@article {226, title = {Hippocampal dysfunction effects on context memory: possible etiology for posttraumatic stress disorder.}, journal = {Neuropharmacology}, volume = {62}, year = {2012}, month = {2012 Feb}, pages = {674-85}, abstract = {

Hippocampal volume reductions and functional impairments are reliable findings in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) imaging studies. However, it is not clear if and how hippocampal dysfunction contributes to the etiology and maintenance of PTSD. Individuals with PTSD are often described as showing fear responses to trauma reminders outside of contexts in which these cues would reasonably predict danger. Animal studies suggest that the hippocampus is required to form and recall associations between contextual stimuli and aversive events. For example, the hippocampus is critical for encoding memories in which a complex configuration of multiple cues is associated with the aversive event. Conversely, the hippocampus is not required for associations with discrete cues. In animal studies, if configural memory is disrupted, learning strategies using discrete cue associations predominate. These data suggest poor hippocampal function could bias the organism toward forming multiple simple cue associations during trauma, thus increasing the chances of fear responses in multiple environments (or contexts) in which these cues may be present. Here we will examine clinical and preclinical literature to support a theory of hippocampal dysfunction as a primary contributory factor to the etiology of PTSD, and discuss future research required to test these hypotheses. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled \&$\#$39;Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder\&$\#$39;.

}, keywords = {Hippocampus, Humans, Memory, Nerve Net, Neuropsychological Tests, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic}, issn = {1873-7064}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.04.029}, author = {Acheson, D. T. and Gresack, J. E. and Risbrough, V. B.} } @article {233, title = {Heredity, environment, and the question how?}, journal = {Psychol Rev}, volume = {65}, year = {1958}, month = {1958 Jul}, pages = {197-208}, keywords = {Environment, Heredity}, issn = {0033-295X}, doi = {10.1037/h0044895}, author = {Anastasi, A.} } @book {481, title = {The Honor Code: How Moral Revolutions Happen}, year = {2011}, publisher = {W. W. Norton}, organization = {W. W. Norton}, isbn = {9780393340525}, url = {http://books.wwnorton.com/books/The-Honor-Code/}, author = {Appiah, A.} } @article {243, title = {The hidden efficacy of interventions: gene{\texttimes}environment experiments from a differential susceptibility perspective.}, journal = {Annu Rev Psychol}, volume = {66}, year = {2015}, month = {2015 Jan 3}, pages = {381-409}, abstract = {

The efficacy of interventions might be underestimated or even go undetected as a main effect when it is hidden in gene-by-environment (G\×E) interactions. This review moves beyond the problems thwarting correlational G\×E research to propose genetic differential susceptibility experiments. G\×E experiments can test the bright side as well as the dark side of the moderating role of genotypes traditionally considered to represent vulnerability to negative conditions. The differential susceptibility model predicts that carriers of these risk genotypes profit most from interventions changing the environment for the better. The evolutionary background of G\×E and differential susceptibility is discussed, and statistical methods for the analysis of differential susceptibility (versus diathesis stress) are reviewed. Then, based on results from 22 randomized G\×E experiments, meta-analytic evidence for the differential susceptibility model is presented. Intervention effects are much stronger in the susceptible genotypes than in the nonsusceptible genotypes. The final sections suggest possibilities to broaden the G component in the G\×E equation by including genetic pathways, and to broaden the E component by including methylation level and gene expression as promising ways to probe the concept of the environment more deeply and address the perennial issue of what works for whom.

}, keywords = {Gene-Environment Interaction, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Humans, Neurosciences, Research Design}, issn = {1545-2085}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-psych-010814-015407}, author = {Bakermans-Kranenburg, Marian J and Van IJzendoorn, Marinus H} } @article {6145, title = {Husbands involvement in birth preparedness and complication readiness in Axum town, Tigray region, Ethiopia, 2017}, journal = {BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth}, volume = {19}, year = {2019}, month = {Jan-12-2019}, keywords = {Birth preparedness, Complication readiness, Husband involvement}, doi = {10.1186/s12884-019-2338-z}, url = {https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-019-2338-z}, author = {Baraki, Zeray and Wendem, Fthi and Gerensea, Hadgu and Teklay, Hafte} } @article {4986, title = {High Hopes, Grim Reality: Reintegration and the Education of Former Child Soldiers in Sierra Leone}, journal = {Comp Educ Rev}, volume = {52}, number = {4}, year = {2008}, note = {Betancourt, Theresa S
Simmons, Stephanie
Borisova, Ivelina
Brewer, Stephanie E
Iweala, Uzo
Soudiere, Marie de la
eng
K01 MH077246/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/
K01 MH077246-01A2/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/
2009/04/02 09:00
Comp Educ Rev. 2008 Nov 1;52(4):565-587. doi: 10.1086/591298.}, month = {Nov 1}, pages = {565-587}, isbn = {0010-4086 (Print)
0010-4086 (Linking)}, author = {Betancourt, T. S. and Simmons, S. and Borisova, I. and Brewer, S. E. and Iweala, U. and Soudiere, M. D.} } @book {492, title = {Hierarchy in the Forest: The Evolution of Egalitarian Behavior}, year = {2009}, publisher = {Harvard University Press}, organization = {Harvard University Press}, isbn = {9780674028449}, url = {https://books.google.com/books?id=ljxS8gUlgqgC}, author = {Boehm, C. and Boehm, C.} } @book {217, title = {Handbook of Early Childhood Development Research and Its Impact on Global Policy}, year = {2013}, pages = {560}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, organization = {Oxford University Press}, address = {New York, NY USA}, abstract = {

