@article {251, title = {Oxytocin decreases handgrip force in reaction to infant crying in females without harsh parenting experiences.}, journal = {Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci}, volume = {7}, year = {2012}, month = {2012 Nov}, pages = {951-7}, abstract = {

Infant crying can elicit sensitive caregiving as well as hostility and harsh parenting responses. In the current study (N = 42 females) with a double-blind experimental design, we tested the effect of intranasal oxytocin administration on the use of excessive force using a hand-grip dynamometer during listening to infant cry sounds. Participants\&$\#$39; experiences with harsh parental discipline during childhood were found to moderate the effect of oxytocin administration on the use of excessive force. Participants\&$\#$39; whose parents did not discipline them harshly used less excessive force in the oxytocin condition, but for participants who were disciplined harshly there was no difference between the oxytocin and placebo condition. Such effects were not found during listening to infant laughter. We conclude that early caregiving experiences constitute an important moderator of the prosocial and/or stress-reducing effects of oxytocin. Oxytocin administration may increase trust and cooperation in individuals with supportive backgrounds, but not generate this effect in individuals who as a consequence of unfavorable early caregiving experiences may have a bias toward negative interpretation of social cues.

}, keywords = {Administration, Intranasal, Adult, Crying, Female, Hand Strength, Humans, Infant, Infant Behavior, Linear Models, Middle Aged, Oxytocin, Parents, Twins, Dizygotic, Twins, Monozygotic, Young Adult}, issn = {1749-5024}, doi = {10.1093/scan/nsr067}, author = {Bakermans-Kranenburg, Marian J and Van IJzendoorn, Marinus H and Riem, Madelon M E and Tops, Mattie and Alink, Lenneke R A} } @article {246, title = {Oxytocin receptor (OXTR) and serotonin transporter (5-HTT) genes associated with observed parenting.}, journal = {Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci}, volume = {3}, year = {2008}, month = {2008 Jun}, pages = {128-34}, abstract = {

Both oxytocin and serotonin modulate affiliative responses to partners and offspring. Animal studies suggest a crucial role of oxytocin in mammalian parturition and lactation but also in parenting and social interactions with offspring. The serotonergic system may also be important through its influence on mood and the release of oxytocin. We examined the role of serotonin transporter (5-HTT) and oxytocin receptor (OXTR) genes in explaining differences in sensitive parenting in a community sample of 159 Caucasian, middle-class mothers with their 2-year-old toddlers at risk for externalizing behavior problems, taking into account maternal educational level, maternal depression and the quality of the marital relationship. Independent genetic effects of 5-HTTLPR SCL6A4 and OXTR rs53576 on observed maternal sensitivity were found. Controlling for differences in maternal education, depression and marital discord, parents with the possibly less efficient variants of the serotonergic (5-HTT ss) and oxytonergic (AA/AG) system genes showed lower levels of sensitive responsiveness to their toddlers. Two-way and three-way interactions with marital discord or depression were not significant. This first study on the role of both OXTR and 5-HTT genes in human parenting points to molecular genetic differences that may be implicated in the production of oxytocin explaining differences in sensitive parenting.

}, keywords = {Adult, Brain, Brain Chemistry, Child, Child, Preschool, Cooperative Behavior, Empathy, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Maternal Behavior, Mother-Child Relations, Parenting, Polymorphism, Genetic, Receptors, Oxytocin, Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins, Social Behavior}, issn = {1749-5024}, doi = {10.1093/scan/nsn004}, author = {Bakermans-Kranenburg, Marian J and Van IJzendoorn, Marinus H} } @article {166, title = {Oxytocin selectively improves empathic accuracy.}, journal = {Psychol Sci}, volume = {21}, year = {2010}, month = {2010 Oct}, pages = {1426-8}, keywords = {Administration, Intranasal, Adult, Cross-Over Studies, Double-Blind Method, Emotions, Empathy, Humans, Individuality, Male, Oxytocin, Theory of Mind, Young Adult}, issn = {1467-9280}, doi = {10.1177/0956797610383439}, author = {Bartz, Jennifer A and Zaki, Jamil and Bolger, Niall and Hollander, Eric and Ludwig, Natasha N and Kolevzon, Alexander and Ochsner, Kevin N} } @article {260, title = {Oxytocin shapes the neural circuitry of trust and trust adaptation in humans.}, journal = {Neuron}, volume = {58}, year = {2008}, month = {2008 May 22}, pages = {639-50}, abstract = {

Trust and betrayal of trust are ubiquitous in human societies. Recent behavioral evidence shows that the neuropeptide oxytocin increases trust among humans, thus offering a unique chance of gaining a deeper understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying trust and the adaptation to breach of trust. We examined the neural circuitry of trusting behavior by combining the intranasal, double-blind, administration of oxytocin with fMRI. We find that subjects in the oxytocin group show no change in their trusting behavior after they learned that their trust had been breached several times while subjects receiving placebo decrease their trust. This difference in trust adaptation is associated with a specific reduction in activation in the amygdala, the midbrain regions, and the dorsal striatum in subjects receiving oxytocin, suggesting that neural systems mediating fear processing (amygdala and midbrain regions) and behavioral adaptations to feedback information (dorsal striatum) modulate oxytocin\&$\#$39;s effect on trust. These findings may help to develop deeper insights into mental disorders such as social phobia and autism, which are characterized by persistent fear or avoidance of social interactions.

