@article {5944, title = {G20 Initiative for Early Childhood Development: Building human capital to break the cycle of poverty and inequality}, year = {2018}, keywords = {early childhood development, G20}, url = {http://www.g20.utoronto.ca/2018/g20_initiative_for_early_childhood_development.pdf}, author = {G20} } @article {5817, title = {Global Education Monitoring Report 2019: Migration, displacement and education: Building bridges, not walls}, year = {2018}, institution = {UNESCO Publishing}, address = {Paris}, keywords = {Education, Global Education Monitoring Report, migration and displacement}, url = {https://en.unesco.org/gem-report/report/2019/migration}, author = {UNESCO} } @article {6085, title = {Global Peace Index 2019: Measuring peace in a complex world}, year = {2019}, institution = {Institute for Economics \& Peace}, address = {Sydney, Australia}, keywords = {climate change, economic impact of violence, global peace, negative peace, peace, positive peace}, url = {http://visionofhumanity.org/app/uploads/2019/07/GPI-2019web.pdf}, author = {InstituteEconomics\&Peace} } @article {6516, title = {Global policy paper {\textquotedblleft}We Are Here: An integrated approach to youth-inclusive peace processes{\textquotedblright}}, year = {2019}, publisher = {Youth, Peace and Security}, keywords = {peacebuilding, youth-inclusive peace}, url = {https://www.youth4peace.info/node/348}, author = {Altiok, A and Grezelj, I} } @article {635, title = {A Generic Theory of Conflict Resolutions A Critique}, journal = {Negotiation Journal}, volume = {3}, year = {1987}, month = {Jan-01-1987}, pages = {87 - 96}, issn = {0748-4526}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1571-9979.1987.tb00395.x}, author = {Avruch, Kevin and Black, Peter W.} } @article {244, title = {Gene-environment interaction of the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) and observed maternal insensitivity predicting externalizing behavior in preschoolers.}, journal = {Dev Psychobiol}, volume = {48}, year = {2006}, month = {2006 Jul}, pages = {406-9}, abstract = {

Previous studies have related aggression and other externalizing problems in children to either dopamine D4 receptor polymorphisms or harsh and insensitive parenting. In this study it was determined whether the combination of the DRD4 7-repeat polymorphism and maternal insensitivity predicted significantly more externalizing behavior in preschoolers. The results pointed to a gene-environment interaction effect: maternal insensitivity was associated with externalizing (oppositional, aggressive) behaviors, but only in the presence of the DRD4 7-repeat polymorphism. The increase in externalizing behaviors in children with the 7-repeat allele exposed to insensitive care compared to children without these combined risks was sixfold. The data indicate that children are differentially susceptible to insensitive parenting dependent on the presence of the 7-repeat DRD4 allele.

}, keywords = {Alleles, Child Behavior, Child, Preschool, DNA Primers, Environment, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Maternal Behavior, Mother-Child Relations, Observation, Parenting, Polymorphism, Genetic, Receptors, Dopamine D4}, issn = {0012-1630}, doi = {10.1002/dev.20152}, author = {Bakermans-Kranenburg, Marian J and Van IJzendoorn, Marinus H} } @article {6016, title = {Genetics and the geography of health, behaviour and attainment}, journal = {Nature Human Behaviour}, year = {2019}, month = {Aug-04-2019}, keywords = {genetics, geography}, doi = {10.1038/s41562-019-0562-1}, url = {http://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-019-0562-1http://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-019-0562-1.pdfhttp://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-019-0562-1.pdfhttp://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-019-0562-1}, author = {Belsky, Daniel W. and Caspi, Avshalom and Arseneault, Louise and Corcoran, David L. and Domingue, Benjamin W. and Harris, Kathleen Mullan and Houts, Renate M. and Mill, Jonathan S. and Moffitt, Terrie E. and Prinz, Joseph and Sugden, Karen and Wertz, Jasmin and Williams, Benjamin and Odgers, Candice L.} } @article {4611, title = {Gene variants associated with antisocial behaviour: a latent variable approach}, journal = {J Child Psychol Psychiatry}, volume = {54}, number = {10}, year = {2013}, note = {Bentley, Mary Jane
Lin, Haiqun
Fernandez, Thomas V
Lee, Maria
Yrigollen, Carolyn M
Pakstis, Andrew J
Katsovich, Liliya
Olds, David L
Grigorenko, Elena L
Leckman, James F
eng
R25 MH077823/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/
R01DA021624/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/
T32MH018268/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/
T32 MH018268/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/
R01DA216240/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/
R01 DA021624/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
England
2013/07/05 06:00
J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2013 Oct;54(10):1074-85. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.12109. Epub 2013 Jul 3.}, month = {Oct}, pages = {1074-85}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine if a latent variable approach might be useful in identifying shared variance across genetic risk alleles that is associated with antisocial behaviour at age 15 years. METHODS: Using a conventional latent variable approach, we derived an antisocial phenotype in 328 adolescents utilizing data from a 15-year follow-up of a randomized trial of a prenatal and infancy nurse-home visitation programme in Elmira, New York. We then investigated, via a novel latent variable approach, 450 informative genetic polymorphisms in 71 genes previously associated with antisocial behaviour, drug use, affiliative behaviours and stress response in 241 consenting individuals for whom DNA was available. Haplotype and Pathway analyses were also performed. RESULTS: Eight single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from eight genes contributed to the latent genetic variable that in turn accounted for 16.0\% of the variance within the latent antisocial phenotype. The number of risk alleles was linearly related to the latent antisocial variable scores. Haplotypes that included the putative risk alleles for all eight genes were also associated with higher latent antisocial variable scores. In addition, 33 SNPs from 63 of the remaining genes were also significant when added to the final model. Many of these genes interact on a molecular level, forming molecular networks. The results support a role for genes related to dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, glutamate, opioid and cholinergic signalling as well as stress response pathways in mediating susceptibility to antisocial behaviour. CONCLUSIONS: This preliminary study supports use of relevant behavioural indicators and latent variable approaches to study the potential {\textquoteright}co-action{\textquoteright} of gene variants associated with antisocial behaviour. It also underscores the cumulative relevance of common genetic variants for understanding the aetiology of complex behaviour. If replicated in future studies, this approach may allow the identification of a {\textquoteright}shared{\textquoteright} variance across genetic risk alleles associated with complex neuropsychiatric dimensional phenotypes using relatively small numbers of well-characterized research participants.}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior/*physiology, Antisocial behaviour, Antisocial Personality Disorder/*genetics, co-action of gene variants, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Genetic Predisposition to Disease/*genetics, Genotype, Genotyping Techniques, Humans, latent variable analysis, Male, Models, Genetic, Phenotype, Pilot Projects, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/*genetics, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Reaction Time/genetics, shared variance}, isbn = {1469-7610 (Electronic)
0021-9630 (Linking)}, doi = {10.1111/jcpp.12109}, author = {Bentley, M. J. and Lin, H. and Fernandez, T. V. and Lee, M. and Yrigollen, C. M. and Pakstis, A. J. and Katsovich, L. and Olds, D. L. and Grigorenko, E. L. and Leckman, J. F.} } @article {266, title = {Genetic syndromes caused by mutations in epigenetic genes.}, journal = {Hum Genet}, volume = {132}, year = {2013}, month = {2013 Apr}, pages = {359-83}, abstract = {