Early childhood development research offers solutions to several of the world\&$\#$39;s social and economic problems - solutions that can break the cycle of intergenerational poverty, improve the health, education, and wellbeing of the global population, and yield high rates of return on investment in the formative years of life. And yet over one-third of children worldwide under five years of age still fail to achieve their full developmental potential due to malnutrition, poverty, disease, neglect, and lack of learning opportunities.

}, keywords = {early childhood development, global policy}, isbn = {9780199922994}, url = {https://global.oup.com/academic/product/handbook-of-early-childhood-development-research-and-its-impact-on-global-policy-9780199922994?cc=us\&lang=en\&$\#$}, author = {Britto, P. R. and Engle, P. L. and Super, C. M.} } @book {503, title = {Handbook of Father Involvement: Multidisciplinary Perspectives}, year = {2012}, publisher = {Taylor \& Francis}, organization = {Taylor \& Francis}, isbn = {9781135654238}, url = {https://books.google.com/books?id=0Wc9Ef10R6oC}, author = {Cabrera, N.J. and Tamis-LeMonda, C.S.} } @inbook {472, title = {Healthy human development as a path to peace}, booktitle = {Pathways to Peace: The Transformative Power of Children and Families}, volume = {15}, year = {2014}, pages = {273-302}, publisher = {MIT Press}, organization = {MIT Press}, chapter = {15}, abstract = {What is the potential role of early childhood interventions for promoting peace? From our perspective, healthy human development during early childhood can lay the foundation for the child{\textquoteright}s acquisition of complex and specific capacities required to engage in peace-promoting behavior. This chapter focuses on children{\textquoteright}s capacity to create, maintain, and restore harmonious and equitable relationships with others. Obstacles and catalysts for healthy human development are identified, as are the competencies required for children to engage in harmonious and equitable relationships. Sustainable peace in a society requires a {\textquotedblleft}systems approach{\textquotedblright} that reduces both direct and structural violence and promotes peaceful means and socially just ends. A model is proposed based on four sequential foundations: healthy human development, healthy primary relationships, prosocial interpersonal relations, and the adoption of a peace and social justice orientation toward out-group members. Three case studies are presented to clarify the key concepts and propositions we advance. Drawing on an agentic perspective, in which the child is a producer as well as the product of social environments, our concept of peaceful children implies not only healthy human development and the acquisition of specific developmental capacities for peace, but also the child{\textquoteright}s internalization of a set of values that support a commitment to relational harmony and social justice. In conclusion, suggestions for future research are offered.}, keywords = {attachment, Human Development, nurturing, prosociality, Social Justice}, doi = {10.7551/mitpress/9780262027984.003.0015}, url = {https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/pathways-peace}, author = {D. J. Christie and C. Panter-Brick and J. R. Behrman and J. R. Cochrane and A. Dawes and K. Goth and J. Hayden and A. S. Masten and I. Nasser and R. Punamaki and M. Tomlinson}, editor = {J. Leckman and C. Panter-Brick and R. Salah} } @article {2881, title = {Hostile attributional biases among aggressive boys are exacerbated under conditions of threats to the self}, journal = {Child DevChild DevChild Development}, volume = {58}, number = {1}, year = {1987}, note = {Dodge, K A
Somberg, D R
NIMH 37062/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States
Journal Article
Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S.
United states
Child Dev. 1987 Feb;58(1):213-24.}, month = {Feb}, pages = {213-24}, edition = {1987/02/01}, abstract = {Previous studies have found a tendency for aggressive boys to display hostile attributional biases and social cue interpretation deficits. It was hypothesized that these biases and deficits would be exaggerated under conditions of social anxiety and threat. Aggressive and nonaggressive boys aged 8 - 10 (total N = 65) were administered tests of attributional tendencies and social cue interpretation skills (via videorecorded stimuli) under relaxed and threatening conditions. It was found that, relative to normal boys, aggressive boys displayed a bias toward attributing hostile intentions to peers, a deficit in interpreting accurately others{\textquoteright} intentions, and a deficit in linking interpretations to behavioral responses. The hypothesis that these biases and deficits would be exaggerated under conditions of threat was also supported. Findings were interpreted as consistent with theories of preemptive processing and emotional vulnerability in aggressive boys.}, keywords = {*Hostility, *Social Perception, Aggression/*psychology, Child, Cognition, Cues, Humans, Male, Motivation}, isbn = {0009-3920 (Print)
0009-3920}, author = {Dodge, K. A. and Somberg, D. R.} } @article {719, title = {Healthy Families New York (HFNY) randomized trial: effects on early child abuse and neglect.}, journal = {Child Abuse Negl}, volume = {32}, year = {2008}, month = {2008 Mar}, pages = {295-315}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of a home visiting program modeled after Healthy Families America on parenting behaviors in the first 2 years of life.