}, keywords = {Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Analysis of Variance, Brain, Brain Mapping, Double-Blind Method, Games, Experimental, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Nerve Net, Oxygen, Oxytocin, Psychometrics, Questionnaires, Reaction Time, Risk-Taking, Trust}, issn = {1097-4199}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2008.04.009}, author = {Baumgartner, Thomas and Heinrichs, Markus and Vonlanthen, Aline and Fischbacher, Urs and Fehr, Ernst} } @article {4761, title = {Optimizing an Era of Global Mental Health Implementation Science}, journal = {JAMA Psychiatry}, volume = {73}, number = {2}, year = {2016}, note = {Betancourt, Theresa S
Chambers, David A
eng
Review
2016/01/01 06:00
JAMA Psychiatry. 2016 Feb;73(2):99-100. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.2705.}, month = {Feb}, pages = {99-100}, keywords = {*Global Health, *Health Services Research, *Mental Health Services, Humans}, isbn = {2168-6238 (Electronic)
2168-622X (Linking)}, author = {Betancourt, T. S. and Chambers, D. A.} } @article {273, title = {The oxytocin paradox.}, journal = {Front Behav Neurosci}, volume = {8}, year = {2014}, month = {2014}, pages = {48}, issn = {1662-5153}, doi = {10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00048}, author = {Bethlehem, Richard A I and Baron-Cohen, Simon and van Honk, Jack and Auyeung, Bonnie and Bos, Peter A} } @article {302, title = {The ontogeny of the motivation that underlies in-group bias.}, journal = {Psychol Sci}, volume = {25}, year = {2014}, month = {2014 Apr}, pages = {921-7}, abstract = {

Humans demonstrate a clear bias toward members of their own group over members of other groups in a variety of ways. It has been argued that the motivation underlying this in-group bias in adults may be favoritism toward one\&$\#$39;s own group (in-group love), derogation of the out-group (out-group hate), or both. Although some studies have demonstrated in-group bias among children and infants, nothing is known about the underlying motivations of this bias. Using a novel game, we found that in-group love is already present in children of preschool age and can motivate in-group-biased behavior across childhood. In contrast, out-group hate develops only after a child\&$\#$39;s sixth birthday and is a sufficient motivation for in-group-biased behavior from school age onward. These results help to better identify the motivation that underlies in-group-biased behavior in children.

}, keywords = {Child, Child Development, Child, Preschool, Cognition, Female, Group Processes, Humans, Male, Motivation, Social Behavior, Social Distance, Social Identification, Social Perception}, issn = {1467-9280}, doi = {10.1177/0956797613516802}, author = {Buttelmann, David and B{\"o}hm, Robert} } @article {317, title = {Oxytocin pathways and the evolution of human behavior.}, journal = {Annu Rev Psychol}, volume = {65}, year = {2014}, month = {2014}, pages = {17-39}, abstract = {

This review examines the hypothesis that oxytocin pathways--which include the neuropeptide oxytocin, the related peptide vasopressin, and their receptors--are at the center of physiological and genetic systems that permitted the evolution of the human nervous system and allowed the expression of contemporary human sociality. Unique actions of oxytocin, including the facilitation of birth, lactation, maternal behavior, genetic regulation of the growth of the neocortex, and the maintenance of the blood supply to the cortex, may have been necessary for encephalization. Peptide-facilitated attachment also allows the extended periods of nurture necessary for the emergence of human intellectual development. In general, oxytocin acts to allow the high levels of social sensitivity and attunement necessary for human sociality and for rearing a human child. Under optimal conditions oxytocin may create an emotional sense of safety. Oxytocin dynamically moderates the autonomic nervous system, and effects of oxytocin on vagal pathways, as well as the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of this peptide, help to explain the pervasive adaptive consequences of social behavior for emotional and physical health.

}, keywords = {Behavior, Biological Evolution, Brain, Emotions, Humans, Maternal Behavior, Oxytocin, Social Behavior}, issn = {1545-2085}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115110}, author = {Carter, C. S.} } @article {2776, title = {Oxytocin and vasopressin are dysregulated in Williams Syndrome, a genetic disorder affecting social behavior}, journal = {PLoS One}, volume = {7}, number = {6}, year = {2012}, note = {Dai, Li
Carter, C Sue
Ying, Jian
Bellugi, Ursula
Pournajafi-Nazarloo, Hossein
Korenberg, Julie R
eng
MH072935/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/
P01 HD033113/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/
P01 HD33113/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
2012/06/22 06:00
PLoS One. 2012;7(6):e38513. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038513. Epub 2012 Jun 12.}, pages = {e38513}, abstract = {The molecular and neural mechanisms regulating human social-emotional behaviors are fundamentally important but largely unknown; unraveling these requires a genetic systems neuroscience analysis of human models. Williams Syndrome (WS), a condition caused by deletion of ~28 genes, is associated with a gregarious personality, strong drive to approach strangers, difficult peer interactions, and attraction to music. WS provides a unique opportunity to identify endogenous human gene-behavior mechanisms. Social neuropeptides including oxytocin (OT) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) regulate reproductive and social behaviors in mammals, and we reasoned that these might mediate the features of WS. Here we established blood levels of OT and AVP in WS and controls at baseline, and at multiple timepoints following a positive emotional intervention (music), and a negative physical stressor (cold). We also related these levels to standardized indices of social behavior. Results revealed significantly higher median levels of OT in WS versus controls at baseline, with a less marked increase in AVP. Further, in WS, OT and AVP increased in response to music and to cold, with greater variability and an amplified peak release compared to controls. In WS, baseline OT but not AVP, was correlated positively with approach, but negatively with adaptive social behaviors. These results indicate that WS deleted genes perturb hypothalamic-pituitary release not only of OT but also of AVP, implicating more complex neuropeptide circuitry for WS features and providing evidence for their roles in endogenous regulation of human social behavior. The data suggest a possible biological basis for amygdalar involvement, for increased anxiety, and for the paradox of increased approach but poor social relationships in WS. They also offer insight for translating genetic and neuroendocrine knowledge into treatments for disorders of social behavior.}, keywords = {*Social Behavior, Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Oxytocin/*physiology, Vasopressins/*physiology, Williams Syndrome/*physiopathology}, isbn = {1932-6203 (Electronic)
1932-6203 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0038513}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22719898}, author = {Dai, L. and Carter, C. S. and Ying, J. and Bellugi, U. and Pournajafi-Nazarloo, H. and Korenberg, J. R.} } @article {665, title = {The Origins of War: Biological and Anthropological Theories}, journal = {History and Theory}, volume = {35}, number = {1}, year = {1996}, pages = {1-28}, publisher = {Wiley for Wesleyan University}, abstract = {

