Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Office (ESARO)}, url = {http://www.ineesite.org/en/resources/a-study-of-education-and-resilience-in-kenyas-arid-and-semi-arid-lands}, author = {D. Ndung{\textquoteright}u and P. Scott-Villiers and A. Scott-Villiers and N. Kabala and M. Kullu} } @article {866, title = {School Bullying: Changing the Problem by Changing the School}, journal = {School Psychology Review}, volume = {32}, year = {2003}, chapter = {431}, abstract = {

This article describes the development and evaluation of a bullying prevention program in one large, public elementary school. The program, which was developed based on a collaborative model between school personnel and university consultants, included modification of the school environment, education of students, and training of teachers. To evaluate the program, all students completed an anonymous survey in the spring of 1998 (n = 541) and the spring of 1999 (n = 520). Among the younger children, a 40\% reduction in the mean self-reported aggression and a 19\% reduction in mean self-reported victimization were found. Among children in third through fifth grade, a 23\% reduction in the mean reported victimization was observed, but no significant differences in aggression were found. This article proposes a model of translating theory and research of violence prevention into action.

}, keywords = {school bullying, violence prevention}, url = {http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/11213484/school-bullying-changing-problem-by-changing-school}, author = {Orpinas, P. and Horne, A.M. and Staniszewski, D.} } @article {447, title = {Social stressors, mental health, and physiological stress in an urban elite of young Afghans in Kabul}, journal = {Am J Hum Biol}, volume = {20}, year = {2008}, month = {2008 Nov-Dec}, pages = {627-41}, abstract = {

Afghanistan provides a unique setting in which to appraise psychosocial stress, given the context of persistent insecurity and widening economic inequality. In Kabul, people experience widespread frustrations, hinging on restricted opportunities for social advancement, education, and employment. We appraised social aspirations, every-day stressors, psychosocial distress, and mental health problems for a random sample of 161 male and female students at Kabul University. The survey featured both existing and newly-developed instruments (Self-Reported Questionnaire SRQ-20; Afghan Symptom Checklist; Afghan Daily Stressor Scale; and Social Aspirations and Frustrations), implementing both internationally-used and culturally-grounded measures of mental health assessment. We also included indicators of physical health (blood pressure, immune responses to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), C-reactive protein, and body mass index), to map physiological function with reported psychosocial distress. This young, urban elite expressed major feelings of frustrations, related to physical, economic, social, and political stressors of day-to-day life in Kabul. There were striking gender differences for psychosocial and physiological markers of wellbeing; specifically, women showed poorer mental health (SRQ-20, P = 0.01) and elevated EBV antibody titers (P = 0.003). Both diastolic blood pressure (P = 0.018) and EBV (P = 0.038) were associated with a subscale of family stressors among women, but not among men, consistent with women\&$\#$39;s social vulnerabilities to stressful family dynamics. This is the first study to integrate approaches from anthropology, cross-cultural psychiatry, and human biology to document social stressors, psychosocial distress, and physiological wellbeing in the challenging setting of present-day Afghanistan.