METHODS: A sample of 1173 families at risk for child abuse and neglect who met the criteria for Healthy Families New York (HFNY) was randomly assigned to either an intervention group that was offered HFNY or a control group that was given information and referrals to other services. Data were collected through a review of CPS records, and maternal interviews at baseline and the child\&$\#$39;s first birthday (90\% re-interviewed) and second birthday (85\% re-interviewed).

RESULTS: HFNY mothers reported committing one-quarter as many acts of serious abuse at age 2 as control mothers (.01 versus .04, p\<.05). Two sets of interactions were tested and found to have significant effects (p\<.05). At age 2, young, first-time mothers in the HFNY group who were randomly assigned at 30 weeks of pregnancy or less were less likely than counterparts in the control group to engage in minor physical aggression in the past year (51\% versus 70\%) and harsh parenting in the past week (41\% versus 62\%). Among women who were \"psychologically vulnerable,\" HFNY mothers were one-quarter as likely to report engaging in serious abuse and neglect as control mothers (5\% versus 19\%) at age 2.

CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that who is offered home visitation may be an important factor in explaining the differential effectiveness of home visitation programs. Improved effects may be realized by prioritizing the populations served or by enhancing the model to meet program objectives for hard-to-serve families.

}, keywords = {Age Factors, Child Abuse, Child, Preschool, Early Diagnosis, Family, Female, Humans, Male, Maternal Behavior, Mother-Child Relations, Parenting, Social Environment}, issn = {0145-2134}, doi = {10.1016/j.chiabu.2007.07.007}, author = {DuMont, Kimberly and Mitchell-Herzfeld, Susan and Greene, Rose and Lee, Eunju and Lowenfels, Ann and Rodriguez, Monica and Dorabawila, Vajeera} } @article {2936, title = {How Much Does Childhood Poverty Affect the Life Chances of Children?}, journal = {American Sociological Review}, volume = {63}, number = {3}, year = {1998}, pages = {406-423}, publisher = {[American Sociological Association, Sage Publications, Inc.]}, abstract = {Why parental socioeconomic status correlates strongly with various measures of child and adult achievement is an important and controversial research question. After summarizing findings from recent contributions to this literature, we conduct two sets of analyses using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. Completed schooling and nonmarital childbearing are related to parental income during early and middle childhood, as well as during adolescence. These analyses suggest that family economic conditions in early childhood have the greatest impact on achievement, especially among children in families with low incomes. Estimates from sibling models support the hypothesis that economic conditions in early childhood are important determinants of completed schooling.}, isbn = {00031224}, author = {Duncan, G. J. and Yeung, W. J. and Brooks-Gunn, J. and Smith, J. R.} } @article {353, title = {How the timing and quality of early experiences influence the development of brain architecture.}, journal = {Child Dev}, volume = {81}, year = {2010}, month = {2010 Jan-Feb}, pages = {28-40}, abstract = {

Early life events can exert a powerful influence on both the pattern of brain architecture and behavioral development. In this study a conceptual framework is provided for considering how the structure of early experience gets \"under the skin.\" The study begins with a description of the genetic framework that lays the foundation for brain development, and then proceeds to the ways experience interacts with and modifies the structures and functions of the developing brain. Much of the attention is focused on early experience and sensitive periods, although it is made clear that later experience also plays an important role in maintaining and elaborating this early wiring diagram, which is critical to establishing a solid footing for development beyond the early years.

}, keywords = {Age Factors, Brain, Child, Child Behavior, Child Development, Critical Period (Psychology), Humans, Psychoanalytic Theory, Time Factors}, issn = {1467-8624}, doi = {10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01380.x}, author = {Fox, Sharon E and Levitt, Pat and Nelson, Charles A} } @article {356, title = {A home-visiting intervention programme with Jamaican mothers and children.}, journal = {Dev Med Child Neurol}, volume = {17}, year = {1975}, month = {1975 Oct}, pages = {605-13}, abstract = {

In order to promote better mental development in three-year-old children from poor Jamaican families, a home-visiting project was carried out with the aim of helping mothers to interact with and stimulate their children. Homes were visited once a week, and the use of toys and books was demonstrated to the mothers. The play equipment was then left with the family and exchanged at the following visit. After a maximum of 29 visits, the children had made significant gains (average 13 IQ points) compared with children in a previously matched control group. The mothers\&$\#$39; knowledge of child-rearing had also improved. Similar intervention programmes may be useful on a larger scale, and need not be expensive if full use is made of the mothers\&$\#$39; help.