This article surveys the history since the Enlightenment of the controversy over the origins and functions of warfare, focusing on the question of whether war is caused by nature or nurture. In the earlier literature (before 1950) five positions are distinguished. (1) The Hobbesian thesis: war is part of human nature and serves both the internal function of solidarity and the external function of maintaining the balance of power. (2) The Rousseauean thesis: war is not in human nature but was invented by states for the functions mentioned above. (3) The Malthusian thesis: war serves the grand function of reducing population, quite apart from its conscious proximate functions. (4) The Spencerian thesis: a combination of Hobbes and Malthus - war serves the grand function of human evolution. (5) The cultural anthropologists\&$\#$39; thesis: an extreme version of Rousseau - war is a dysfunctional historical accident. Most of the article is devoted to recent controversy, distinguishing three major theories: (1) sociobiology, an updated version of the Spencerian thesis; (2) cultural ecology, an updated version of the cultural-anthropological thesis, combining Rousseau and Malthus; (3) cultural Darwinism, which holds that the process of cultural evolution mimics natural selection. The last theory is favored here. It implies that warfare has no grand functions, either sociobiological or ecological. War is neither nature nor nurture, but nurture imitating nature. Hobbes was right in thinking war has always been around; Rousseau was right to think primitive warfare was not the same thing as the wars of states.

}, isbn = {00182656}, doi = {10.2307/2505515}, author = {Dawson, Doyne} } @article {2796, title = {Oxytocin modulates cooperation within and competition between groups: an integrative review and research agenda}, journal = {Horm BehavHorm Behav}, volume = {61}, number = {3}, year = {2012}, note = {1095-6867
De Dreu, Carsten K W
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
Review
United States
Horm Behav. 2012 Mar;61(3):419-28. doi: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2011.12.009. Epub 2011 Dec 20.}, month = {Mar}, pages = {419-28}, edition = {2012/01/10}, abstract = {The author reviews evidence that hypothalamic release (or infusion) of the neuropeptide oxytocin modulates the regulation of cooperation and conflict among humans because of three reasons. First, oxytocin enables social categorization of others into in-group versus out-group. Second, oxytocin dampens amygdala activity and enables the development of trust. Third, and finally, oxytocin up-regulates neural circuitries (e.g., inferior frontal gyrus, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, caudate nucleus) involved in empathy and other-concern. Consistent with an evolutionary perspective on the functionality of cooperation, it is concluded that oxytocin-motivated cooperation is mostly parochial-it motivates (i) in-group favoritism, (ii) cooperation towards in-group but not out-group members, and (iii) defense-motivated non-cooperation towards threatening outsiders. Thus, in addition to its well-known role in reproduction and pair-bond formation, oxytocin{\textquoteright}s primary functions include in-group "tend-and-defend." This review concludes with avenues for new research on oxytocin{\textquoteright}s functions in within-group cooperation and between-group competition. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Oxytocin, Vasopressin, and Social Behavior.}, keywords = {*Cooperative Behavior, *Group Processes, Competitive Behavior/*physiology, Discrimination (Psychology), Empathy/physiology, Fear/psychology, Humans, Love, Oxytocin/*physiology, Recognition (Psychology), Social Behavior, Trust}, isbn = {0018-506x}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2011.12.009}, author = {De Dreu, C. K.} } @article {173, title = {Oxytocin promotes human ethnocentrism.}, journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A}, volume = {108}, year = {2011}, month = {2011 Jan 25}, pages = {1262-6}, abstract = {

Human ethnocentrism--the tendency to view one\&$\#$39;s group as centrally important and superior to other groups--creates intergroup bias that fuels prejudice, xenophobia, and intergroup violence. Grounded in the idea that ethnocentrism also facilitates within-group trust, cooperation, and coordination, we conjecture that ethnocentrism may be modulated by brain oxytocin, a peptide shown to promote cooperation among in-group members. In double-blind, placebo-controlled designs, males self-administered oxytocin or placebo and privately performed computer-guided tasks to gauge different manifestations of ethnocentric in-group favoritism as well as out-group derogation. Experiments 1 and 2 used the Implicit Association Test to assess in-group favoritism and out-group derogation. Experiment 3 used the infrahumanization task to assess the extent to which humans ascribe secondary, uniquely human emotions to their in-group and to an out-group. Experiments 4 and 5 confronted participants with the option to save the life of a larger collective by sacrificing one individual, nominated as in-group or as out-group. Results show that oxytocin creates intergroup bias because oxytocin motivates in-group favoritism and, to a lesser extent, out-group derogation. These findings call into question the view of oxytocin as an indiscriminate \"love drug\" or \"cuddle chemical\" and suggest that oxytocin has a role in the emergence of intergroup conflict and violence.

}, keywords = {Choice Behavior, Codependency (Psychology), Cooperative Behavior, Double-Blind Method, Emotions, Humans, Male, Oxytocin, Social Behavior, Task Performance and Analysis, Young Adult}, issn = {1091-6490}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.1015316108}, author = {De Dreu, Carsten K W and Greer, Lindred L and Van Kleef, Gerben A and Shalvi, Shaul and Handgraaf, Michel J J} } @article {174, title = {Oxytocin improves "mind-reading" in humans.}, journal = {Biol Psychiatry}, volume = {61}, year = {2007}, month = {2007 Mar 15}, pages = {731-3}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: The ability to \"read the mind\" of other individuals, that is, to infer their mental state by interpreting subtle social cues, is indispensable in human social interaction. The neuropeptide oxytocin plays a central role in social approach behavior in nonhuman mammals.

METHODS: In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, within-subject design, 30 healthy male volunteers were tested for their ability to infer the affective mental state of others using the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET) after intranasal administration of 24 IU oxytocin.

RESULTS: Oxytocin improved performance on the RMET compared with placebo. This effect was pronounced for difficult compared with easy items.

CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that oxytocin improves the ability to infer the mental state of others from social cues of the eye region. Oxytocin might play a role in the pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorder, which is characterized by severe social impairment.