}, keywords = {Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Adult, Afghanistan, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, Cross-Sectional Studies, Epstein-Barr Virus Infections, Family Conflict, Female, Health Status Indicators, Humans, Hypertension, Male, Prevalence, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Sex Distribution, Social Class, Social Environment, Stress, Physiological, Stress, Psychological, Urban Population, Young Adult}, issn = {1520-6300}, doi = {10.1002/ajhb.20797}, author = {Panter-Brick, C. and Eggerman, M. and Mojadidi, A. and McDade, T. W.} } @article {5296, title = {Sense of coherence and its association with exposure to traumatic events, posttraumatic stress disorder, and depression in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo}, journal = {J Trauma Stress}, volume = {23}, number = {3}, year = {2010}, note = {Pham, Phuong N
Vinck, Patrick
Kinkodi, Didine Kaba
Weinstein, Harvey M
eng
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
2010/06/22 06:00
J Trauma Stress. 2010 Jun;23(3):313-21. doi: 10.1002/jts.20527.}, month = {Jun}, pages = {313-21}, abstract = {The Democratic Republic of Congo is the scene of some of the worst atrocities in recent history. However, in the face of traumatic experience, only a minority of people develops symptoms that impair their functioning. The sense of coherence proposed by Antonovsky (1987) is a theoretical construct reflecting an individual{\textquoteright}s overall wellbeing and ability to cope with stress. This study explores the relationships between sense of coherence, exposure to traumatic events, symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and depression. Results suggest an association between a high sense of coherence and high education levels, high income, and positive social relationships. Furthermore, the study found that sense of coherence is inversely correlated with cumulative exposure to violence and symptoms of PTSD and depression.}, keywords = {*Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Depression/etiology/*physiopathology, Female, Humans, Internal-External Control, Linear Models, Male, Middle Aged, Personal Satisfaction, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/etiology/*physiopathology, Violence/*psychology, Young Adult}, isbn = {1573-6598 (Electronic)
0894-9867 (Linking)}, author = {Pham, P. N. and Vinck, P. and Kinkodi, D. K. and Weinstein, H. M.} } @article {5266, title = {Strategic Documentation of Violence against Healthcare: Towards a Methodology for Accountability}, journal = {World Health Popul}, volume = {16}, number = {4}, year = {2016}, note = {Pham, Phuong N
Vinck, Patrick
Grace, Rob
Fricke, Adrienne
VanRooyen, Michael
eng
Canada
2016/07/01 06:00
World Health Popul. 2016;16(4):31-7.}, pages = {31-7}, abstract = {The valuable efforts that have arisen in recent years to document attacks against healthcare workers and infrastructure during armed conflicts have brought this issue to the forefront of the policy agendas of many health, public health, humanitarian and human rights organizations. However, although professionals and activists have highlighted the importance of accountability in deterring these attacks, considerations of international criminal responsibility in data-gathering efforts remain underexplored. This paper suggests an approach that could direct further accountability efforts for organizations interested in engaging in documentation. Such non-governmental organizations should aim to gather not only information about the nature of the attack but also data that help establish specific characteristics about the victim, the intent of the attacker and the patterns of violence. Additionally, these efforts to document attacks on healthcare workers, facilities and patients should involve a systematic, rigorous and demonstrable methodology.}, isbn = {1718-3340 (Print)}, author = {Pham, P. N. and Vinck, P. and Grace, R. and Fricke, A. and VanRooyen, M.} } @article {731, title = {Socio-emotional Programme Promotes Positive Behaviour in Preschoolers}, journal = {Child Care in Practice}, volume = {15}, year = {2009}, month = {Jan-10-2009}, pages = {261 - 278}, issn = {1357-5279}, doi = {10.1080/13575270903149323}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13575270903149323}, author = {Pickens, Jeffrey} } @article {7712, title = {Supporting the mental health of forcibly displaced childrenSupporting the mental health of forcibly displaced children: A call to action}, journal = {Nature Reviews Psychology}, volume = {4}, year = {2025}, month = {Jan-06-2025}, pages = {370 - 387}, keywords = {child mental health, forced displacement, Human behaviour, Psychiatric disorders, Psychology, Stress and resilience}, doi = {10.1038/s44159-025-00447-9}, url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s44159-025-00447-9}, author = {Pluess, Michael and Brown, Felicity L. and Panter-Brick, Catherine} } @article {2376, title = {Systematic review: The exploration of the role of parenting and early learning programs in promoting positive development and peace building}, year = {2014}, publisher = {Yale Child Study Center}, address = {New Haven, CT US}, abstract = {

A systematic review of research linking early childhood development and peace building was conducted at the Yale Child Study Center and includes literature from databases and hand searching, as well as direct input from a multidisciplinary team of experts. From these sources combined, 76 articles and reports fully met the a priori criteria. This systematic review study was conducted to explore the role of parenting and early learning programs in:

