@inbook {566, title = {Building, Imagining, and Experiencing Europe: Institutions and Identities in the European Union}, booktitle = {An Anthropology of the European Union}, year = {2000}, pages = {1-27}, publisher = {Berg}, organization = {Berg}, address = {Oxford}, url = {https://www.amazon.com/Anthropology-European-Union-Imagining-Experiencing/dp/1859733298}, author = {I. Bellier and T. Wilson}, editor = {I. Bellier and T. Wilson} } @article {264, title = {Beyond risk, resilience, and dysregulation: phenotypic plasticity and human development.}, journal = {Dev Psychopathol}, volume = {25}, year = {2013}, month = {2013 Nov}, pages = {1243-61}, abstract = {

We provide a theoretical and empirical basis for the claim that individual differences exist in developmental plasticity and that phenotypic plasticity should be a subject of study in its own right. To advance this argument, we begin by highlighting challenges that evolutionary thinking poses for a science of development and psychopathology, including for the diathesis-stress framework that has (fruitfully) guided so much empirical inquiry on developmental risk, resilience, and dysregulation. With this foundation laid, we raise a series of issues that the differential-susceptibility hypothesis calls attention to, while highlighting findings that have emerged over just the past several years and are pertinent to some of the questions posed. Even though it is clear that this new perspective on Person \× Environment interaction is stimulating research and influencing how hypotheses are framed and data interpreted, a great many topics remain that need empirical attention. Our intention is to encourage students of development and psychopathology to treat phenotypic plasticity as an individual-difference construct while exploring unknowns in the differential-susceptibility equation.

}, keywords = {Biological Evolution, Humans, Individuality, Mental Disorders, Phenotype, Resilience, Psychological, Risk Factors, Social Environment}, issn = {1469-2198}, doi = {10.1017/S095457941300059X}, author = {Belsky, Jay and Pluess, Michael} } @article {5006, title = {Building an evidence base on mental health interventions for children affected by armed conflict}, journal = {Intervention (Amstelveen)}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, year = {2008}, note = {Betancourt, Theresa S
Williams, Timothy
eng
K01 MH077246/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/
K01 MH077246-01A2/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/
Netherlands
2008/01/01 00:00
Intervention (Amstelveen). 2008;6(1):39-56. doi: 10.1097/WTF.0b013e3282f761ff.}, pages = {39-56}, abstract = {This paper reviews what is currently known from research about the effectiveness of interventions to address mental health problems in children and adolescents affected by armed conflict. The focus will be on interventions delivered in conflict affected countries either during active humanitarian emergencies or during the post conflict period. The paper will discuss two main paradigms of intervention dominating the field: psychosocial approaches and clinical/psychiatric approaches. The paper reviews some of the basic literature, theories and issues involved in assessment, programme planning, monitoring and evaluation of both approaches. In order to explore these issues in depth, the paper will draw from the author{\textquoteright}s field experiences with research in the Russian Federation and in northern Uganda. The paper also presents a brief review of a handful of other published evaluations of mental health interventions for war affected children. We will close with a discussion of what future research is needed to build an evidence base regarding mental health interventions for children affected by armed conflict as well as the ethical and feasibility issues associated with carrying out this work.}, isbn = {1571-8883 (Print)
1571-8883 (Linking)}, author = {Betancourt, T. S. and Williams, T.} } @article {4821, title = {A behavioral intervention for war-affected youth in Sierra Leone: a randomized controlled trial}, journal = {J Am Acad Child Adolesc PsychiatryJ Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry}, volume = {53}, number = {12}, year = {2014}, note = {Betancourt, Theresa S
McBain, Ryan
Newnham, Elizabeth A
Akinsulure-Smith, Adeyinka M
Brennan, Robert T
Weisz, John R
Hansen, Nathan B
eng
K01 MH077246/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/
5K01MH077246-05/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/
P30 AG024409/AG/NIA NIH HHS/
5P30AG024409-08/AG/NIA NIH HHS/
1F31MH097333-01A1/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/
F31 MH097333/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/
Randomized Controlled Trial
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
2014/12/03 06:00
J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2014 Dec;53(12):1288-97. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2014.09.011. Epub 2014 Oct 2.}, month = {Dec}, pages = {1288-97}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Youth in war-affected regions are at risk for poor psychological, social, and educational outcomes. Effective interventions are needed to improve mental health, social behavior, and school functioning. This randomized controlled trial tested the effectiveness of a 10-session cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)-based group mental health intervention for multisymptomatic war-affected youth (aged 15-24 years) in Sierra Leone. METHOD: War-affected youth identified by elevated distress and impairment via community screening were randomized (stratified by sex and age) to the Youth Readiness Intervention (YRI) (n = 222) or to a control condition (n = 214). After treatment, youth were again randomized and offered an education subsidy immediately (n = 220) or waitlisted (n = 216). Emotion regulation, psychological distress, prosocial attitudes/behaviors, social support, functional impairment, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms were assessed at pre- and postintervention and at 6-month follow-up. For youth in school, enrollment, attendance, and classroom performance were assessed after 8 months. Linear mixed-effects regressions evaluated outcomes. RESULTS: The YRI showed significant postintervention effects on emotion regulation, prosocial attitudes/behaviors, social support, and reduced functional impairment, and significant follow-up effects on school enrollment, school attendance, and classroom behavior. In contrast, education subsidy was associated with better attendance but had no effect on mental health or functioning, school retention, or classroom behavior. Interactions between education subsidy and YRI were not significant. CONCLUSION: YRI produced acute improvements in mental health and functioning as well as longer-term effects on school engagement and behavior, suggesting potential to prepare war-affected youth for educational and other opportunities. Clinical trial registration information-Trial of the Youth Readiness Intervention (YRI); http://clinicaltrials.gov; NCT01684488.}, keywords = {*Warfare, Adolescent, Adult, Cognitive Therapy/*methods, Female, Humans, intervention, Male, Mental Disorders/etiology/*therapy, Mental Health, randomized controlled trial, report no biomedical interests or potential conflicts of interest., Sierra Leone, Treatment Outcome, War-affected, Young Adult, youth}, isbn = {1527-5418 (Electronic)
0890-8567 (Linking)}, author = {Betancourt, T. S. and McBain, R. and Newnham, E. A. and Akinsulure-Smith, A. M. and Brennan, R. T. and Weisz, J. R. and Hansen, N. B.} } @article {169, title = {Brain oxytocin correlates with maternal aggression: link to anxiety.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, volume = {25}, year = {2005}, month = {2005 Jul 20}, pages = {6807-15}, abstract = {