}, keywords = {Administration, Intranasal, Adult, Awareness, Brain, Cues, Double-Blind Method, Empathy, Facial Expression, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Nonverbal Communication, Oxytocin, Reference Values, Social Perception, Telepathy}, issn = {0006-3223}, doi = {10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.07.015}, author = {Domes, Gregor and Heinrichs, Markus and Michel, Andre and Berger, Christoph and Herpertz, Sabine C} } @article {5850, title = {Out of the Shadows: Shining light on response to child sexual abuse and exploitation - a 40 country benchmarking index}, year = {2019}, publisher = {Economist Intelligence Unit}, abstract = {Out of the shadows: Shining light on the response to child sexual abuse and exploitation - a 40-country benchmarking index examines how countries are responding to the threat of sexual violence against children. It explores the environment in which the issue occurs and is addressed; the degree to which a country{\textquoteright}s legal framework provide protections for children from sexual violence; whether government commitment and capacity is being deployed to equip institutions and personnel to respond appropriately; and the engagement of industry, civil society and media in efforts to tackle the problem.}, keywords = {child sexual abuse and exploitation}, url = {https://outoftheshadows.eiu.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Out-the-Shadows-Whitepaper.pdf }, author = {EconomistIntelligenceUnit} } @article {3066, title = {Oxytocin and social affiliation in humans}, journal = {Horm Behav}, volume = {61}, number = {3}, year = {2012}, note = {Feldman, Ruth
eng
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S.
Review
2012/01/31 06:00
Horm Behav. 2012 Mar;61(3):380-91. doi: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.01.008. Epub 2012 Jan 20.}, month = {Mar}, pages = {380-91}, abstract = {A conceptual model detailing the process of bio-behavioral synchrony between the online physiological and behavioral responses of attachment partners during social contact is presented as a theoretical and empirical framework for the study of affiliative bonds. Guided by an ethological behavior-based approach, we suggest that micro-level social behaviors in the gaze, vocal, affective, and touch modalities are dynamically integrated with online physiological processes and hormonal response to create dyad-specific affiliations. Studies across multiple attachments throughout life are presented and demonstrate that the extended oxytocin (OT) system provides the neurohormonal substrate for parental, romantic, and filial attachment in humans; that the three prototypes of affiliation are expressed in similar constellations of social behavior; and that OT is stable over time within individuals, is mutually-influencing among partners, and that mechanisms of cross-generation and inter-couple transmission relate to coordinated social behavior. Research showing links between peripheral and genetic markers of OT with concurrent parenting and memories of parental care; between administration of OT to parent and infant{\textquoteright}s physiological readiness for social engagement; and between neuropeptides and the online synchrony of maternal and paternal brain response in social-cognitive and empathy networks support the hypothesis that human attachment develops within the matrix of biological attunement and close behavioral synchrony. The findings have conceptual implications for the study of inter-subjectivity as well as translational implications for the treatment of social disorders originating in early childhood, such as autism spectrum disorders, or those associated with disruptions to early bonding, such as postpartum depression or child abuse and neglect. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Oxytocin, Vasopressin, and Social Behavior.}, keywords = {*Social Behavior, Animals, Autistic Disorder/genetics/psychology, Friends, Humans, Love, Maternal Behavior, Object Attachment, Oxytocin/genetics/pharmacology/*physiology, Paternal Behavior}, isbn = {1095-6867 (Electronic)
0018-506X (Linking)}, author = {Feldman, R.} } @article {184, title = {Oxytocin and cortisol in romantically unattached young adults: associations with bonding and psychological distress.}, journal = {Psychophysiology}, volume = {45}, year = {2008}, month = {2008 May}, pages = {349-52}, abstract = {

Despite extensive research on the involvement of oxytocin (OT) in mammalian bonding, less is known about its role in human social affiliation across the life cycle. Forty-five romantically unattached young adults participated. Plasma oxytocin and salivary cortisol were assessed using enzyme immuno-assay, and self-report measures of bonding, attachment, anxiety, and depression were collected. Oxytocin was associated with bonding to own parents and inversely related to psychological distress, particularly depressive symptoms. Cortisol was related to attachment anxiety. Regression analysis indicated that the adult\&$\#$39;s representations of bonding to parents predicted OT levels above and beyond cortisol, psychological distress, and attachment. Findings are consistent with antistress models of oxytocin and suggest that oxytocin may play a role in bonding-related cognitions across the life span.

}, keywords = {Adult, Family, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Object Attachment, Oxytocin, Regression Analysis, Stress, Psychological}, issn = {0048-5772}, doi = {10.1111/j.1469-8986.2008.00649.x}, author = {Gordon, I. and Zagoory-Sharon, O. and Schneiderman, I. and Leckman, J. F. and Weller, A. and Feldman, R.} } @article {183, title = {Oxytocin and social motivation.}, journal = {Dev Cogn Neurosci}, volume = {1}, year = {2011}, month = {2011 Oct}, pages = {471-93}, abstract = {

Humans are fundamentally social creatures who are {\textquoteleft}motivated{\textquoteright} to be with others. In this review we examine the role of oxytocin (OT) as it relates to social motivation. OT is synthesized in the brain and throughout the body, including in the heart, thymus, gastrointestinal tract, as well as reproductive organs. The distribution of the OT receptor (OTR) system in both the brain and periphery is even more far-reaching and its expression is subject to changes over the course of development. OTR expression is also sensitive to changes in the external environment and the internal somatic world. The OT system functions as an important element within a complex, developmentally sensitive biobehavioral system. Other elements include sensory inputs, the salience, reward, and threat detection pathways, the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal stress response axis. Despite an ever expanding scientific literature, key unresolved questions remain concerning the interplay of the central and peripheral components of this complex biobehavioral system that dynamically engages the brain and the body as humans interact with social partners over the course of development.