  1. promoting positive development and well-being in young children,
  2. promoting peace building through improving interactions within the home and classroom, and among peers, and
  3. promoting peace building through the formation of culturally diverse parenting groups, particularly groups of fathers.
}, keywords = {early childhood development, early learning programs, Parenting, peacebuilding}, url = {https://ecdpeace.org/sites/default/files/files/Ponguta_L_A__SysRev_ECD\%26Peacebuilding(4).pdf}, author = {Ponguta, L. A.} } @article {7098, title = {Sector-wide analysis of early childhood development and education in emergencies in Colombia and considerations to strengthen systems globally}, journal = {New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development}, volume = {2020}, year = {2020}, month = {Jan-07-2020}, pages = {103 - 123}, keywords = {cross-sectoral responses, early childhood development and education in emergencies, ECDE governance, humanitarian emergencies, humanitarian programme cycle, policy formulation, sector-wide analysis}, issn = {1520-3247}, doi = {10.1002/cad.v2020.17210.1002/cad.20367}, author = {Ponguta, Liliana Angelica and Arag{\'o}n, Carlos Andr{\'e}s and Varela, Lucero Ramirez and Moore, Kathryn and Hein, Sascha and Cerezo, Adrian} } @article {454, title = {The signature of maternal rearing in the methylome in rhesus macaque prefrontal cortex and T cells.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, volume = {32}, year = {2012}, month = {2012 Oct 31}, pages = {15626-42}, abstract = {

Early-life adversity is associated with a broad scope of life-long health and behavioral disorders. Particularly critical is the role of the mother. A possible mechanism is that these effects are mediated by \"epigenetic\" mechanisms. Studies in rodents suggest a causal relationship between early-life adversity and changes in DNA methylation in several \"candidate genes\" in the brain. This study examines whether randomized differential rearing (maternal vs surrogate-peer rearing) of rhesus macaques is associated with differential methylation in early adulthood. The data presented here show that differential rearing leads to differential DNA methylation in both prefrontal cortex and T cells. These differentially methylated promoters tend to cluster by both chromosomal region and gene function. The broad impact of maternal rearing on DNA methylation in both the brain and T cells supports the hypothesis that the response to early-life adversity is system-wide and genome-wide and persists to adulthood. Our data also point to the feasibility of studying the impact of the social environment in peripheral T-cell DNA methylation.