The orchestrated organization of epigenetic factors that control chromatin dynamism, including DNA methylation, histone marks, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) and chromatin-remodeling proteins, is essential for the proper function of tissue homeostasis, cell identity and development. Indeed, deregulation of epigenetic profiles has been described in several human pathologies, including complex diseases (such as cancer, cardiovascular and neurological diseases), metabolic pathologies (type 2 diabetes and obesity) and imprinting disorders. Over the last decade it has become increasingly clear that mutations of genes involved in epigenetic mechanism, such as DNA methyltransferases, methyl-binding domain proteins, histone deacetylases, histone methylases and members of the SWI/SNF family of chromatin remodelers are linked to human disorders, including Immunodeficiency Centromeric instability Facial syndrome 1, Rett syndrome, Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome, Sotos syndrome or alpha-thalassemia/mental retardation X-linked syndrome, among others. As new members of the epigenetic machinery are described, the number of human syndromes associated with epigenetic alterations increases. As recent examples, mutations of histone demethylases and members of the non-coding RNA machinery have recently been associated with Kabuki syndrome, Claes-Jensen X-linked mental retardation syndrome and Goiter syndrome. In this review, we describe the variety of germline mutations of epigenetic modifiers that are known to be associated with human disorders, and discuss the therapeutic potential of epigenetic drugs as palliative care strategies in the treatment of such disorders.

}, keywords = {Animals, Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly, DNA Methylation, Epigenesis, Genetic, Genetic Diseases, Inborn, Germ-Line Mutation, Humans, Syndrome}, issn = {1432-1203}, doi = {10.1007/s00439-013-1271-x}, author = {Berdasco, Mar{\'\i}a and Esteller, Manel} } @inbook {568, title = {Global Status of Early Learning and Development Standards}, booktitle = {International Encyclopedia of Education}, volume = {2}, year = {2010}, pages = {138-143}, publisher = {Oxford: Elsevier}, organization = {Oxford: Elsevier}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84869851395\&origin=inward\&txGid=d9a6cde68ef1bf7c39f89fff4447723d}, author = {P. R. Britto and S. L. Kagan}, editor = {P. Peterson et. al} } @article {7327, title = {GCR-SCI Advocacy Briefing on the rights of children in Greece, September - October 2021}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Greek Council for Refugees}, keywords = {child rights and protection, Greece, refugees and migrants}, url = {https://www.gcr.gr/en/ekdoseis-media/reports/reports/item/1835-gcr-sci-advocacy-briefing-on-the-rights-of-children-in-greece-september-october-2021}, author = {Chouzouraki, A. and Gorevan, D.} } @article {340, title = {Global health post-2015: the case for universal health equity.}, journal = {Glob Health Action}, volume = {6}, year = {2013}, month = {2013}, pages = {19661}, abstract = {

Set in 2000, with a completion date of 2015, the deadline for the Millennium Development Goals is approaching, at which time a new global development infrastructure will become operational. Unsurprisingly, the discussions on goals, topics, priorities and monitoring and evaluation are gaining momentum. But this is a critical juncture. Over a decade of development programming offers a unique opportunity to reflect on its structure, function and purpose in a contemporary global context. This article examines the topic from an analytical health perspective and identifies universal health equity as an operational and analytical priority to encourage attention to the root causes of unnecessary and unfair illness and disease from the perspectives of those for whom the issues have most direct relevance.