}, keywords = {Animals, Brain, Humans, Motivation, Oxytocin, Receptors, Oxytocin, Social Behavior}, issn = {1878-9307}, doi = {10.1016/j.dcn.2011.07.007}, author = {Gordon, I. and Martin, C. and Feldman, R. and Leckman, J. F.} } @article {186, title = {Oxytocin, cortisol, and triadic family interactions.}, journal = {Physiol Behav}, volume = {101}, year = {2010}, month = {2010 Dec 2}, pages = {679-84}, abstract = {

The neuropeptide oxytocin (OT) supports the development of parenting in mammals primarily through its impact on parent-infant proximity and touch behaviors; however, much less is known about the links between OT and parental touch and contact in humans. In this study, we examined the relations between maternal and paternal OT and patterns of touch and contact in the family unit during triadic interactions. Thirty-seven parents and their firstborn child were seen twice: during the 2nd and 6th postpartum month. Plasma OT and salivary cortisol (CT) were assessed with ELISA methods. At six months, triadic mother-father-infant interactions were videotaped and micro-coded for patterns of proximity, touch, and gaze behavior. Triadic synchrony, defined as moments of coordination between physical proximity and affectionate touch between the parents as well as between parent and infant while both parent and child are synchronizing their social gaze, was predicted by both maternal and paternal OT. Among mothers, triadic synchrony was also independently related to lower levels of CT. Results highlight the role of OT in the early formation of the family unit at the transition to parenthood.

}, keywords = {Adult, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Family Relations, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Infant, Male, Oxytocin, Parenting, Saliva, Touch}, issn = {1873-507X}, doi = {10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.08.008}, author = {Gordon, I. and Zagoory-Sharon, O. and Leckman, J. F. and Feldman, R.} } @article {185, title = {Oxytocin and the development of parenting in humans.}, journal = {Biol Psychiatry}, volume = {68}, year = {2010}, month = {2010 Aug 15}, pages = {377-82}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: The nonapeptide oxytocin (OT) has been repeatedly implicated in processes of parent-infant bonding in animal models; yet, its role in the development of human parenting has received less attention and no research has addressed the involvement of OT in the transition to fatherhood.

METHODS: Using a prospective longitudinal design, 160 cohabitating mothers and fathers and their firstborn infant were visited at home during the first postpartum weeks and again at 6 months postpartum. Mothers\&$\#$39; and fathers\&$\#$39; plasma OT was analyzed at each time point with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methodology. Interactions between each parent and the infant were observed in the postpartum and microcoded for parenting behavior.

RESULTS: Overall, parental OT increased across the study period and there were no differences between maternal and paternal OT at each time point. Oxytocin showed high intraindividual stability across the first 6 months of parenting and the OT levels of husband and wife were interrelated at both assessments. Maternal OT was related to the amount of affectionate parenting behaviors, including \"motherese\" vocalizations, the expression of positive affect, and affectionate touch, whereas paternal OT correlated with the degree of stimulatory parenting behaviors, including proprioceptive contact, tactile stimulation, and object presentation.

CONCLUSIONS: Results are the first to describe plasma OT levels in new fathers and mothers across the transition to parenthood in relation to maternal and paternal typical parenting behaviors. These data may provide a normative basis for the study of parenting under conditions of high risk.

}, keywords = {Female, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Maternal Behavior, Object Attachment, Oxytocin, Parent-Child Relations, Parenting, Paternal Behavior, Prospective Studies, Reference Values, Sex Factors}, issn = {1873-2402}, doi = {10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.02.005}, author = {Gordon, I. and Zagoory-Sharon, O. and Leckman, J. F. and Feldman, R.} } @article {358, title = {Opium trade, insurgency, and HIV/AIDS in Afghanistan: relationships and regional consequences.}, journal = {Asia Pac J Public Health}, volume = {22}, year = {2010}, month = {2010 Jul}, pages = {159S-167S}, abstract = {

Global health and conflict studies share key linkages that have important research and policy implications but for which data are currently lacking. This analytical review examines the ongoing conflict in Afghanistan, using it as a basis to develop a conceptual framework that integrates security and public health concepts. The analysis draws on recent peer-reviewed and gray literature to assess the interrelationship among 3 variable clusters and their impact on the emergence of the HIV epidemic in Afghanistan. The evidence suggests that there is a complex indirect relationship linking illicit opium trade, the ongoing insurgency, and forced and spontaneous migration to the emergence of an injection drug use-driven HIV epidemic in Afghanistan. These findings demonstrate a clear need for an integrated cross-disciplinary and regional approach to the emerging threat of HIV/AIDS in Afghanistan, to inform more balanced and effective policy making in this and other regions of strategic global import.

}, keywords = {Afghan Campaign 2001-, Afghanistan, Databases, Bibliographic, Disease Outbreaks, Heroin Dependence, HIV Infections, Humans, Opium, Refugees, Substance Abuse, Intravenous}, issn = {1941-2479}, doi = {10.1177/1010539510374524}, author = {Griffin, Nevada and Khoshnood, Kaveh} } @article {7583, title = {Overview of the Early Childhood Peace Consortium{\textquoteright}s Early Childhood and Peacebuilding Research and Practice}, year = {2023}, publisher = {Early Childhood Peace Consortium}, abstract = {