}, keywords = {Animals, Base Sequence, Chromosomes, DNA Methylation, DNA, Complementary, Immunoprecipitation, In Situ Hybridization, Macaca mulatta, Male, Maternal Deprivation, Microarray Analysis, Molecular Sequence Data, Prefrontal Cortex, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, RNA, Social Environment, T-Lymphocytes}, issn = {1529-2401}, doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1470-12.2012}, author = {Proven{\c c}al, Nadine and Suderman, Matthew J and Guillemin, Claire and Massart, Renaud and Ruggiero, Angela and Wang, Dongsha and Bennett, Allyson J and Pierre, Peter J and Friedman, David P and C{\^o}t{\'e}, Sylvana M and Hallett, Michael and Tremblay, Richard E and Suomi, Stephen J and Szyf, Moshe} } @article {7383, title = {Supporting Father Involvement: An Intervention With Community and Child Welfare-Referred Couples}, journal = {Family Relations}, volume = {68}, year = {2019}, month = {Jan-02-2019}, pages = {51 - 67}, keywords = {Child Welfare, fatherhood}, doi = {10.1111/fare.2019.68.issue-110.1111/fare.12352}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/fare.12352}, author = {Pruett, Marsha Kline and Cowan, Philip A. and Cowan, Carolyn Pape and Gillette, Peter and Pruett, Kyle D.} } @inbook {585, title = {Sustainable Development and Health: From Global to Local Agenda}, booktitle = {Sustainable Development: An Appraisal of the Gulf Region}, year = {2014}, pages = {391-415}, publisher = {Berghahn Books}, organization = {Berghahn Books}, chapter = {16}, address = {New York}, url = {http://www.berghahnbooks.com/title/SillitoeSustainable}, author = {M. Riva and C. Panter-Brick and M. Eggerman}, editor = {P. Sillitoe} } @article {3436, title = {South African Child Support Grant Impact Assessment}, year = {2012}, institution = {Pretoria: Dept. of Social Development.}, url = {https://www.unicef.org/southafrica/SAF_resources_csg2012s.pdf}, author = {SASSA and UNICEF} } @article {6473, title = {Stress, Resilience, and the Role of Science: Responding to the Coronavirus Pandemic}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Center for the Developing Child, Harvard University}, address = {Boston, MA}, keywords = {COVID-19, early childhood development, resilience, stress}, url = {https://developingchild.harvard.edu/stress-resilience-and-the-role-of-science-responding-to-the-coronavirus-pandemic/?utm_source=announcement\&utm_medium=email\&utm_campaign=covid_podcast}, author = {Schonkoff, JP} } @inbook {6039, title = {Significant benefits, the High/Scope Perry Pre-School Study through age 27}, booktitle = {Child welfare: Major themes in health and social welfare}, volume = {IV}, year = {2005}, pages = {9-29}, publisher = {Routledge}, organization = {Routledge}, chapter = {58}, address = {New York}, url = {https://books.google.com/books?hl=en\&lr=\&id=V4CoDuB8gIUC\&oi=fnd\&pg=PA9\&dq=Schweinhart+et+al.,+2005\&ots=AJ9lSEI0Jh\&sig=DtgM8sNmM-RwPEi1wi5_bdfzbdw$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false}, author = {Schweinhart, L.J. and Barnes, H.V. and Weikhart, D.P.} } @article {5698, title = {Science: Parenting}, journal = {Science }, volume = {345}, year = {2014}, publisher = {ScienceMag}, doi = {10.1126/science.345.6198.742 }, url = {http://science.sciencemag.org/content/345/6198}, author = {Science} } @article {3446, title = {A Study of Education and Resilience in Kenya{\textquoteright}s Arid and Semi-Arid Lands}, year = {2015}, month = {November 2015}, institution = {UNICEF Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Office (ESARO)}, url = {http://www.ineesite.org/en/resources/a-study-of-education-and-resilience-in-kenyas-arid-and-semi-arid-lands}, author = {P. Scott-Villiers and S. Wilson and N. Kabala and M. Kullu and D. Ndung{\textquoteright}u and A. Scott-Villiers} } @article {3416, title = {A Study of Education and Resilience in Kenya{\textquoteright}s Arid and Semi-Arid Lands}, year = {2015}, month = {November 2015}, institution = {UNICEF Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Office (ESARO)}, url = {http://www.ineesite.org/en/resources/a-study-of-education-and-resilience-in-kenyas-arid-and-semi-arid-lands}, author = {P. Scott-Villiers and D. Ndung{\textquoteright}u and S. Wilson and N. Kabala and M. Kullu and A. Scott-Villiers} } @article {460, title = {Sexual Offenses Among Children in the North of Jordan: An Exploratory Study.}, journal = {J Child Sex Abus}, volume = {24}, year = {2015}, month = {2015}, pages = {538-54}, abstract = {

Sexual offenses are an important global health problem threatening people of all age groups. There are no reported studies regarding sexual violence among children in Jordan. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the problem of sexual violence among children in the Northern region of Jordan. A retrospective design was adopted to review all reports from the Forensic Medicine Teaching Center of North of Jordan clinic on cases of sexual-related assaults that occurred between 2003 and 2007. Reports were reviewed for age, gender, toxicological analysis, and relevant information provided by victims and their relatives. Results indicated that 53\% of the cases were male victims, with a male to female ratio of 1:1. Ages ranged from 3 to 18 years with a mean age of 12.5 years. Most cases were considered indecent assaults, while 37.1\% were cases of rape. In most cases, offenders were strangers. It could be concluded that Jordanian children are as susceptible to sexual assaults as their counterparts worldwide. This study is the first to report sexual offenses among children in Jordan. As such, it provides baseline data that can be used to inform policy and prevention strategies focused on reducing sexual violence among this vulnerable segment of the Jordanian population.