}, keywords = {Environment, Global Health, Health Status Disparities, Humans, International Cooperation, Socioeconomic Factors}, issn = {1654-9880}, doi = {10.3402/gha.v6i0.19661}, author = {D{\textquoteright}Ambruoso, Lucia} } @book {2621, title = {Good Natured: The Origins of Right and Wrong in Humans and Other Animals}, year = {1996}, publisher = {Harvard Univ. Press}, organization = {Harvard Univ. Press}, address = {Cambridge, MA}, url = {http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674356610\&content=reviews}, author = {de Waal, F. B. M.} } @article {4351, title = {Global research priorities to accelerate early child development in the sustainable development era}, journal = {Lancet Glob Health}, volume = {4}, number = {12}, year = {2016}, note = {Dua, Tarun
Tomlinson, Mark
Tablante, Elizabeth
Britto, Pia
Yousfzai, Aisha
Daelmans, Bernadette
Darmstadt, Gary L
eng
001/World Health Organization/International
R01 AA017104/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
England
2016/10/09 06:00
Lancet Glob Health. 2016 Dec;4(12):e887-e889. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(16)30218-2. Epub 2016 Oct 4.}, month = {Dec}, pages = {e887-e889}, keywords = {*Child Development, *Global Health, *Research, Child, Preschool, Goals, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn}, isbn = {2214-109X (Electronic)
2214-109X (Linking)}, author = {Dua, T. and Tomlinson, M. and Tablante, E. and Britto, P. and Yousfzai, A. and Daelmans, B. and Darmstadt, G. L.} } @article {2916, title = {Growing up with parental alcohol abuse: exposure to childhood abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction}, journal = {Child Abuse Negl}, volume = {25}, number = {12}, year = {2001}, note = {Dube, S R
Anda, R F
Felitti, V J
Croft, J B
Edwards, V J
Giles, W H
eng
TS-44-10/11/TS/ATSDR CDC HHS/
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S.
England
2002/01/30 10:00
Child Abuse Negl. 2001 Dec;25(12):1627-40.}, month = {Dec}, pages = {1627-40}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: This study is a detailed examination of the association between parental alcohol abuse (mother only, father only, or both parents) and multiple forms of childhood abuse, neglect, and other household dysfunction, known as adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). METHOD: A questionnaire about ACEs including child abuse, neglect, household dysfunction, and exposure to parental alcohol abuse was completed by 8629 adult HMO members to retrospectively assess the relationship of growing up with parental alcohol abuse to 10 ACEs and multiple ACEs (ACE score). RESULTS: Compared to persons who grew up with no parental alcohol abuse, the adjusted odds ratio for each category of ACE was approximately 2 to 13 times higher if either the mother, father, or both parents abused alcohol (p < 0.05). For example, the likelihood of having a battered mother was increased 13-fold for men who grew up with both parents who abused alcohol (OR, 12.7; 95\% CI: 8.4-19.1). For almost every ACE, those who grew up with both an alcohol-abusing mother and father had the highest likelihood of ACEs. The mean number of ACEs for persons with no parental alcohol abuse, father only, mother only, or both parents was 1.4, 2.6, 3.2, and 3.8, respectively (p < .001). CONCLUSION: Although the retrospective reporting of these experiences cannot establish a causal association with certainty, exposure to parental alcohol abuse is highly associated with experiencing adverse childhood experiences. Improved coordination of adult and pediatric health care along with related social and substance abuse services may lead to earlier recognition, treatment, and prevention of both adult alcohol abuse and adverse childhood experiences, reducing the negative sequelae of ACEs in adolescents and adults.}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Alcoholism/complications/*epidemiology/psychology, California/epidemiology, Causality, Child, Child Abuse/psychology/*statistics \& numerical data, Child of Impaired Parents/*psychology/statistics \& numerical data, Female, Health Behavior, Health Maintenance Organizations/*utilization, Humans, Life Change Events, Likelihood Functions, Male, Middle Aged, Prevalence, Surveys and Questionnaires, Time}, isbn = {0145-2134 (Print)
0145-2134 (Linking)}, author = {Dube, S. R. and Anda, R. F. and Felitti, V. J. and Croft, J. B. and Edwards, V. J. and Giles, W. H.} } @article {2966, title = {Genomics: ENCODE explained}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {489}, number = {7414}, year = {2012}, note = {Ecker, Joseph R
Bickmore, Wendy A
Barroso, Ines
Pritchard, Jonathan K
Gilad, Yoav
Segal, Eran
eng
England
2012/09/08 06:00
Nature. 2012 Sep 6;489(7414):52-5. doi: 10.1038/489052a.}, month = {Sep 6}, pages = {52-5}, keywords = {*Encyclopedias as Topic, *Genomics/trends, *Molecular Sequence Annotation, Chromatin/genetics/metabolism, Deoxyribonuclease I/metabolism, DNA Methylation, DNA/*genetics, Evolution, Molecular, Gene Expression Regulation/genetics, Gene Regulatory Networks, Genome, Human/*genetics, Humans, Interdisciplinary Communication, Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid/*genetics, RNA, Untranslated/genetics, Sequence Analysis, Transcription Factors/metabolism}, isbn = {1476-4687 (Electronic)
0028-0836 (Linking)}, author = {Ecker, J. R. and Bickmore, W. A. and Barroso, I. and Pritchard, J. K. and Gilad, Y. and Segal, E.} } @book {2671, title = {G Is for Growing: Thirty Years of Research on Children and Sesame Street}, year = {2014}, publisher = {Taylor \& Francis}, organization = {Taylor \& Francis}, isbn = {9781135664954}, url = {https://books.google.com/books?id=iMiQAgAAQBAJ}, author = {Fisch, S.M. and Truglio, R.T.} } @book {519, title = {Getting to Yes: Negotiating Agreement Without Giving In}, year = {2011}, publisher = {Penguin Publishing Group}, organization = {Penguin Publishing Group}, isbn = {9781101539545}, url = {http://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/324551/getting-to-yes-by-roger-fisher/9780143118756/}, author = {Fisher, R. and Ury, W.L. and Patton, B.} } @inbook {5551, title = {Group identity as an obstacle and catalyst of peace}, booktitle = {Pathways to peace: The transformative power of children and families}, year = {2014}, pages = {79-92}, publisher = {MIT Press}, organization = {MIT Press}, edition = {15}, chapter = {6}, abstract = {Social identity is not only an obstacle to peace; it can also be engaged to advance peace, such as when children are raised to develop multiple and cross-cutting forms of identification. This chapter considers the evidence that nomadic forager band social organization is not particularly conducive to the formation of hostile {\textquotedblleft}us versus them{\textquotedblright} social identities and that, consequently, {\textquotedblleft} us versus them{\textquotedblright} distinctions have only become strongly manifested with the development of more complex forms of social organization (e.g., tribes, kingdoms, nations) within the last 12,500 years or so. Such a proposition highlights the malleability of the concept of identity and contradicts the school of thought that sees {\textquotedblleft}us versus them{\textquotedblright} identity formation as a long-standing innate tendency. This chapter will also consider how social identity can contribute to peace when it is employed in inclusive and unifying ways, in contrast to exclusionary and dehumanizing ways. This occurs, for example, within non-warring peace systems, when additional overarching identities are developed in the service of peace. In terms of promoting peace and inclusive social identities during childhood, it is suggested that explicitly teaching global citizenship can contribute to raising a peaceful world.}, keywords = {childhood development, global citizenship, non-warring peace systems, social identity, social organization}, doi = {10.7551/mitpress/9780262027984.003.0006}, url = {https://direct.mit.edu/books/edited-volume/3682/Pathways-to-PeaceThe-Transformative-Power-of}, author = {D. P. Fry}, editor = {J. Leckman and C. Panter-Brick and R. Salah} } @article {5491, title = {Global, regional, and national under-5 mortality, adult mortality, age-specific mortality, and life expectancy, 1970-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {390}, number = {10100}, year = {2017}, note = {eng
MC_UU_12017/13/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom
R01 MH110163/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/
R01 AI043596/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/
U01 AI096299/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/
P30 AG047845/AG/NIA NIH HHS/
D43 TW009775/TW/FIC NIH HHS/
SPHSU13/Chief Scientist Office/United Kingdom
R01 HD084233/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/
R01 HD087993/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/
SPHSU15/Chief Scientist Office/United Kingdom
U54 HG007479/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/
SCAF/15/02/Chief Scientist Office/United Kingdom
MR/K013351/1/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom
R01 AI124389/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/
Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom
MC_UU_12017/15/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom
CDF-2011-04-048/Department of Health/United Kingdom
P01 AG041710/AG/NIA NIH HHS/
R01 AI112339/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/
England
2017/09/19 06:00