Summary

Early childhood development (ECD) is a critical period in a child\&$\#$39;s life, impacting their neuropsychosocial health and ability to reach their full developmental and economic potential. ECD is endorsed as a transformative element in the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which emphasize the importance of equal access to early learning and lifelong education for all children. However, many children do not receive adequate nurturing care due to socioeconomic stresses and caregivers\&$\#$39; mental health. Research has shown positive effects of ECD interventions that incorporate nurturing care. The available evidence also indicates that how a community attends to its children (their health, safety, sense of being loved and valued) can set the stage for a more peaceful world. However, limited evidence specifically examines pathways from early childhood to peacebuilding (that is, actions that promote sustainable peace by supporting prosocial skills needed for peace 1). This review summarizes the interdisciplinary body of knowledge that can help build a peaceful, equitable, and sustainable world through effective ECD programming. To address today\&$\#$39;s global inequities, researchers and practitioners must better understand family and community dynamics and their implications for child development. This knowledge is crucial to tailor evidence-based ECD services to family and community needs and promote the long-term acceptability, uptake, and sustainability of programs. However, governments or policymakers still need to thoroughly prioritize high-quality ECD services. This review emphasizes the importance of cross-sectoral partnerships and coalitions to propel effective ECD research, programming, and advocacy.\ 
Donors, governments, and policymakers must prioritize investments in translational research of the relationships between early childhood development and peacebuilding outcomes, such as social cohesion, community mobilization, diversified social networks, and trust. Early experiences, as determined by the interaction between the developing child\&$\#$39;s brain and the immediate environment, lay the foundation for violent or peaceful relations and behaviors in later life. Interventions targeting the family, or the developing child can impact the child\&$\#$39;s propensity for violent or peaceful relationships and behaviors in later life. This review summarizes the interdisciplinary body of knowledge generated by members of the Early Childhood Peace Consortium (ECPC) that can help build a peaceful, equitable, and sustainable world. This review details global ECD research to better draw the connections between parenting, bio-behavioral development, and peacebuilding efforts. While there is growing evidence for a catalyst role of ECD programs and families in conflict-affected regions, more significant structural interventions are needed to sustain more peaceful, socially cohesive, and resilient communities.
Four areas of key findings and recommendations for research and practice at the intersection of ECD and peacebuilding emerged from this review:
  1. Preprimary education and 0-3 parenting programs can significantly improve early learning. Supporting parents and their partners in caring for their children can improve child outcomes. Research in hard-to-access regions has shown that caregiver-guided education and mass media can contribute to peace and stability.\ 
  2. Engaging caregivers in ECD interventions can reduce conflict, violence, aggression, and psychopathology, benefiting their children\&$\#$39;s well-being and developmental outcomes. Engaging fathers in care can improve family well-being and reduce caregiving stress. Effective community engagement, self-sustaining programs, and stakeholder involvement are crucial for widespread peacebuilding and successful implementation.
  3. The available evidence demonstrates the added value of engaging youth in intergenerational programs. The ECPC can serve as a youth access point for peacebuilding projects. Research co-designed and implemented by youth and ECPC researchers could inform the next generation of peacebuilding research.
  4. Research on ECD and peacebuilding primarily focuses on individual outcomes, neglecting community and structural factors. A new generation of research is needed to understand the multi-level effects of ECD programs on social cohesion and community-level aspects. Such analysis must also account for the neurobiological foundations that shape early life experiences and subsequent pathways to peace.\ 

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}, keywords = {biomarkers, early childhood development, peacebuilding, programmatic evidence, programs and interventions, research science, Social cohesion, Sustainable development, systematic review, violence prevention}, url = {https://ecdpeace.org/sites/default/files/files/EvidenceReview_ECPC_Research_24SEP_FINAL_no-appendix.pdf}, author = {Hein, Sascha and ECPC Research Working Group} } @article {4046, title = {Oxytocin response to youth-mother interactions in clinically anxious youth is associated with separation anxiety and dyadic behavior.}, journal = {Depress Anxiety}, volume = {34}, year = {2017}, month = {2017 02}, pages = {127-136}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: Anxiety disorders are common in youth and cause significant distress and impairment to the individual and family. Oxytocin (OT), a nine amino acid peptide, is implicated in anxiety regulation and modulation of close interpersonal and attachment behavior. Anxiety disorders have been linked to low levels of salivary OT in youth. Research has also linked oxytocinergic functioning to social support, warm contact, and bonding, and indicated that contact with attachment figures stimulates OT response. We examined OT response to a brief, positive youth-mother interaction in clinically anxious youth. We investigated whether quality of the youth-mother interaction as well as the presence of particular anxiety disorders, are associated with youth OT response.

METHOD: Salivary OT from 41 youth with primary DSM-5 anxiety disorders was assayed before and after a 7-min youth-mother interaction that was later systematically coded by two reliable coders. Youth and mothers also completed rating scales of youth anxiety symptoms.

RESULTS: Affective touch, maternal sensitivity, maternal intrusiveness, youth engagement, and youth initiative all contributed significantly to predicting youth OT response. Repeated measures analyses showed that when affective touch was high youth had greater OT response. OT response was positively associated with the presence of separation anxiety disorder (SAD) and with child ratings of separation anxiety.

CONCLUSIONS: The findings highlight the importance of maternal and dyadic behavior patterns to oxytocinergic response in clinically anxious youth, shed light on the association between OT and SAD, and point to possible intervention strategies.

}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Adult, Anxiety Disorders, Anxiety, Separation, Child, Child Behavior, Female, Humans, Male, Maternal Behavior, Middle Aged, Mother-Child Relations, Object Attachment, Oxytocin, Saliva}, issn = {1520-6394}, doi = {10.1002/da.22585}, author = {Lebowitz, E. R. and Silverman, W. K. and Martino, A. M. and Zagoory-Sharon, O. and Feldman, R. and Leckman, J. F.} } @article {417, title = {Oxytocin during pregnancy and early postpartum: individual patterns and maternal-fetal attachment.}, journal = {Peptides}, volume = {28}, year = {2007}, month = {2007 Jun}, pages = {1162-9}, abstract = {

Oxytocin (OT), a nanopeptide hormone, plays a role in the emergence of maternal behavior, yet few studies examined OT in humans across pregnancy and the postpartum. We followed healthy women at three points: first trimester of pregnancy, third trimester, and first postpartum month. Plasma OT levels showed high individual stability. A third of the sample showed consistent OT levels, whereas others showed increasing or decreasing trends or peak in late pregnancy. The increase in OT from early to late pregnancy correlated with higher maternal-fetal bonding. These data may help set standards for OT levels and underscore links with maternal-infant attachment.

}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Maternal Behavior, Maternal-Fetal Relations, Oxytocin, Postpartum Period, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Trimester, First, Pregnancy Trimester, Third, Radioimmunoassay}, issn = {0196-9781}, doi = {10.1016/j.peptides.2007.04.016}, author = {Levine, Ari and Zagoory-Sharon, Orna and Feldman, Ruth and Weller, Aron} } @article {421, title = {Ordinary magic. Resilience processes in development.}, journal = {Am Psychol}, volume = {56}, year = {2001}, month = {2001 Mar}, pages = {227-38}, abstract = {

The study of resilience in development has overturned many negative assumptions and deficit-focused models about children growing up under the threat of disadvantage and adversity. The most surprising conclusion emerging from studies of these children is the ordinariness of resilience. An examination of converging findings from variable-focused and person-focused investigations of these phenomena suggests that resilience is common and that it usually arises from the normative functions of human adaptational systems, with the greatest threats to human development being those that compromise these protective systems. The conclusion that resilience is made of ordinary rather than extraordinary processes offers a more positive outlook on human development and adaptation, as well as direction for policy and practice aimed at enhancing the development of children at risk for problems and psychopathology.