}, issn = {1547-0679}, doi = {10.1080/10538712.2015.1042181}, author = {Shotar, Ali M and Alzyoud, Sukaina and Oweis, Arwa and Alhawamdeh, Khalid A and Khoshnood, Kaveh} } @book {555, title = {School Bullying: Insights and Perspectives}, year = {1994}, publisher = {Routledge}, organization = {Routledge}, isbn = {9780415103732}, url = {https://books.google.com/books?id=K4nh6ZggMF8C}, author = {Smith, P.K. and Sharp, S.} } @article {401, title = {Shaken baby syndrome and a triple-dose strategy for its prevention.}, journal = {J Trauma}, volume = {71}, year = {2011}, month = {2011 Dec}, pages = {1801-7}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVES: Inflicted traumatic brain injury associated with Shaken Baby Syndrome (SBS) is a leading cause of injury mortality and morbidity in infants. A triple-dose SBS prevention program was implemented with the aim to reduce the incidence of SBS. The objectives of this study were to describe the epidemiology of SBS, the triple-dose prevention program, and its evaluation.

METHODS: Descriptive and spatial epidemiologic profiles of SBS cases treated at Children\&$\#$39;s Hospital, London Health Sciences Centre, from 1991 to 2010 were created. Dose 1 (in-hospital education): pre-post impact evaluation of registered nurse training, with a questionnaire developed to assess parents\&$\#$39; satisfaction with the program. Dose 2 (public health home visits): process evaluation of additional education given to new parents. Dose 3 (media campaign): a questionnaire developed to rate the importance of factors on a 7-point Likert scale. These factors were used to create weights for statistical modeling and mapping within a geographic information system to target prevention ads.

RESULTS: Forty-three percent of severe infant injuries were intentional. A total of 54 SBS cases were identified. The mean age was 6.7 months (standard deviation, 10.9 months), with 61\% of infant males. The mean Injury Severity Score was 26.3 (standard deviation, 5.5) with a 19\% mortality rate. Registered nurses learned new information on crying patterns and SBS, with a 47\% increase in knowledge posttraining (p \< 0.001). Over 10,000 parents were educated in-hospital, a 93\% education compliance rate. Nearly all parents (93\%) rated the program as useful, citing \"what to do when the crying becomes frustrating\" as the most important message. Only 6\% of families needed to be educated during home visits. Locations of families with a new baby, high population density, and percentage of lone parents were found to be the most important factors for selecting media sites. The spatial analysis revealed six areas needed to be targeted for ad locations.

CONCLUSIONS: SBS is a devastating intentional injury that often results in poor outcomes for the child. Implementing a triple-dose prevention program that provides education on crying patterns, coping strategies, and the dangers of shaking is key to SBS prevention. The program increased knowledge. Parents rated the program as useful. The media campaign allowed us to extend the primary prevention beyond new parents to help create a cultural change in the way crying, the primary trigger for SBS, is viewed. Targeting our intervention increased the likelihood that our message was reaching the population in greatest need.