Lancet. 2017 Sep 16;390(10100):1084-1150. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31833-0.}, month = {Sep 16}, pages = {1084-1150}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Detailed assessments of mortality patterns, particularly age-specific mortality, represent a crucial input that enables health systems to target interventions to specific populations. Understanding how all-cause mortality has changed with respect to development status can identify exemplars for best practice. To accomplish this, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) estimated age-specific and sex-specific all-cause mortality between 1970 and 2016 for 195 countries and territories and at the subnational level for the five countries with a population greater than 200 million in 2016. METHODS: We have evaluated how well civil registration systems captured deaths using a set of demographic methods called death distribution methods for adults and from consideration of survey and census data for children younger than 5 years. We generated an overall assessment of completeness of registration of deaths by dividing registered deaths in each location-year by our estimate of all-age deaths generated from our overall estimation process. For 163 locations, including subnational units in countries with a population greater than 200 million with complete vital registration (VR) systems, our estimates were largely driven by the observed data, with corrections for small fluctuations in numbers and estimation for recent years where there were lags in data reporting (lags were variable by location, generally between 1 year and 6 years). For other locations, we took advantage of different data sources available to measure under-5 mortality rates (U5MR) using complete birth histories, summary birth histories, and incomplete VR with adjustments; we measured adult mortality rate (the probability of death in individuals aged 15-60 years) using adjusted incomplete VR, sibling histories, and household death recall. We used the U5MR and adult mortality rate, together with crude death rate due to HIV in the GBD model life table system, to estimate age-specific and sex-specific death rates for each location-year. Using various international databases, we identified fatal discontinuities, which we defined as increases in the death rate of more than one death per million, resulting from conflict and terrorism, natural disasters, major transport or technological accidents, and a subset of epidemic infectious diseases; these were added to estimates in the relevant years. In 47 countries with an identified peak adult prevalence for HIV/AIDS of more than 0.5\% and where VR systems were less than 65\% complete, we informed our estimates of age-sex-specific mortality using the Estimation and Projection Package (EPP)-Spectrum model fitted to national HIV/AIDS prevalence surveys and antenatal clinic serosurveillance systems. We estimated stillbirths, early neonatal, late neonatal, and childhood mortality using both survey and VR data in spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression models. We estimated abridged life tables for all location-years using age-specific death rates. We grouped locations into development quintiles based on the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and analysed mortality trends by quintile. Using spline regression, we estimated the expected mortality rate for each age-sex group as a function of SDI. We identified countries with higher life expectancy than expected by comparing observed life expectancy to anticipated life expectancy on the basis of development status alone. FINDINGS: Completeness in the registration of deaths increased from 28\% in 1970 to a peak of 45\% in 2013; completeness was lower after 2013 because of lags in reporting. Total deaths in children younger than 5 years decreased from 1970 to 2016, and slower decreases occurred at ages 5-24 years. By contrast, numbers of adult deaths increased in each 5-year age bracket above the age of 25 years. The distribution of annualised rates of change in age-specific mortality rate differed over the period 2000 to 2016 compared with earlier decades: increasing annualised rates of change were less frequent, although rising annualised rates of change still occurred in some locations, particularly for adolescent and younger adult age groups. Rates of stillbirths and under-5 mortality both decreased globally from 1970. Evidence for global convergence of death rates was mixed; although the absolute difference between age-standardised death rates narrowed between countries at the lowest and highest levels of SDI, the ratio of these death rates-a measure of relative inequality-increased slightly. There was a strong shift between 1970 and 2016 toward higher life expectancy, most noticeably at higher levels of SDI. Among countries with populations greater than 1 million in 2016, life expectancy at birth was highest for women in Japan, at 86.9 years (95\% UI 86.7-87.2), and for men in Singapore, at 81.3 years (78.8-83.7) in 2016. Male life expectancy was generally lower than female life expectancy between 1970 and 2016, and the gap between male and female life expectancy increased with progression to higher levels of SDI. Some countries with exceptional health performance in 1990 in terms of the difference in observed to expected life expectancy at birth had slower progress on the same measure in 2016. INTERPRETATION: Globally, mortality rates have decreased across all age groups over the past five decades, with the largest improvements occurring among children younger than 5 years. However, at the national level, considerable heterogeneity remains in terms of both level and rate of changes in age-specific mortality; increases in mortality for certain age groups occurred in some locations. We found evidence that the absolute gap between countries in age-specific death rates has declined, although the relative gap for some age-sex groups increased. Countries that now lead in terms of having higher observed life expectancy than that expected on the basis of development alone, or locations that have either increased this advantage or rapidly decreased the deficit from expected levels, could provide insight into the means to accelerate progress in nations where progress has stalled. FUNDING: Bill \& Melinda Gates Foundation, and the National Institute on Aging and the National Institute of Mental Health of the National Institutes of Health.}, isbn = {1474-547X (Electronic)
0140-6736 (Linking)}, author = {GBDMortalityCollaborators} } @article {6231, title = {A guide to Serve and Return: How your interaction with children can build brains}, year = {2019}, keywords = {building brains, early childhood development, responsive caregiving, serve and return}, url = {https://ecdpeace.org/event/science-based-innovation-training-reimagining-program-development-and-evaluation$\#$overlay=node/add/news}, author = {Harvard} } @article {6474, title = {A Guide to COVID-19 and Early Childhood Development}, year = {2020}, keywords = {COVID-19, early childhood development}, url = {https://developingchild.harvard.edu/resources/covid-19-resources/}, author = {HarvardCenterDevelopingChild} } @article {5246, title = {Global Mental Health: Five Areas for Value-Driven Training Innovation}, journal = {Acad Psychiatry}, volume = {40}, number = {4}, year = {2016}, note = {Kohrt, Brandon A
Marienfeld, Carla B
Panter-Brick, Catherine
Tsai, Alexander C
Wainberg, Milton L
eng
K01 MH104310/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/
2016/03/18 06:00
Acad Psychiatry. 2016 Aug;40(4):650-8. doi: 10.1007/s40596-016-0504-4. Epub 2016 Mar 16.}, month = {Aug}, pages = {650-8}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: In the field of global mental health, there is a need for identifying core values and competencies to guide training programs in professional practice as well as in academia. This paper presents the results of interdisciplinary discussions fostered during an annual meeting of the Society for the Study of Psychiatry and Culture to develop recommendations for value-driven innovation in global mental health training. METHODS: Participants (n = 48), who registered for a dedicated workshop on global mental health training advertised in conference proceedings, included both established faculty and current students engaged in learning, practice, and research. They proffered recommendations in five areas of training curriculum: values, competencies, training experiences, resources, and evaluation. RESULTS: Priority values included humility, ethical awareness of power differentials, collaborative action, and "deep accountability" when working in low-resource settings in low- and middle-income countries and high-income countries. Competencies included flexibility and tolerating ambiguity when working across diverse settings, the ability to systematically evaluate personal biases, historical and linguistic proficiency, and evaluation skills across a range of stakeholders. Training experiences included didactics, language training, self-awareness, and supervision in immersive activities related to professional or academic work. Resources included connections with diverse faculty such as social scientists and mentors in addition to medical practitioners, institutional commitment through protected time and funding, and sustainable collaborations with partners in low resource settings. Finally, evaluation skills built upon community-based participatory methods, 360-degree feedback from partners in low-resource settings, and observed structured clinical evaluations (OSCEs) with people of different cultural backgrounds. CONCLUSIONS: Global mental health training, as envisioned in this workshop, exemplifies an ethos of working through power differentials across clinical, professional, and social contexts in order to form longstanding collaborations. If incorporated into the ACGME/ABPN Psychiatry Milestone Project, such recommendations will improve training gained through international experiences as well as the everyday training of mental health professionals, global health practitioners, and social scientists.}, keywords = {*Global Health, *Mental Health, Clinical Competence, Community-Based Participatory Research, Cross-cultural psychiatry, Curriculum, Curriculum development, Ethnopsychology/education, Faculty, Medical, Global mental health, Health Resources, Humans, Medical education, Mentors, Psychiatry/*education, Social Responsibility, Social Values, Teaching, Training innovation}, isbn = {1545-7230 (Electronic)
1042-9670 (Linking)}, author = {Kohrt, B. A. and Marienfeld, C. B. and Panter-Brick, C. and Tsai, A. C. and Wainberg, M. L.} } @article {414, title = {Genome-wide epigenetic regulation by early-life trauma.}, journal = {Arch Gen Psychiatry}, volume = {69}, year = {2012}, month = {2012 Jul}, pages = {722-31}, abstract = {