The oxytocinergic system is critically involved in the regulation of maternal behavior, which includes maternal aggression. Because aggression has been linked to anxiety, we investigated the maternal aggression and the role of brain oxytocin in lactating Wistar rats selectively bred for high anxiety-related behavior (HAB) or low anxiety-related behavior (LAB) during the 10 min maternal defense test. HAB dams displayed more maternal aggression against a virgin intruder compared with LAB dams, resulting in more defensive behavior and higher anxiety of HAB-defeated virgins. The different levels of aggression were accompanied by opposite oxytocin release patterns within the paraventricular nucleus (PVN; HAB, increase; LAB, decrease). Furthermore, oxytocin release was higher within the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) of HAB dams compared with LABs. A direct correlation between the offensive behavior displayed during the maternal defense test and local oxytocin release was found in both the PVN and CeA. Using retrodialysis, blockade of endogenous oxytocin action by infusion of an oxytocin receptor antagonist (des-Gly-NH2,d(CH2)5[Tyr(Me)2,Thr4]OVT) into the PVN or CeA reduced maternal aggression of HAB dams, whereas infusion of synthetic oxytocin into the PVN tended to increase aggression toward the intruder in LAB dams. There were no significant differences in oxytocin receptor mRNA expression or oxytocin receptor binding between lactating HAB and LAB dams. Therefore, differences in intracerebral release patterns of oxytocin, rather than differences at the level of oxytocin receptors, are critical for the regulation of maternal aggressive behavior.