}, keywords = {Child Rearing, Child, Preschool, Female, Home Care Services, Humans, Intellectual Disability, Intelligence, Jamaica}, issn = {0012-1622}, author = {Grantham-McGregor, S M and Desai, P} } @article {359, title = {History of socioeconomic disadvantage and allostatic load in later life.}, journal = {Soc Sci Med}, volume = {74}, year = {2012}, month = {2012 Jan}, pages = {75-83}, abstract = {

There is a growing interest in understanding how the experience of socioeconomic status (SES) adversity across the life course may accumulate to negatively affect the functioning of biological regulatory systems important to functioning and health in later adulthood. The goal of the present analyses was to examine whether greater life course SES adversity experience would be associated with higher scores on a multi-system allostatic load (AL) index of physiological function in adulthood. Data for these analyses are from 1008 participants (92.2\% White) from the Biomarker Substudy of the Study of Midlife in the US (MIDUS). Multiple indicators of SES adversity in childhood (parent educational attainment, welfare status, financial situation) and two points in adulthood (educational attainment, household income, difficulty paying bills, availability of money to meet basic needs, current financial situation) were used to construct SES adversity measures for each life course phase. An AL score was constructed using information on 24 biomarkers from 7 different physiological systems (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, cardiovascular, lipid metabolism, glucose metabolism, inflammatory immune activity). Analyses indicate higher AL as a function of greater SES adversity at each phase of, and cumulatively across, the life course. Associations were only moderately attenuated when accounting for a wide array of health status, behavioral and psychosocial factors. Findings suggest that SES adversity experience may cumulate across the life course to have a negative impact on multiple biological systems in adulthood. An important aim of future research is the replication of current findings in this predominantly White sample in more ethnically diverse populations.

}, keywords = {Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Allostasis, Biological Markers, Female, Health Status Disparities, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Poverty, Questionnaires, Social Class, United States}, issn = {1873-5347}, doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.09.037}, author = {Gruenewald, Tara L and Karlamangla, Arun S and Hu, Perry and Stein-Merkin, Sharon and Crandall, Carolyn and Koretz, Brandon and Seeman, Teresa E} } @article {6234, title = {How Children and Adults Can Build Core Capabilities for Life}, year = {2018}, keywords = {executive function, responsive caregiving}, url = {https://developingchild.harvard.edu/resources/video-building-core-capabilities-life/?fbclid=IwAR04sdKbGGp5mMAHrurHOPZ7DZCsYH7LfoJyaSPPROfwqYJ0Te1PvsM0lWs}, author = {Harvard} } @article {7377, title = {{\textquotedblleft}His mind will work better with both of us{\textquotedblright}: a qualitative study on fathers{\textquoteright} roles and coparenting of young children in rural Pakistan}, journal = {BMC Public Health}, volume = {18}, year = {2018}, month = {Jan-12-2018}, keywords = {early childhood development, Fathers, Pakistan, Parenting, Qualitative Research}, doi = {10.1186/s12889-018-6143-9}, url = {https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-018-6143-9}, author = {Jeong, Joshua and Siyal, Saima and Fink, G{\"u}nther and McCoy, Dana Charles and Yousafzai, Aisha K.} } @book {537, title = {Horizontal Inequalities and Post-Conflict Development}, year = {2011}, publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan}, organization = {Palgrave Macmillan}, isbn = {9780230251847}, url = {http://www.palgrave.com/us/book/9780230251847}, author = {Langer, A. and Stewart, F. and Venugopal, R.} } @article {415, title = {A health equity critique of social marketing: where interventions have impact but insufficient reach.}, journal = {Soc Sci Med}, volume = {83}, year = {2013}, month = {2013 Apr}, pages = {133-41}, abstract = {

Health interventions increasingly rely on formative qualitative research and social marketing techniques to effect behavioural change. Few studies, however, incorporate qualitative research into the process of program evaluation to understand both impact and reach: namely, to what extent behaviour change interventions work, for whom, in what contexts, and why. We reflect on the success of a community-based hygiene intervention conducted in the slums of Kathmandu, Nepal, evaluating both maternal behaviour and infant health. We recruited all available mother-infant pairs (n\ =\ 88), and allocated them to control and intervention groups. Formative qualitative research on hand-washing practices included structured observations of 75 mothers, 3 focus groups, and 26 in-depth interviews. Our intervention was led by Community Motivators, intensively promoting hand-washing-with-soap at key junctures of food and faeces contamination. The 6-month evaluation period included hand-washing and morbidity rates, participant observation, systematic records of fortnightly community meetings, and follow-up interviews with 12 mothers. While quantitative measures demonstrated improvement in hand-washing rates and a 40\% reduction in child diarrhoea, the qualitative data highlighted important equity issues in reaching the ultra-poor. We argue that a social marketing approach is inherently limited: focussing on individual agency, rather than structural conditions constraining behaviour, can unwittingly exacerbate health inequity. This contributes to a prevention paradox whereby those with the greatest need of a health intervention are least likely to benefit, finding hand-washing in the slums to be irrelevant or futile. Thus social marketing is best deployed within a range of interventions that address the structural as well as the behavioural and cognitive drivers of behaviour change. We conclude that critiques of social marketing have not paid sufficient attention to issues of health equity, and demonstrate how this can be addressed with qualitative data, embedded in both the formative and evaluative phases of a health intervention.