CONTEXT: Our genome adapts to environmental influences, in part through epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation. Variations in the quality of the early environment are associated with alterations in DNA methylation in rodents, and recent data suggest similar processes in humans in response to early-life adversity.

OBJECTIVE: To determine genome-wide DNA methylation alterations induced by early-life trauma.

DESIGN: Genome-wide study of promoter methylation in individuals with severe abuse during childhood. PATIENTS, SETTING, AND MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Promoter DNA methylation levels were profiled using methylated DNA immunoprecipitation followed by microarray hybridization in hippocampal tissue from 41 French-Canadian men (25 with a history of severe childhood abuse and 16 control subjects). Methylation profiles were compared with corresponding genome-wide gene expression profiles obtained by messenger RNA microarrays. Methylation differences between groups were validated on neuronal and nonneuronal DNA fractions isolated by fluorescence-assisted cell sorting. Functional consequences of site-specific promoter methylation were assessed by luciferase assays.

RESULTS: We identified 362 differentially methylated promoters in individuals with a history of abuse compared with controls. Among these promoters, 248 showed hypermethylation and 114 demonstrated hypomethylation. Validation and site-specific quantification of DNA methylation in the 5 most hypermethylated gene promoters indicated that methylation differences occurred mainly in the neuronal cellular fraction. Genes involved in cellular/neuronal plasticity were among the most significantly differentially methylated, and, among these, Alsin (ALS2) was the most significant finding. Methylated ALS2 constructs mimicking the methylation state in samples from abused suicide completers showed decreased promoter transcriptional activity associated with decreased hippocampal expression of ALS2 variants.

CONCLUSION: Childhood adversity is associated with epigenetic alterations in the promoters of several genes in hippocampal neurons.

}, keywords = {Adult, Child, Child Abuse, DNA Methylation, Epigenesis, Genetic, Female, Genome, Hippocampus, Humans, Life Change Events, Male, Neurons, Promoter Regions, Genetic}, issn = {1538-3636}, doi = {10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.2287}, author = {Labont{\'e}, Benoit and Suderman, Matt and Maussion, Gilles and Navaro, Luis and Yerko, Volodymyr and Mahar, Ian and Bureau, Alexandre and Mechawar, Naguib and Szyf, Moshe and Meaney, Michael J and Turecki, Gustavo} } @article {3091, title = {A good start in life will ensure a sustainable future for all}, journal = {The Lancet}, volume = {389}, number = {10064}, year = {Submitted}, pages = {8-9}, publisher = {Elsevier}, isbn = {0140-6736}, author = {Lo, Selina and Das, Pamela and Horton, Richard} } @article {3101, title = {Good early development-the right of every child}, journal = {The Lancet}, volume = {389}, number = {10064}, year = {Submitted}, pages = {13-14}, publisher = {Elsevier}, isbn = {0140-6736}, author = {Machel, Gra{\c c}a} } @article {424, title = {Global perspectives on resilience in children and youth.}, journal = {Child Dev}, volume = {85}, year = {2014}, month = {2014 Jan-Feb}, pages = {6-20}, abstract = {

Global concerns about the consequences of disasters, political violence, disease, malnutrition, maltreatment, and other threats to human development and well-being have sparked a surge of international interest in resilience science. This article highlights progress and issues in research that aims to understand variations in human adaptation to adverse experiences. Two key questions are considered: Why is a new wave of global research on resilience important for developmental science? and Why is developmental science important for global resilience? The conclusion calls for developmental scientists to engage in international efforts to promote resilience.