}, keywords = {Aggression, Amygdala, Animals, Animals, Outbred Strains, Anxiety, Breeding, Female, Lactation, Male, Maternal Behavior, Microdialysis, Oxytocin, Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, Pregnancy, Rats, Rats, Wistar, Receptors, Oxytocin, RNA, Messenger, Stress, Physiological}, issn = {1529-2401}, doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1342-05.2005}, author = {Bosch, Oliver J and Meddle, Simone L and Beiderbeck, Daniela I and Douglas, Alison J and Neumann, Inga D} } @article {6366, title = {Beyond invisibility. Welcoming children and families with migrant and refugee background in ECEC settings}, journal = {European Early Childhood Education Research Journal}, volume = {28}, year = {2020}, month = {Feb-01-2020}, pages = {1 - 9}, keywords = {displaced children, displaced families, early childhood education and care, ECEC, immigrant families, refugee children, refugee families}, issn = {1350-293X}, doi = {10.1080/1350293X.2020.1707940}, url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1350293X.2020.1707940}, author = {Bove, Chiara and Sharmahd, Nima} } @article {286, title = {Biological sensitivity to context: I. An evolutionary-developmental theory of the origins and functions of stress reactivity.}, journal = {Dev Psychopathol}, volume = {17}, year = {2005}, pages = {271-301}, abstract = {

Biological reactivity to psychological stressors comprises a complex, integrated, and highly conserved repertoire of central neural and peripheral neuroendocrine responses designed to prepare the organism for challenge or threat. Developmental experience plays a role, along with heritable, polygenic variation, in calibrating the response dynamics of these systems, with early adversity biasing their combined effects toward a profile of heightened or prolonged reactivity. Conventional views of such high reactivity suggest that it is an atavistic and pathogenic legacy of an evolutionary past in which threats to survival were more prevalent and severe. Recent evidence, however, indicates that (a) stress reactivity is not a unitary process, but rather incorporates counterregulatory circuits serving to modify or temper physiological arousal, and (b) the effects of high reactivity phenotypes on psychiatric and biomedical outcomes are bivalent, rather than univalent, in character, exerting both risk-augmenting and risk-protective effects in a context-dependent manner. These observations suggest that heightened stress reactivity may reflect, not simply exaggerated arousal under challenge, but rather an increased biological sensitivity to context, with potential for negative health effects under conditions of adversity and positive effects under conditions of support and protection. From an evolutionary perspective, the developmental plasticity of the stress response systems, along with their structured, context-dependent effects, suggests that these systems may constitute conditional adaptations: evolved psychobiological mechanisms that monitor specific features of childhood environments as a basis for calibrating the development of stress response systems to adaptively match those environments. Taken together, these theoretical perspectives generate a novel hypothesis: that there is a curvilinear, U-shaped relation between early exposures to adversity and the development of stress-reactive profiles, with high reactivity phenotypes disproportionately emerging within both highly stressful and highly protected early social environments.

}, keywords = {Environment, Evolution, Molecular, Genetic Variation, Health, Human Development, Humans, Personality, Phenotype, Phylogeny, Stress, Physiological}, issn = {0954-5794}, author = {Boyce, W. T. and Ellis, B. J.} } @article {289, title = {Brief psychoeducational parenting program: an evaluation and 1-year follow-up.}, journal = {J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry}, volume = {42}, year = {2003}, month = {2003 Oct}, pages = {1171-8}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVE: Despite recognition of the need for parenting interventions to prevent childhood behavioral problems, few community programs have been evaluated. This report describes the randomized controlled evaluation of a four-session psychoeducational group for parents of preschoolers with behavior problems, delivered in community agencies.

METHOD: In 1998, 222 primary caregivers, recruited through community ads, filled out questionnaires on parenting practices and child behavior. Parents were randomly assigned to immediate intervention or a wait-list control. The intervention comprised three weekly group sessions and a 1-month booster, the focus being to support effective discipline (using the video 1-2-3 Magic) and to reduce parent-child conflict.

RESULTS: Using an intent-to-treat analysis, repeated-measures analyses of variance indicated that the parents who received the intervention reported significantly greater improvement in parenting practices and a significantly greater reduction in child problem behavior than the control group. The gains in positive parenting behaviors were maintained at 1-year follow-up in a subset of the experimental group.

CONCLUSIONS: This brief intervention program may be a useful first intervention for parents of young children with behavior problems, as it seems both acceptable and reasonably effective.