}, keywords = {Diarrhea, Infantile, Female, Focus Groups, Follow-Up Studies, Hand Disinfection, Health Promotion, Health Status Disparities, Humans, Infant, Infant Welfare, Mothers, Nepal, Poverty Areas, Program Evaluation, Qualitative Research, Soaps, Social Marketing, Socioeconomic Factors}, issn = {1873-5347}, doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.01.036}, author = {Langford, Rebecca and Panter-Brick, Catherine} } @book {6339, title = {Handbook on counselling asylum seeking and refugee women victims of gender-based violence}, year = {2019}, publisher = {European Union{\textquoteright}s Rights, Equality and Citizenship Programme }, organization = {European Union{\textquoteright}s Rights, Equality and Citizenship Programme }, abstract = {

}, keywords = {Asylum, Consultancy, Gender issues, gender-based violence, migration, Refugees, Training, Violence}, url = {https://www.heuni.fi/material/attachments/heuni/reports/nrnrqKUHP/CCM-GBV_Handbook_EN-merged.pdf}, author = {Lilja, I.} } @inbook {5556, title = {Human biological development and peace: Genes, brains, safety, and justice}, booktitle = {Pathways to peace: The transformative power of children and families}, volume = {15}, year = {2014}, pages = {95-128}, publisher = {MIT Press}, organization = {MIT Press}, chapter = {7}, abstract = {This chapter examines the concept of peace from a biopsychosocial perspective. It reviews available knowledge concerning gene-environment regulatory interactions and their consequences for neurodevelopment, particularly during sensitive periods early in life. The hypothesis is explored that efforts on the part of parents to protect, nurture, and stimulate their children can lead to physically, psychologically, and socially healthier developmental trajectories and support the emergence of more peaceful families and communities. It is clear, however, that adverse environments, as in the context of structural violence, may result in lower parental investment in child rearing and negative outcomes for social harmony and health over the course of life. More research is thus needed to understand more fully the potential positive impact that interventions aimed at encouraging families to increase their investment in early child development will have on societal peace. The role of groups in shaping human behavior toward conflict or conflict resolution and peace is examined. Further research is needed to increase current understanding on the neurobiology of groups. In addition, steps need to be taken across multiple sectors of society to reduce all forms of direct and structural violence, as this will surely lead to {\textquotedblleft}better{\textquotedblright} parenting behaviors, {\textquotedblleft}better{\textquotedblright} childhood trajectories, and a model of fairness to guide interactions between groups.}, keywords = {biopsychosocial perspectives, Child Rearing, gene-environment interactions, neurodevelopment, parental investment, peace}, doi = {10.7551/mitpress/9780262027984.003.0007}, url = {https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/pathways-peace}, author = {B. Morgan and D. Sunar and S. Carter and J. Leckman and D.P. Fry and E.B. Keverne and I. Kolassa and R. Kumsta and D. Olds}, editor = {J. Leckman and C. Panter-Brick and R. Salah} } @article {388, title = {Home visiting by paraprofessionals and by nurses: a randomized, controlled trial.}, journal = {Pediatrics}, volume = {110}, year = {2002}, month = {2002 Sep}, pages = {486-96}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effectiveness of home visiting by paraprofessionals and by nurses as separate means of improving maternal and child health when both types of visitors are trained in a program model that has demonstrated effectiveness when delivered by nurses.

METHODS: A randomized, controlled trial was conducted in public- and private-care settings in Denver, Colorado. One thousand one hundred seventy-eight consecutive pregnant women with no previous live births who were eligible for Medicaid or who had no private health insurance were invited to participate. Seven hundred thirty-five women were randomized to control, paraprofessional, or nurse conditions. Nurses completed an average of 6.5 home visits during pregnancy and 21 visits from birth to the children\&$\#$39;s second birthdays. Paraprofessionals completed an average of 6.3 home visits during pregnancy and 16 visits from birth to the children\&$\#$39;s second birthdays. The main outcomes consisted of changes in women\&$\#$39;s urine cotinine over the course of pregnancy; women\&$\#$39;s use of ancillary services during pregnancy; subsequent pregnancies and births, educational achievement, workforce participation, and use of welfare; mother-infant responsive interaction; families\&$\#$39; home environments; infants\&$\#$39; emotional vulnerability in response to fear stimuli and low emotional vitality in response to joy and anger stimuli; and children\&$\#$39;s language and mental development, temperament, and behavioral problems.