}, keywords = {Brain Concussion, Child Abuse, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Health Promotion, Hospitals, Pediatric, Humans, Incidence, Infant, Infant Welfare, Infant, Newborn, Male, Ontario, Organizational Innovation, Parents, Primary Prevention, Program Development, Program Evaluation, Public Health, Questionnaires, Risk Assessment, Shaken Baby Syndrome}, issn = {1529-8809}, doi = {10.1097/TA.0b013e31823c484a}, author = {Stewart, Tanya Charyk and Polgar, Denise and Gilliland, Jason and Tanner, David A and Girotti, Murray J and Parry, Neil and Fraser, Douglas D} } @article {6008, title = {Screen-time is associated with inattention problems in preschoolers: Results from the CHILD birth cohort study}, journal = {PLOS ONE}, volume = {14}, year = {2019}, month = {May-04-2020}, pages = {e0213995}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213995}, author = {Tamana, Sukhpreet K. and Ezeugwu, Victor and Chikuma, Joyce and Lefebvre, Diana L. and Azad, Meghan B. and Moraes, Theo J. and Subbarao, Padmaja and Becker, Allan B. and Turvey, Stuart E. and Sears, Malcolm R. and Dick, Bruce D. and Carson, Valerie and Rasmussen, Carmen and Pei, Jacqueline and Mandhane, Piush J.}, editor = {Cerniglia, Luca} } @article {5963, title = {Safe spaces: The urgent need for early childhood development in emergencies and disasters}, year = {2016}, url = {https://s3.amazonaws.com/theirworld-site-resources/Reports/Safespaces_report.pdf }, author = {Theirworld} } @article {6274, title = {The state of the world{\textquoteright}s children 2019: Growing well in a changing world children, food and nutrition}, year = {2019}, institution = {United Nations Children{\textquoteright}s Fund (UNICEF)}, address = {New York City}, abstract = {

}, keywords = {child rights, global, Health, nutrition}, url = {https://www.unicef.org/media/60826/file/SOWC-2019-EAP.pdf}, author = {UNICEF} } @article {3421, title = {South African Child Support Grant Impact Assessment}, year = {2012}, institution = {Pretoria: Dept. of Social Development.}, url = {https://www.unicef.org/southafrica/SAF_resources_csg2012s.pdf}, author = {UNICEF and SASSA and SocialDevelopment} } @article {609, title = {The state of the world{\textquoteright}s children: Adolescence {\textendash} An age of opportunity}, year = {2011}, institution = {UNICEF}, address = {New York, NY}, url = {http://www.unicef.org/adolescence/files/SOWC_2011_Main_Report_EN_02092011.pdf}, author = {UNICEF} } @article {2356, title = {Starting early to build stronger and more peaceful societies (Eng)}, year = {2015}, publisher = {UNICEF}, address = {New York }, abstract = {

Millions of children around the world are living through conflict, violence and insecurity. With emergencies and protracted crises on the rise, UNICEF is committed to safeguarding children \’s development and contributing to resilient and sustainable societies. Recognizing the interconnectedness of social development and peace articulated in the new Sustainable Development Goals, UNICEF is working with partners on innovative early childhood development (ECD) interventions to reduce violence, promote peace, and provide a robust foundation for children to grow into healthy, active and engaged community members.

}, keywords = {early childhood development, peacebuilding}, url = {sites/default/files/files/03a ECD PB Social Cohesion brief_ENGLISH.pdf}, author = {UNICEF} } @article {6239, title = {Supporting Families for Nurturing Care: Resource Modules for Home Visitors}, year = {2016}, keywords = {home visiting, nurturing care}, url = {https://www.issa.nl/node/198?fbclid=IwAR2ajPSkNXvjWLhmR2ToyQtvnbRbk7hy1jH1cg4rhvMDBchAGCZcxRDsCYc}, author = {UNICEF and ISSA} } @article {608, title = {The state of the world{\textquoteright}s children 2006: excluded and invisible}, year = {2006}, institution = {UNICEF}, address = {New York, NY}, url = {http://www.unicef.org/sowc06/pdfs/sowc06_fullreport.pdf}, author = {UNICEF} } @article {6869, title = {The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2020}, year = {2020}, institution = {United Nations}, address = {New York City}, abstract = {"The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2020 presents an overview of progress towards the SDGs before the pandemic started, but it also looks at some of the devastating initial impacts of COVID-19 on specific Goals and targets. The report was prepared by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs in collaboration with over 200 experts from more than 40 international agencies using the latest available data and estimates."}, keywords = {SDGs, sustainable development goals}, url = {https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2020/The-Sustainable-Development-Goals-Report-2020.pdf}, author = {UnitedNations} } @article {626, title = {Strong foundations: Early childhood care and education.}, year = {2007}, url = {http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001477/147794e.pdf}, author = {UnitedNations} } @article {6116, title = {The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2019}, year = {2019}, institution = {United Nations}, address = {New York City}, keywords = {SDG, SDGs, Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)}, url = {https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2019/}, author = {UnitedNations} } @article {213, title = {A sniff of trust: meta-analysis of the effects of intranasal oxytocin administration on face recognition, trust to in-group, and trust to out-group.}, journal = {Psychoneuroendocrinology}, volume = {37}, year = {2012}, month = {2012 Mar}, pages = {438-43}, abstract = {