}, keywords = {Adaptation, Psychological, Child, Child, Preschool, Humans, Psychology, Child}, issn = {0003-066X}, author = {Masten, A S} } @article {726, title = {One Family at a Time: A Prevention Program for At-Risk Parents}, journal = {Journal of Counseling \& Development}, volume = {80}, year = {2002}, month = {Jan-07-2002}, pages = {362 - 371}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/jcad.2002.80.issue-3http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2002.tb00201.x}, author = {Nicholson, Bonnie and Anderson, Michelle and Fox, Robert and Brenner, Viktor} } @article {5141, title = {Overview and implementation of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {367}, number = {9511}, year = {2006}, note = {Pais, Marta Santos
Bissell, Susan
eng
England
2006/03/01 09:00
Lancet. 2006 Feb 25;367(9511):689-90. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68267-6.}, month = {Feb 25}, pages = {689-90}, keywords = {Child, Child Advocacy/*legislation \& jurisprudence, Humans, United Nations}, isbn = {1474-547X (Electronic)
0140-6736 (Linking)}, author = {Pais, M. S. and Bissell, S.} } @article {5326, title = {"Only God decides": young children{\textquoteright}s perceptions of divorce and the legal system}, journal = {J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry}, volume = {38}, number = {12}, year = {1999}, note = {Pruett, K D
Pruett, M K
eng
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
1999/12/22 00:00
J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1999 Dec;38(12):1544-50. doi: 10.1097/00004583-199912000-00016.}, month = {Dec}, pages = {1544-50}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To describe research on perceptions of children aged 6 and younger from 21 families of their parents{\textquoteright} divorce, of its impact on their families, and of legal officials. METHOD: Semistructured play interviews were conducted during home visits as parents were conjointly interviewed as part of a larger study on divorce in legal context. RESULTS: Children had much mis-information about divorce as an event and process. What they did know was often inappropriate, frightening, and confusing. They resented how the process "ruined their parents{\textquoteright} being friends any more" and proposed reforms based on their wishes and observations. CONCLUSIONS: Greater awareness is needed of the child{\textquoteright}s desire to be heard during the process, to feel safe and less lonely, and to stay in touch with both parents and extended families. Age-appropriate explanations of psychological and legal aspects of the divorce process are likely to support children{\textquoteright}s positive adjustment and mental health.}, keywords = {*Social Perception, Adaptation, Psychological, Child, Child Behavior/*psychology, Child, Preschool, Divorce/*legislation \& jurisprudence/*psychology, Family/psychology, Female, Humans, Male, Parent-Child Relations, Psychology, Child, Social Adjustment}, isbn = {0890-8567 (Print)
0890-8567 (Linking)}, author = {Pruett, K. D. and Pruett, M. K.} } @article {202, title = {Oxytocin during the initial stages of romantic attachment: relations to couples{\textquoteright} interactive reciprocity.}, journal = {Psychoneuroendocrinology}, volume = {37}, year = {2012}, month = {2012 Aug}, pages = {1277-85}, abstract = {

Romantic relationships can have a profound effect on adults{\textquoteright} health and well-being whereas the inability to maintain intimate bonds has been associated with physical and emotional distress. Studies in monogamous mammalian species underscore the central role of oxytocin (OT) in pair-bonding and human imaging studies implicate OT-rich brain areas in early romantic love. To assess the role of OT in romantic attachment, we examined plasma OT in 163 young adults: 120 new lovers (60 couples) three months after the initiation of their romantic relationship and 43 non-attached singles. Twenty-five of the 36 couples who stayed together were seen again six months later. Couples were observed in dyadic interactions and were each interviewed regarding relationship-related thoughts and behaviors. OT was significantly higher in new lovers compared to singles, F(1,152)=109.33, p<.001, which may suggest increased activity of the oxytocinergic system during the early stages of romantic attachment. These high levels of OT among new lovers did not decrease six months later and showed high individual stability. OT correlated with the couples{\textquoteright} interactive reciprocity, including social focus, positive affect, affectionate touch, and synchronized dyadic states, and with anxieties and worries regarding the partner and the relationship, findings which parallel those described for parent-infant bonding. OT levels at the first assessment differentiated couples who stayed together six months later from those who separated during this period. Regression analysis showed that OT predicted interactive reciprocity independent of sex, relationship duration, and the partner{\textquoteright}s OT. Findings suggest that OT may play an important role at the first stages of romantic attachment and lend support to evolutionary models suggesting that parental and romantic attachment share underlying bio-behavioral mechanisms.

}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Behavior, Courtship, Emotions, Family Characteristics, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Love, Male, Object Attachment, Oxytocin, Young Adult}, issn = {1873-3360}, doi = {10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.12.021}, author = {Schneiderman, I. and Zagoory-Sharon, O. and Leckman, J. F. and Feldman, R.} } @book {5746, title = {Our place in the (E) space: What each parent has to know about the Internet: Perspectives, challenges and responsibilities}, year = {2017}, publisher = {SOS II Telefono Azzurro NGO}, organization = {SOS II Telefono Azzurro NGO}, address = {Milan, Italy}, keywords = {Bullying, child pornography, cyberbullying, violence prevention}, url = {http://www.azzurro.it/sites/default/files/EBOOK\%20OUR\%20PLACE\%20IN\%20THE\%20\%28E\%29SPACE.pdf}, author = {TelefonoAzzurro} } @article {465, title = {Opiate use, treatment, and harm reduction in Afghanistan: recent changes and future directions.}, journal = {Int J Drug Policy}, volume = {23}, year = {2012}, month = {2012 Sep}, pages = {341-5}, abstract = {

Afghanistan leads global opium and cannabis production, amidst concerted efforts to improve the country\&$\#$39;s infrastructure. In this commentary, the evidence base for drivers of increased drug use in the context of deteriorating security is presented, government, donor, and civil society responses to date are described, and key areas for health policy response are summarized. Opiate use in Afghanistan shows disturbing trends: multiple substances are accessible at low cost and frequently used in combination, and injecting use has become more common. Pressures from both donor and governmental sectors have compromised innovations in programming. Further, civil unrest and resultant displacement have created challenges for programme implementation. Afghanistan urgently needs a well-funded, sustainable, comprehensive, and inclusive programme of drug dependency treatment, aftercare, and harm reduction services, as well as realistic, effective, and culturally salient primary prevention programmes. To date, drug dependence is not a prioritised issue, current programmes are under-resourced, and the continuum of care has a narrow scope generally limited to treatment. Unless this issue is addressed, the next generation of Afghans is poised to become a casualty of the opiate industry.