RESULTS: Paraprofessional-visited mother-child pairs in which the mother had low psychological resources interacted with one another more responsively than their control-group counterparts (99.45 vs 97.54 standard score points). There were no other statistically significant paraprofessional effects. In contrast to their control-group counterparts, nurse-visited smokers had greater reductions in cotinine levels from intake to the end of pregnancy (259.0 vs 12.32 ng/mL); by the study child\&$\#$39;s second birthday, women visited by nurses had fewer subsequent pregnancies (29\% vs 41\%) and births (12\% vs 19\%); they delayed subsequent pregnancies for longer intervals; and during the second year after the birth of their first child, they worked more than women in the control group (6.83 vs 5.65 months). Nurse-visited mother-child pairs interacted with one another more responsively than those in the control group (100.31 vs 98.99 standard score points). At 6 months of age, nurse-visited infants, in contrast to their control-group counterparts, were less likely to exhibit emotional vulnerability in response to fear stimuli (16\% vs 25\%) and nurse-visited infants born to women with low psychological resources were less likely to exhibit low emotional vitality in response to joy and anger stimuli (24\% vs 40\% and 13\% vs 33\%). At 21 months, nurse-visited children born to women with low psychological resources were less likely to exhibit language delays (7\% vs 18\%); and at 24 months, they exhibited superior mental development (90.18 vs 86.20 Mental Development Index scores) than their control-group counterparts. There were no statistically significant program effects for the nurses on women\&$\#$39;s use of ancillary prenatal services, educational achievement, use of welfare, or their children\&$\#$39;s temperament or behavior problems. For most outcomes on which either visitor produced significant effects, the paraprofessionals typically had effects that were about half the size of those produced by nurses.

CONCLUSIONS: When trained in a model program of prenatal and infancy home visiting, paraprofessionals produced small effects that rarely achieved statistical or clinical significance; the absence of statistical significance for some outcomes is probably attributable to limited statistical power to detect small effects. Nurses produced significant effects on a wide range of maternal and child outcomes.

}, keywords = {Female, House Calls, Humans, Infant, Infant Welfare, Infant, Newborn, Maternal Welfare, Maternal-Child Nursing, Outcome and Process Assessment (Health Care), Proportional Hazards Models, Regression Analysis}, issn = {1098-4275}, author = {Olds, D. L. and Robinson, J. and O{\textquoteright}Brien, R. and Luckey, D. W. and Pettitt, L. M. and Henderson, C. R. and Ng, R. K. and Sheff, K. L. and Korfmacher, J. and Hiatt, S. and Talmi, A.} } @article {448, title = {How might global health master deadly sins and strive for greater virtues?}, journal = {Glob Health Action}, volume = {7}, year = {2014}, month = {2014}, pages = {23411}, abstract = {

In the spirit of critical reflection, we examine how the field of global health might surmount current challenges and prioritize its ethical mandate, namely to achieve, for all people, equity in health. We use the parlance of mastering deadly sins and striving for greater virtues in an effort to review what is needed to transform global health action. Global health falls prey to four main temptations: coveting silo gains, lusting for technological solutions, leaving broad promises largely unfulfilled, and boasting of narrow successes. This necessitates a change of heart: to keep faith with the promise it made, global health requires a realignment of core values and a sharper focus on the primacy of relationships with the communities it serves. Based on the literature to date, we highlight six steps to re-orienting global health action. Articulating a coherent global health agenda will come from principled action, enacted through courage and prudence in decision-making to foster people-centered systems of care over the entire lifespan.

}, keywords = {Delivery of Health Care, Global Health, Health Status Disparities, Healthy People Programs, Humans}, issn = {1654-9880}, doi = {10.3402/gha.v7.23411}, author = {Panter-Brick, C. and Eggerman, M. and Tomlinson, M.} } @article {684, title = {Health, Risk, and Resilience: Interdisciplinary Concepts and Applications}, journal = {Annual Review of Anthropology, Vol 43Annual Review of Anthropology, Vol 43Annual Review of Anthropology, Vol 43}, volume = {43}, year = {2014}, note = {Bb9la
Times Cited:2
Cited References Count:84
Annual Review of Anthropology}, pages = {431-448}, abstract = {

Risk and resilience research articulates major explanatory frameworks regarding the persistence of health disparities. Specifically, scholars have advocated a sophisticated knowledge of risk, a more grounded understanding of resilience, and comprehensive and meaningful measurements of risk and resilience pathways across cultures. The goal is to operationalize research issues into sustainable health practice and equity-focused policy. This article synthesizes current understandings on risk and resilience from the lens of medical anthropology: It reviews key insights gained from the standpoint of cultural narratives, political economy, and life history theory, as well as current shortcomings. The emergent literature on health-related risk and resilience is breathing new life into collaboration and dialogue across diverse fields of research and policy.