The neuropeptide oxytocin has a popular reputation of being the \&$\#$39;love\&$\#$39; hormone. Here we test meta-analytically whether experiments with intranasal administration of oxytocin provide support for the proposed effects of oxytocin. Three psychological effects were subjected to meta-analysis: facial emotion recognition (13 effect sizes, N=408), in-group trust (8 effect sizes, N=317), and out-group trust (10 effect sizes; N=505). We found that intranasal oxytocin administration enhances the recognition of facial expressions of emotions, and that it elevates the level of in-group trust. The hypothesis that out-group trust is significantly decreased in the oxytocin condition was not supported. It is concluded that a sniff of oxytocin can change emotion perception and behavior in trusting relationships.

}, keywords = {Administration, Intranasal, Clinical Trials as Topic, Emotions, Facial Expression, Female, Humans, Male, Oxytocin, Peer Group, Photic Stimulation, Recognition (Psychology), Sex Characteristics, Time Factors, Trust, Visual Perception}, issn = {1873-3360}, doi = {10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.07.008}, author = {van IJzendoorn, M. H. and Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J.} } @article {6192, title = {Sustaining warm and inclusive transitions across the Early Years. Final report with implications for policies and practices}, year = {2019}, institution = {Educational Research Institute (ERI)}, address = {Harlingen, TX }, keywords = {policy and practice, school readiness}, url = {http://start.pei.si/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2017/01/06_FINAL-REPORT.pdf}, author = {Van Laere, K. and Boudry, C. and Balduzzi, L. and Lazzari, A. and Prodger, A. and Welsh, C. and Geraghty, S. and Re{\v z}ek, M. and Mlinar, M.} } @article {6376, title = {Summary | Improving early childhood development: WHO guideline}, year = {2020}, abstract = {

}, keywords = {early childhood development, nurturing care}, url = {https://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/child/Improving_Early_Childhood_Development_WHO_Guideline_Summary__.pdf}, author = {WHO} } @book {557, title = {The Spirit Level: Why Greater Equality Makes Societies Stronger}, year = {2011}, publisher = {Bloomsbury USA}, organization = {Bloomsbury USA}, isbn = {9781608193417}, url = {http://www.bloomsbury.com/us/the-spirit-level-9781608191703/}, author = {Wilkinson, R. and Pickett, K.} } @book {558, title = {Sociobiology: The New Synthesis}, year = {2000}, publisher = {Belknap Press of Harvard University Press}, organization = {Belknap Press of Harvard University Press}, isbn = {9780674000896}, url = {https://books.google.com/books?id=v7lV9tz8fXAC}, author = {Wilson, E.O.} } @article {6512, title = {Spirals of Inequality}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Women{\textquoteright}s Budget Group}, abstract = {

Spirals of Inequality from Women\&$\#$39;s Budget Group on Vimeo.

}, keywords = {COVID-19, economic policy, gender inequality}, url = {https://vimeo.com/409866367}, author = {WomensBudgetGroup} } @inbook {589, title = {A Skeptics View}, booktitle = {Culture and Negotiation: The Resolution of Water Disputes}, year = {1993}, publisher = {Sage Publications}, organization = {Sage Publications}, address = {London}, url = {https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/culture-and-negotiation/book4234}, author = {I. W. Zartman}, editor = {G. Faure and J. Rubin} } @article {7203, title = {State of Babies Yearbook: 2021 (US)}, year = {2021}, institution = {Zero to Three}, keywords = {early childhood care and education}, url = {https://stateofbabies.org/}, author = {ZEROtoTHREE} }