}, keywords = {Adolescent, Biomedical Research, Child, Child Development, Global Health, Humans, Resilience, Psychological}, issn = {1467-8624}, doi = {10.1111/cdev.12205}, author = {Masten, A. S.} } @article {451, title = {Genomics. ENCODE project writes eulogy for junk DNA.}, journal = {Science}, volume = {337}, year = {2012}, month = {2012 Sep 7}, pages = {1159, 1161}, keywords = {Animals, Cell Line, Conserved Sequence, DNA, Intergenic, DNA-Binding Proteins, Gene Expression Regulation, Gene Regulatory Networks, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Genome, Genome, Human, Genomics, Humans, Mammals, RNA, Untranslated, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Transcription Factors}, issn = {1095-9203}, doi = {10.1126/science.337.6099.1159}, author = {Pennisi, Elizabeth} } @article {6374, title = {Guidance for the health sector to partner with parents and families for early childhood development}, journal = {The Lancet}, volume = {395}, year = {2020}, month = {Jan-03-2020}, pages = {766 - 768}, keywords = {early childhood development, nurturing care}, issn = {01406736}, doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30465-7}, url = {https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)30465-7/fulltext}, author = {Richter, Linda M and Ghent, Liana and Issa, Ghassan M and Okengo, Lynette and Santiago, Evelyn} } @article {4106, title = {Global citizenship and the role of the United Nations: The promise of the Early Childhood Peace Consortium}, journal = {New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development}, volume = {2018}, year = {2018}, month = {Jan-03-2018}, pages = {99 - 105}, doi = {10.1002/cad.2018.2018.issue-15910.1002/cad.20231}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/cad.2018.2018.issue-159http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/cad.20231http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1002/cad.20231/fullpdfhttps://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1002\%2Fcad.20231}, author = {Salah, R.}, editor = {Leckman, J. F. and Britto, P. R.} } @article {5516, title = {Generation of global political priority for early childhood development: the challenges of framing and governance}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {389}, number = {10064}, year = {2017}, note = {Shawar, Yusra Ribhi
Shiffman, Jeremy
eng
Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S.
England
2016/10/09 06:00
Lancet. 2017 Jan 7;389(10064):119-124. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31574-4. Epub 2016 Oct 4.}, month = {Jan 7}, pages = {119-124}, abstract = {Despite progress, early childhood development (ECD) remains a neglected issue, particularly in resource-poor countries. We analyse the challenges and opportunities that ECD proponents face in advancing global priority for the issue. We triangulated among several data sources, including 19 semi-structured interviews with individuals involved in global ECD leadership, practice, and advocacy, as well as peer-reviewed research, organisation reports, and grey literature. We undertook a thematic analysis of the collected data, drawing on social science scholarship on collective action and a policy framework that elucidates why some global initiatives are more successful in generating political priority than others. The analysis indicates that the ECD community faces two primary challenges in advancing global political priority. The first pertains to framing: generation of internal consensus on the definition of the problem and solutions, agreement that could facilitate the discovery of a public positioning of the issue that could generate political support. The second concerns governance: building of effective institutions to achieve collective goals. However, there are multiple opportunities to advance political priority for ECD, including an increasingly favourable political environment, advances in ECD metrics, and the existence of compelling arguments for investment in ECD. To advance global priority for ECD, proponents will need to surmount the framing and governance challenges and leverage these opportunities.}, keywords = {*Child Development, *Child Health Services, *Developing Countries, *Health Policy, *Politics, Child, Humans}, isbn = {1474-547X (Electronic)
0140-6736 (Linking)}, author = {Shawar, Y. R. and Shiffman, J.} } @book {554, title = {Groups in harmony and tension: an integration of studies on intergroup relations}, year = {1966}, publisher = {Octagon Books}, organization = {Octagon Books}, url = {https://books.google.com/books?id=uLFkAAAAIAAJ}, author = {Sherif, M. and Sherif, C.W.} } @article {3311, title = {Gender, Education, and Peacebuilding: A review of selected Learning for Peace case studies}, year = {2016}, institution = {Learning for Peace}, url = {https://eccnetwork.net/wp-content/uploads/Gender-Education-and-Peacebuilding-A-Review-of-Learning-for-Peace-Case-Studies.pdf}, author = {Judy El-Bushra and Emilie Rees Smith}, editor = {Lisa Drysdale} } @article {5967, title = {Global kids online research synthesis, 2015-2016}, year = {2016}, pages = {86}, institution = {UNICEF Office of Research {\textendash} Innocenti}, address = {Florence, Italy}, keywords = {adolescents, Internet, social surveys}, url = {https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/869-global-kids-online-research-synthesis-2015-2016.html}, author = {UNICEF} } @article {6870, title = {A generation to protect: Monitoring violence, exploitation and abuse of children within the SDG framework}, year = {2020}, institution = {UNICEF}, keywords = {child abuse and neglect, SDG framework, SDGs, sustainable development goals, violence against children}, url = {file:///C:/Users/njf7/Downloads/A-Generation-to-Protect-publication-English_2020.pdf}, author = {UNICEF} } @article {3361, title = {Guide to: Conflict Analysis}, year = {2016}, url = {http://www.ineesite.org/en/resources/guide-to-conflict-analysis}, author = {UNICEF} } @article {6490, title = {Global resource guide on public finance for children in early childhood development}, year = {2020}, publisher = {UNICEF}, keywords = {early childhood development, Education, global}, url = {https://www.unicef.org/media/67226/file/Guide-on-public-finance-for-children-in-early-childhood-development-Partners-edition-2020.pdf}, author = {UNICEF} } @article {5949, title = {The Global Compact for Refugees (GCR)}, year = {2018}, url = {https://www.unhcr.org/towards-a-global-compact-on-refugees.html}, author = {UnitedNations} } @article {5948, title = {The Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration (GCM)}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Global Compact for Migration}, url = {https://www.iom.int/global-compact-migration}, author = {UnitedNations} } @article {6262, title = {Global study on children deprived of liberty}, year = {2019}, address = {United Nations General Assembly}, keywords = {deprived childhood}, url = {https://undocs.org/A/74/136}, author = {UnitedNations} } @article {7105, title = {Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration. Report of the Secretary-General}, year = {2020}, publisher = {United Nations}, keywords = {migration, United Nations}, url = {https://migrationnetwork.un.org/sg-report-promise-action}, author = {UnitedNations} } @article {6105, title = {Global survey of inclusive early childhood development and early childhood intervention programs}, year = {2019}, institution = {RISE Institute}, address = {Washington, DC}, keywords = {early childhood development intervention programs}, url = {https://www.ecdan.org/assets/global-survey-of-iecd-and-eci-programs---2019.pdf?fbclid=IwAR0Dz73tExjQ7mYiUtMk1azUkld9z8nTao9D-d0ofZpU3wMKIoYLzAbmRXg}, author = {Vargas-Baron, E. and Small, J. and Wertlieb, D. and Hix-Small, H. and Botero, R. G. and Diehl, K. and Vergara, P. and Lynch, P.} } @article {4996, title = {Group Interpersonal Psychotherapy for depressed youth in IDP camps in Northern Uganda: adaptation and training}, journal = {Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am}, volume = {17}, number = {3}, year = {2008}, note = {Verdeli, Helen