}, keywords = {Child Development, child-development, conflict, context, culture, developmental origins, life history, mental-health, policy, political economy, prevention, public-health, Violence, youth}, isbn = {0084-6570}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-anthro-102313-025944}, author = {Panter-Brick, C.} } @article {5291, title = {Human rights, transitional justice, public health and social reconstruction}, journal = {Soc Sci Med}, volume = {70}, number = {1}, year = {2010}, note = {Pham, Phuong Ngoc
Vinck, Patrick
Weinstein, Harvey M
eng
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
England
2009/10/17 06:00
Soc Sci Med. 2010 Jan;70(1):98-105. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.09.039. Epub 2009 Oct 14.}, month = {Jan}, pages = {98-105}, abstract = {Mass violence, armed conflict, genocide, and complex humanitarian emergencies continue to create major social and public health disasters at the dawn of the 21st Century. Transitional justice, a set of policies designed to address the effects of war on traumatized communities and bring justice, lies at the nexus of public health, conflict, and social reconstruction. Despite the paucity of empirical evidence, advocates of transitional justice have claimed that it can alleviate the effects of trauma, deter future violence, and bring about social reconstruction in war-affected communities. Empirical evidence--including new data and analyses presented in this article--suggests a link between trauma, mental health and attitudes towards and responses to transitional justice programs, but there has been little theoretical discussion about the intersection between public health and transitional justice, and even less empirical research to generate discussion between these two fields. Yet, public health professionals have an important role to play in assessing the impact of transitional justice on communities affected by mass violence. In this paper, we offer a conceptual model for future research that seeks to examine the relationship between transitional justice programs and their potential value to the fields of medicine and public health and discuss the methodological issues and challenges to a comprehensive evaluation of this relationship. To illustrate the discussion, we examine new data and analyses from two cases of contemporary conflicts, eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and northern Uganda.}, keywords = {*Human Rights, *Politics, *Public Health, *Social Justice, Adult, Attitude, Cluster Analysis, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Female, Health Status Disparities, Humans, Male, Social Support, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Stress, Psychological, Uganda, Violence/statistics \& numerical data, Warfare}, isbn = {1873-5347 (Electronic)
0277-9536 (Linking)}, author = {Pham, P. N. and Vinck, P. and Weinstein, H. M.} } @article {6510, title = {How to Create Screen-Life Balance When Life Has Shifted to Screens}, year = {2020}, month = {04/2020}, publisher = {New York Times}, address = {New York City}, keywords = {COVID-19, Internet, screen time}, url = {https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/24/well/mind/screen-life-balance-computers-phones-quarantine-shelter-social-distancing-virus.html?smid=em-share}, author = {Price, K} } @article {5356, title = {Home treatment for two infants who witnessed their mother{\textquoteright}s murder}, journal = {J Am Acad Child Psychiatry}, volume = {18}, number = {4}, year = {1979}, note = {Pruett, K D
eng
Case Reports
1979/01/01 00:00
J Am Acad Child Psychiatry. 1979 Autumn;18(4):647-57.}, month = {Autumn}, pages = {647-57}, keywords = {*Homicide, *Maternal Deprivation, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Male, Psychotherapy/*methods, Suicide, Attempted/psychology}, isbn = {0002-7138 (Print)
0002-7138 (Linking)}, author = {Pruett, K. D.} } @article {6194, title = {How do grandparents influence child health and development? A systematic review}, journal = {Social Science \& Medicine}, year = {2019}, month = {Jan-08-2019}, pages = {112476}, keywords = {Child, Family, Generatio, h Development, Healt, Parenting, policy, Research Design}, issn = {02779536}, doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112476}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953619304691}, author = {Sadruddin, Aalyia F. and Ponguta, Liliana A. and Zonderman, Anna L. and Wiley, Kyle S. and Grimshaw, Alyssa and Panter-Brick, Catherine} } @inbook {5664, title = {How do events and relationships in childhood set the stage for peace at personal and social levels?}, booktitle = {Pathways to peace: The transformative power of children and families}, volume = {15}, year = {2014}, pages = {185 - 210}, publisher = {The MIT Press}, organization = {The MIT Press}, chapter = {11}, abstract = {This chapter focuses on early childhood experiences and how they may contribute to cooperative and peaceful behaviors and outcomes in the later childhood years and into adulthood. Five interrelated topics are explored: (a) universal tensions ever pushing us toward competition or cooperation; (b) socioeconomic inequities that powerfully constrain children{\textquoteright}s (and adult{\textquoteright}s) potential to contribute to and participate in a healthy and peaceful society; (c) the protective and enabling forces of the early caregiving environment when it is sensitive and responsive to children{\textquoteright}s needs; (d) the malevolent, if culturally understandable, influences of harsh parenting practices and child abuse; and (e) a summary of early psychological interventions that promote sensitive parenting and secure attachments well known to be associated with cooperative, nonviolent behaviors across childhood and beyond. Each section is punctuated by suggestions for further research and public policy developments (national and international) that could further advance the cause of peace.