}, keywords = {Afghanistan, Aftercare, Agriculture, Cannabis, Harm Reduction, Health Policy, Humans, Opioid-Related Disorders, Opium, Substance Abuse, Intravenous}, issn = {1873-4758}, doi = {10.1016/j.drugpo.2012.05.004}, author = {Todd, Catherine S and Macdonald, David and Khoshnood, Kaveh and Mansoor, G Farooq and Eggerman, Mark and Panter-Brick, Catherine} } @article {5968, title = {One in three: Internet governance and children{\textquoteright}s rights}, year = {2016}, pages = {37}, institution = {UNICEF Office of Research {\textendash} Innocenti}, address = {Florence, Italy}, keywords = {child protection, children{\textquoteright}s rights, governance, Internet}, url = {https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/795-one-in-three-internet-governance-and-childrens-rights.html}, author = {UNICEF} } @article {212, title = {Oxytocin and prolactin levels in breast-feeding women. Correlation with milk yield and duration of breast-feeding.}, journal = {Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand}, volume = {69}, year = {1990}, month = {1990}, pages = {301-6}, abstract = {

The aim of the present study was to examine suckling-related plasma levels of oxytocin and prolactin in early and established lactation and to correlate hormone profiles to success of lactation performance. Fifty-five primiparous women participated in the study. From each, 18 blood samples were drawn in connection with breast-feeding on day 4 post partum and after 3-4 months. Oxytocin and prolactin levels were determined with radio-immunoassay. Basal levels of both hormones were significantly higher 4 days post partum than 3-4 months later and after weaning. Basal prolactin levels fell significantly within 24 h of weaning. Oxytocin and prolactin levels rose in response to breast-feeding--an effect which persisted during the lactation period. The suckling-induced release of prolactin--but not that of oxytocin--was related to basal hormone levels. Basal as well as stimulated oxytocin levels obtained 4 days and 3-4 months post partum correlated significantly, indicating that each woman has an individual, characteristic level of this hormone. Milk yield did not correlate with oxytocin or prolactin levels, but prolactin levels recorded 3-4 months post partum did correlate with the remaining period of breast-feeding. In addition, mothers who breast-fed exclusively 3-4 months post partum had significantly higher oxytocin and prolactin levels than those who gave supplementary feed. There was a significant correlation between oxytocin levels at 4 days and birth weight of the infant.

}, keywords = {Adult, Analgesia, Obstetrical, Apgar Score, Birth Weight, Breast Feeding, Episiotomy, Female, Humans, Infant Food, Infant, Newborn, Lactation, Milk, Human, Oxytocin, Prolactin, Radioimmunoassay, Sucking Behavior}, issn = {0001-6349}, author = {Uvn{\"a}s-Moberg, K. and Widstr{\"o}m, A. M. and Werner, S. and Matthiesen, A. S. and Winberg, J.} } @article {210, title = {Oxytocin may mediate the benefits of positive social interaction and emotions.}, journal = {Psychoneuroendocrinology}, volume = {23}, year = {1998}, month = {1998 Nov}, pages = {819-35}, abstract = {

During breastfeeding or suckling, maternal oxytocin levels are raised by somatosensory stimulation. Oxytocin may, however, also be released by nonnoxious stimuli such as touch, warm temperature etc. in plasma and in cerebrospinal fluid. Consequently, oxytocin may be involved in physiological and behavioral effects induced by social interaction in a more general context. In both male and female rats oxytocin exerts potent physiological antistress effects. If daily oxytocin injections are repeated over a 5-day period, blood pressure is decreased by 10-20 mmHg, the withdrawal latency to heat stimuli is prolonged, cortisol levels are decreased and insulin and cholecystokinin levels are increased. These effects last from 1 to several weeks after the last injection. After repeated oxytocin treatment weight gain may be promoted and the healing rate of wounds increased. Most behavioral and physiological effects induced by oxytocin can be blocked by oxytocin antagonists. In contrast, the antistress effects can not, suggesting that unidentified oxytocin receptors may exist. The prolonged latency in the tail-flick test can be temporarily reversed by administration of naloxone, suggesting that endogenous opioid activity has been increased by the oxytocin injections. In contrast, the long-term lowering of blood pressure and of cortisol levels as well as the sedative effects of oxytocin have been found to be related to an increased activity of central alpha 2-adrenoceptors. Positive social interactions have been related to health-promoting effects. Oxytocin released in response to social stimuli may be part of a neuroendocrine substrate which underlies the benefits of positive social experiences. Such processes may in addition explain the health-promoting effects of certain alternative therapies. Because of the special properties of oxytocin, including the fact that it can become conditioned to psychological state or imagery, oxytocin may also mediate the benefits attributed to therapies such as hypnosis or meditation.

}, keywords = {Animals, Breast Feeding, Emotions, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Lactation, Male, Neurosecretory Systems, Object Attachment, Oxytocin, Parents}, issn = {0306-4530}, author = {Uvn{\"a}s-Moberg, K} } @article {6128, title = {Operationalizing nurturing care for early childhood development: The role of the health sector alongside other sectors and actors}, year = {2019}, institution = {WHO}, keywords = {early childhood development, Health, nurturing care, nurturing care framework}, url = {https://nurturing-care.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Operationalizing-NC.pdf}, author = {WHO and UNICEF and WorldBank and ECDAN} }