Clougherty, Kathleen
Onyango, Grace
Lewandowski, Eric
Speelman, Liesbeth
Betancourt, Teresa S
Neugebauer, Richard
Stein, Traci R
Bolton, Paul
eng
2008/06/19 09:00
Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2008 Jul;17(3):605-24, ix. doi: 10.1016/j.chc.2008.03.002.}, month = {Jul}, pages = {605-24, ix}, abstract = {This article reviews the use of Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT) with depressed youth living in Internally Displaced Persons (IDP) camps in North Uganda. This youth has been exposed to severe losses and disruptions in relationships with caregivers, family, and community members; limited access to formal education; exposure to malnutrition and infections; and pressure to prematurely assume adult family roles. The process of adaptation to the content and training of IPT for these youth is presented and illustrated with case examples.}, keywords = {*Adaptation, Psychological, *Interpersonal Relations, *Psychotherapy, Group, *Teaching, Adolescent, Depressive Disorder, Major/*psychology/*therapy, Humans, Learning, Play and Playthings, Uganda/ethnology}, isbn = {1056-4993 (Print)
1056-4993 (Linking)}, author = {Verdeli, H. and Clougherty, K. and Onyango, G. and Lewandowski, E. and Speelman, L. and Betancourt, T. S. and Neugebauer, R. and Stein, T. R. and Bolton, P.} } @article {5441, title = {Global, regional, and national levels of neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality during 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {384}, number = {9947}, year = {2014}, note = {Wang, Haidong
Liddell, Chelsea A
Coates, Matthew M
Mooney, Meghan D
Levitz, Carly E
Schumacher, Austin E
Apfel, Henry
Iannarone, Marissa
Phillips, Bryan
Lofgren, Katherine T
Sandar, Logan
Dorrington, Rob E
Rakovac, Ivo
Jacobs, Troy A
Liang, Xiaofeng
Zhou, Maigeng
Zhu, Jun
Yang, Gonghuan
Wang, Yanping
Liu, Shiwei
Li, Yichong
Ozgoren, Ayse Abbasoglu
Abera, Semaw Ferede
Abubakar, Ibrahim
Achoki, Tom
Adelekan, Ademola
Ademi, Zanfina
Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw
Allen, Peter J
AlMazroa, Mohammad AbdulAziz
Alvarez, Elena
Amankwaa, Adansi A
Amare, Azmeraw T
Ammar, Walid
Anwari, Palwasha
Cunningham, Solveig Argeseanu
Asad, Majed Masoud
Assadi, Reza
Banerjee, Amitava
Basu, Sanjay
Bedi, Neeraj
Bekele, Tolesa
Bell, Michelle L
Bhutta, Zulfiqar
Blore, Jed D
Basara, Berrak Bora
Boufous, Soufiane
Breitborde, Nicholas
Bruce, Nigel G
Bui, Linh Ngoc
Carapetis, Jonathan R
Cardenas, Rosario
Carpenter, David O
Caso, Valeria
Castro, Ruben Estanislao
Catala-Lopez, Ferran
Cavlin, Alanur
Che, Xuan
Chiang, Peggy Pei-Chia
Chowdhury, Rajiv
Christophi, Costas A
Chuang, Ting-Wu
Cirillo, Massimo
da Costa Leite, Iuri
Courville, Karen J
Dandona, Lalit
Dandona, Rakhi
Davis, Adrian
Dayama, Anand
Deribe, Kebede
Dharmaratne, Samath D
Dherani, Mukesh K
Dilmen, Ugur
Ding, Eric L
Edmond, Karen M
Ermakov, Sergei Petrovich
Farzadfar, Farshad
Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad
Fijabi, Daniel Obadare
Foigt, Nataliya
Forouzanfar, Mohammad H
Garcia, Ana C
Geleijnse, Johanna M
Gessner, Bradford D
Goginashvili, Ketevan
Gona, Philimon
Goto, Atsushi
Gouda, Hebe N
Green, Mark A
Greenwell, Karen Fern
Gugnani, Harish Chander
Gupta, Rahul
Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi
Hammami, Mouhanad
Harb, Hilda L
Hay, Simon
Hedayati, Mohammad T
Hosgood, H Dean
Hoy, Damian G
Idrisov, Bulat T
Islami, Farhad
Ismayilova, Samaya
Jha, Vivekanand
Jiang, Guohong
Jonas, Jost B
Juel, Knud
Kabagambe, Edmond Kato
Kazi, Dhruv S
Kengne, Andre Pascal
Kereselidze, Maia
Khader, Yousef Saleh
Khalifa, Shams Eldin Ali Hassan
Khang, Young-Ho
Kim, Daniel
Kinfu, Yohannes
Kinge, Jonas M
Kokubo, Yoshihiro
Kosen, Soewarta
Defo, Barthelemy Kuate
Kumar, G Anil
Kumar, Kaushalendra
Kumar, Ravi B
Lai, Taavi
Lan, Qing
Larsson, Anders
Lee, Jong-Tae
Leinsalu, Mall
Lim, Stephen S
Lipshultz, Steven E
Logroscino, Giancarlo
Lotufo, Paulo A
Lunevicius, Raimundas
Lyons, Ronan Anthony
Ma, Stefan
Mahdi, Abbas Ali
Marzan, Melvin Barrientos
Mashal, Mohammad Taufiq
Mazorodze, Tasara T
McGrath, John J
Memish, Ziad A
Mendoza, Walter
Mensah, George A
Meretoja, Atte
Miller, Ted R
Mills, Edward J
Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin
Mokdad, Ali H
Monasta, Lorenzo
Montico, Marcella
Moore, Ami R
Moschandreas, Joanna
Msemburi, William T
Mueller, Ulrich O
Muszynska, Magdalena M
Naghavi, Mohsen
Naidoo, Kovin S
Narayan, K M Venkat
Nejjari, Chakib
Ng, Marie
de Dieu Ngirabega, Jean
Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark J
Nyakarahuka, Luke
Ohkubo, Takayoshi
Omer, Saad B
Caicedo, Angel J Paternina
Pillay-van Wyk, Victoria
Pope, Dan
Pourmalek, Farshad
Prabhakaran, Dorairaj
Rahman, Sajjad U R
Rana, Saleem M
Reilly, Robert Quentin
Rojas-Rueda, David
Ronfani, Luca
Rushton, Lesley
Saeedi, Mohammad Yahya
Salomon, Joshua A
Sampson, Uchechukwu
Santos, Itamar S
Sawhney, Monika
Schmidt, Jurgen C
Shakh-Nazarova, Marina
She, Jun
Sheikhbahaei, Sara
Shibuya, Kenji
Shin, Hwashin Hyun
Shishani, Kawkab
Shiue, Ivy
Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora
Singh, Jasvinder A
Skirbekk, Vegard
Sliwa, Karen
Soshnikov, Sergey S
Sposato, Luciano A
Stathopoulou, Vasiliki Kalliopi
Stroumpoulis, Konstantinos
Tabb, Karen M
Talongwa, Roberto Tchio
Teixeira, Carolina Maria
Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman
Thomson, Alan J
Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L
Toyoshima, Hideaki
Dimbuene, Zacharie Tsala
Uwaliraye, Parfait
Uzun, Selen Begum
Vasankari, Tommi J
Vasconcelos, Ana Maria Nogales
Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich
Vollset, Stein Emil
Waller, Stephen
Wan, Xia
Weichenthal, Scott
Weiderpass, Elisabete
Weintraub, Robert G
Westerman, Ronny
Wilkinson, James D
Williams, Hywel C
Yang, Yang C
Yentur, Gokalp Kadri
Yip, Paul
Yonemoto, Naohiro
Younis, Mustafa
Yu, Chuanhua
Jin, Kim Yun
El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa
Zhu, Shankuan
Vos, Theo
Lopez, Alan D
Murray, Christopher J L
eng
095066/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom
RG/08/014/24067/British Heart Foundation/United Kingdom
201900/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom
MR/L003120/1/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom
MR/K023233/1/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom
MR/K006525/1/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom
Multicenter Study
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
England
2014/05/07 06:00