}, keywords = {caregiving, competition, cooperation, early childhood interventions, harsh parenting}, doi = {10.7551/mitpress/9780262027984.003.0011}, url = {https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/pathways-peace}, author = {Steele, Howard and van IJzendoorn, Marinus H. and Bakermans-Kranenburg, Marian J. and Thomas Boyce, W. and Dozier, Mary and Fox, Nathan A. and Keller, Heidi and Maestripieri, Dario and Oburu, Paul Odhiambo and Otto, Hiltrud}, editor = {Leckman, James F. and Panter-Brick, Catherine and Salah, Rima} } @article {6154, title = {How investing in early childhood contributes to the Global Goals}, year = {2019}, publisher = {Medium}, keywords = {early childhood development (ECD), Global Goals, peacebuilding, responsive caregiving, Social cohesion, Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), violence prevention}, url = {https://medium.com/@maribelullmann/https-medium-com-how-investing-in-early-childhood-contributes-to-the-global-goals-228cfb4e216e}, author = {Ullman, M. and Hyder, T. and Halaimzai, Z. and Elattar, N. and Shrikhande, A.} } @article {5788, title = {Harrowing journeys}, year = {2017}, institution = {UNICEF}, address = {New York, NY}, abstract = {Children and youth on the move across the Mediterranean Sear, at risk of trafficking and exploitation}, keywords = {child exploitation, child trafficking, migrant and refugee children, trafficking and exploitation}, url = {https://www.unicef.org/publications/files/Harrowing_Journeys_Children_and_youth_on_the_move_across_the_Mediterranean.pdf}, author = {UNICEF and IOM} } @article {3326, title = {Horizontal Inequality in Education and Violent Conflict}, year = {2015}, month = {Feburary 2015}, institution = {FHI 360 Education Policy and Data Center}, type = {Literature Review}, address = {Washington, DC}, url = {https://www.fhi360.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/resource-epdc-brief-edu-inequality-violent-conflict.pdf}, author = {UNICEF} } @article {5966, title = {How does the time children spend using digital technology impact their mental well-being, social relationships and physical activity? An evidence-focused literature review}, year = {2017}, pages = {35}, institution = {UNICEF Office of Research {\textendash} Innocenti}, address = {Florence, Italy}, keywords = {information technology, Mental Health, Social Behavior}, url = {https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/925-how-does-the-time-children-spend-using-digital-technology-impact-their-mental-well.html}, author = {UNICEF} } @article {3136, title = {Hidden in Plain Sight: A statistical analysis of violence against children}, year = {2014}, month = {September 2014}, isbn = {978-92-806-4767-9}, author = {UNICEF} } @article {5161, title = {Homeless street children in Nepal: use of allostatic load to assess the burden of childhood adversity}, journal = {Dev Psychopathol}, volume = {20}, number = {1}, year = {2008}, note = {Worthman, Carol M
Panter-Brick, Catherine
eng
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
2008/01/24 09:00
Dev Psychopathol. 2008 Winter;20(1):233-55. doi: 10.1017/S0954579408000114.}, month = {Winter}, pages = {233-55}, abstract = {As challenges to child well-being through economic disadvantage, family disruption, and migration or displacement escalate world wide, the need for cross-culturally robust understanding of childhood adversity proportionately increases. Toward this end, developmental risk was assessed in four contrasting groups of 107 Nepali children ages 10-14 years that represent distinctive, common conditions in which contemporary children grow up. Relative cumulative burden (allostatic load) indexed by multiple dimensions of physical and psychosocial stress was ascertained among homeless street boys and three family-based groups, from poor urban squatter settlements, urban middle class, and a remote rural village. Biomarkers of stress and vulnerability to stress included growth status, salivary cortisol, antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus, acute phase inflammatory responses (alpha1-antichymotrypsin), and cardiovascular fitness and reactivity (flex heart rate and pressor response). Individual biomarkers of risk and allostatic load differed markedly among groups, were highest in villagers, and varied by components of allostatic load. Such data suggest a need for critical appraisal of homelessness and migration as a risk factor to youth, given prevailing local conditions such as rural poverty, and represents the only multidimensional study of childhood allostatic load and developmental risk in non-Western settings.}, keywords = {*Developing Countries, Adolescent, Allostasis/*physiology, alpha 1-Antichymotrypsin/blood, Antibodies, Viral/blood, Arousal/physiology, Body Height, Body Weight, Child, Heart Rate/physiology, Herpesvirus 4, Human/immunology, Homeless Youth/*psychology, Humans, Hydrocortisone/blood, Life Style, Male, Nepal, Physical Fitness/physiology, Poverty/psychology, Psychosocial Deprivation, Risk Factors, Rural Population, Saliva/chemistry, Urban Population}, isbn = {0954-5794 (Print)
0954-5794 (Linking)}, author = {Worthman, C. M. and Panter-Brick, C.} } @article {5959, title = {The history of The Culture of Peace}, year = {1999}, url = {http://www.fund-culturadepaz.org/doc/HistoryCultureofPeace.pdf}, author = {Zaragoza, F.M.} }