Lancet. 2014 Sep 13;384(9947):957-79. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60497-9. Epub 2014 May 2.}, month = {Sep 13}, pages = {957-79}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Remarkable financial and political efforts have been focused on the reduction of child mortality during the past few decades. Timely measurements of levels and trends in under-5 mortality are important to assess progress towards the Millennium Development Goal 4 (MDG 4) target of reduction of child mortality by two thirds from 1990 to 2015, and to identify models of success. METHODS: We generated updated estimates of child mortality in early neonatal (age 0-6 days), late neonatal (7-28 days), postneonatal (29-364 days), childhood (1-4 years), and under-5 (0-4 years) age groups for 188 countries from 1970 to 2013, with more than 29,000 survey, census, vital registration, and sample registration datapoints. We used Gaussian process regression with adjustments for bias and non-sampling error to synthesise the data for under-5 mortality for each country, and a separate model to estimate mortality for more detailed age groups. We used explanatory mixed effects regression models to assess the association between under-5 mortality and income per person, maternal education, HIV child death rates, secular shifts, and other factors. To quantify the contribution of these different factors and birth numbers to the change in numbers of deaths in under-5 age groups from 1990 to 2013, we used Shapley decomposition. We used estimated rates of change between 2000 and 2013 to construct under-5 mortality rate scenarios out to 2030. FINDINGS: We estimated that 6.3 million (95\% UI 6.0-6.6) children under-5 died in 2013, a 64\% reduction from 17.6 million (17.1-18.1) in 1970. In 2013, child mortality rates ranged from 152.5 per 1000 livebirths (130.6-177.4) in Guinea-Bissau to 2.3 (1.8-2.9) per 1000 in Singapore. The annualised rates of change from 1990 to 2013 ranged from -6.8\% to 0.1\%. 99 of 188 countries, including 43 of 48 countries in sub-Saharan Africa, had faster decreases in child mortality during 2000-13 than during 1990-2000. In 2013, neonatal deaths accounted for 41.6\% of under-5 deaths compared with 37.4\% in 1990. Compared with 1990, in 2013, rising numbers of births, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, led to 1.4 million more child deaths, and rising income per person and maternal education led to 0.9 million and 2.2 million fewer deaths, respectively. Changes in secular trends led to 4.2 million fewer deaths. Unexplained factors accounted for only -1\% of the change in child deaths. In 30 developing countries, decreases since 2000 have been faster than predicted attributable to income, education, and secular shift alone. INTERPRETATION: Only 27 developing countries are expected to achieve MDG 4. Decreases since 2000 in under-5 mortality rates are accelerating in many developing countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. The Millennium Declaration and increased development assistance for health might have been a factor in faster decreases in some developing countries. Without further accelerated progress, many countries in west and central Africa will still have high levels of under-5 mortality in 2030. FUNDING: Bill \& Melinda Gates Foundation, US Agency for International Development.}, keywords = {Child Mortality/*trends, Child, Preschool, Global Health/statistics \& numerical data/*trends, Humans, Infant, Infant Mortality/*trends, Infant, Newborn, Organizational Objectives, Risk Factors, Socioeconomic Factors}, isbn = {1474-547X (Electronic)
0140-6736 (Linking)}, author = {Wang, H. and Liddell, C. A. and Coates, M. M. and Mooney, M. D. and Levitz, C. E. and Schumacher, A. E. and Apfel, H. and Iannarone, M. and Phillips, B. and Lofgren, K. T. and Sandar, L. and Dorrington, R. E. and Rakovac, I. and Jacobs, T. A. and Liang, X. and Zhou, M. and Zhu, J. and Yang, G. and Wang, Y. and Liu, S. and Li, Y. and Ozgoren, A. A. and Abera, S. F. and Abubakar, I. and Achoki, T. and Adelekan, A. and Ademi, Z. and Alemu, Z. A. and Allen, P. J. and AlMazroa, M. A. and Alvarez, E. and Amankwaa, A. A. and Amare, A. T. and Ammar, W. and Anwari, P. and Cunningham, S. A. and Asad, M. M. and Assadi, R. and Banerjee, A. and Basu, S. and Bedi, N. and Bekele, T. and Bell, M. L. and Bhutta, Z. and Blore, J. D. and Basara, B. B. and Boufous, S. and Breitborde, N. and Bruce, N. G. and Bui, L. N. and Carapetis, J. R. and Cardenas, R. and Carpenter, D. O. and Caso, V. and Castro, R. E. and Catala-Lopez, F. and Cavlin, A. and Che, X. and Chiang, P. P. and Chowdhury, R. and Christophi, C. A. and Chuang, T. W. and Cirillo, M. and da Costa Leite, I. and Courville, K. J. and Dandona, L. and Dandona, R. and Davis, A. and Dayama, A. and Deribe, K. and Dharmaratne, S. D. and Dherani, M. K. and Dilmen, U. and Ding, E. L. and Edmond, K. M. and Ermakov, S. P. and Farzadfar, F. and Fereshtehnejad, S. M. and Fijabi, D. O. and Foigt, N. and Forouzanfar, M. H. and Garcia, A. C. and Geleijnse, J. M. and Gessner, B. D. and Goginashvili, K. and Gona, P. and Goto, A. and Gouda, H. N. and Green, M. A. and Greenwell, K. F. and Gugnani, H. C. and Gupta, R. and Hamadeh, R. R. and Hammami, M. and Harb, H. L. and Hay, S. and Hedayati, M. T. and Hosgood, H. D. and Hoy, D. G. and Idrisov, B. T. and Islami, F. and Ismayilova, S. and Jha, V. and Jiang, G. and Jonas, J. B. and Juel, K. and Kabagambe, E. K. and Kazi, D. S. and Kengne, A. P. and Kereselidze, M. and Khader, Y. S. and Khalifa, S. E. and Khang, Y. H. and Kim, D. and Kinfu, Y. and Kinge, J. M. and Kokubo, Y. and Kosen, S. and Defo, B. K. and Kumar, G. A. and Kumar, K. and Kumar, R. B. and Lai, T. and Lan, Q. and Larsson, A. and Lee, J. T. and Leinsalu, M. and Lim, S. S. and Lipshultz, S. E. and Logroscino, G. and Lotufo, P. A. and Lunevicius, R. and Lyons, R. A. and Ma, S. and Mahdi, A. A. and Marzan, M. B. and Mashal, M. T. and Mazorodze, T. T. and McGrath, J. J. and Memish, Z. A. and Mendoza, W. and Mensah, G. A. and Meretoja, A. and Miller, T. R. and Mills, E. J. and Mohammad, K. A. and Mokdad, A. H. and Monasta, L. and Montico, M. and Moore, A. R. and Moschandreas, J. and Msemburi, W. T. and Mueller, U. O. and Muszynska, M. M. and Naghavi, M. and Naidoo, K. S. and Narayan, K. M. and Nejjari, C. and Ng, M. and de Dieu Ngirabega, J. and Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J. and Nyakarahuka, L. and Ohkubo, T. and Omer, S. B. and Caicedo, A. J. and Pillay-van Wyk, V. and Pope, D. and Pourmalek, F. and Prabhakaran, D. and Rahman, S. U. and Rana, S. M. and Reilly, R. Q. and Rojas-Rueda, D. and Ronfani, L. and Rushton, L. and Saeedi, M. Y. and Salomon, J. A. and Sampson, U. and Santos, I. S. and Sawhney, M. and Schmidt, J. C. and Shakh-Nazarova, M. and She, J. and Sheikhbahaei, S. and Shibuya, K. and Shin, H. H. and Shishani, K. and Shiue, I. and Sigfusdottir, I. D. and Singh, J. A. and Skirbekk, V. and Sliwa, K. and Soshnikov, S. S. and Sposato, L. A. and Stathopoulou, V. K. and Stroumpoulis, K. and Tabb, K. M. and Talongwa, R. T. and Teixeira, C. M. and Terkawi, A. S. and Thomson, A. J. and Thorne-Lyman, A. L. and Toyoshima, H. and Dimbuene, Z. T. and Uwaliraye, P. and Uzun, S. B. and Vasankari, T. J. and Vasconcelos, A. M. and Vlassov, V. V. and Vollset, S. E. and Waller, S. and Wan, X. and Weichenthal, S. and Weiderpass, E. and Weintraub, R. G. and Westerman, R. and Wilkinson, J. D. and Williams, H. C. and Yang, Y. C. and Yentur, G. K. and Yip, P. and Yonemoto, N. and Younis, M. and Yu, C. and Jin, K. Y. and El Sayed Zaki, M. and Zhu, S. and Vos, T. and Lopez, A. D. and Murray, C. J.} } @article {6307, title = {Global threat assessment 2019: Working together to end the sexual exploitation of children online}, year = {2019}, institution = {We Protect Global Alliance}, address = {London, England}, abstract = {

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