}, keywords = {Adult, Child Behavior Disorders, Child, Preschool, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Intervention Studies, Male, Parent-Child Relations, Parenting, Patient Education as Topic, Treatment Outcome, Waiting Lists}, issn = {0890-8567}, doi = {10.1097/00004583-200310000-00007}, author = {Bradley, Susan J and Jadaa, Darryle-Anne and Brody, Joel and Landy, Sarah and Tallett, Susan E and Watson, William and Shea, Barbara and Stephens, Derek} } @article {4251, title = {Beyond shared book reading: dimensions of home literacy and low-income African American preschoolers{\textquoteright} skills}, journal = {New Dir Child Adolesc Dev}, number = {92}, year = {2001}, note = {Britto, P R
Brooks-Gunn, J
eng
Clinical Trial
Randomized Controlled Trial
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
2001/07/27 10:00
New Dir Child Adolesc Dev. 2001 Summer;(92):73-89; discussion 91-8. doi: 10.1002/cd.16.}, month = {Summer}, pages = {73-89; discussion 91-8}, keywords = {*Language Development, *Reading, *Social Environment, Adolescent, African Americans/*psychology, Child, Preschool, Early Intervention (Education), Female, Humans, Male, Poverty/*psychology, Pregnancy, Pregnancy in Adolescence/psychology, Risk Factors}, isbn = {1520-3247 (Print)
1520-3247 (Linking)}, author = {Britto, P. R. and Brooks-Gunn, J.} } @article {292, title = {Beyond shared book reading: dimensions of home literacy and low-income African American preschoolers{\textquoteright} skills.}, journal = {New Dir Child Adolesc Dev}, year = {2001}, month = {2001 Summer}, pages = {73-89; discussion 91-8}, keywords = {Adolescent, African Americans, Child, Preschool, Early Intervention (Education), Female, Humans, Language Development, Male, Poverty, Pregnancy, Pregnancy in Adolescence, Reading, Risk Factors, Social Environment}, issn = {1520-3247}, doi = {10.1002/cd.16}, author = {Britto, P. R. and Brooks-Gunn, J.} } @inbook {569, title = {The Bioecological Model of Human Development (6th edition)}, booktitle = {Handbook of Child Psychology, Theoretical Models of Human Development}, volume = {1}, year = {2006}, pages = {793-828}, publisher = {Wiley}, organization = {Wiley}, address = {Hoboken, NJ}, isbn = {9780471756040}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9780470147658.chpsy0114/abstract}, author = {U. Brofenbrenner and P.A. Morris}, editor = {Damon, W. and Lerner, R.M.} } @article {320, title = {The biochemistry of love: an oxytocin hypothesis.}, journal = {EMBO Rep}, volume = {14}, year = {2013}, month = {2013 Jan}, pages = {12-6}, keywords = {Feedback, Physiological, Female, Gene Expression, Heart, Humans, Love, Male, Mental Health, Oxytocin, Receptors, Oxytocin, Sex, Sexual Behavior, Social Distance, Stress, Physiological, Vasopressins}, issn = {1469-3178}, doi = {10.1038/embor.2012.191}, author = {Carter, C. S. and Porges, S. W.} } @article {324, title = {Beyond individual war trauma: domestic violence against children in Afghanistan and Sri Lanka.}, journal = {J Marital Fam Ther}, volume = {34}, year = {2008}, month = {2008 Apr}, pages = {165-76}, abstract = {

To date, research on the psychosocial consequences of mass trauma resulting from war and organized violence on children has primarily focused on the individual as the unit of treatment and analysis with particular focus on mental disorders caused by traumatic stress. This body of research has stimulated the development of promising individual-level treatment approaches for addressing psychological trauma. In contrast, there is virtually no literature addressing the effects of mass trauma on the family and community systems. Research conducted in Sri Lanka and Afghanistan, two long-standing war-torn societies, found that in addition to multiple exposure to war or disaster-related traumatic events children also indicated high levels of exposure to family violence. These findings point to the need for conjoint family- and community-based programs of prevention and intervention that are specifically tailored for the context of the affected society. In particular, programs should take issues such as poverty, child labor, and parental alcohol use into account in assessing and treating children in the aftermath of mass trauma.

}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Afghanistan, Child, Child Abuse, Child Welfare, Domestic Violence, Female, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Parent-Child Relations, Risk Factors, Sri Lanka, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Stress, Psychological, War}, issn = {0194-472X}, doi = {10.1111/j.1752-0606.2008.00062.x}, author = {Catani, Claudia and Schauer, Elisabeth and Neuner, Frank} } @article {660, title = {Begin with the children: What research on Sesame Street{\textquoteright}s international coproductions reveals about using media to promote a new more peaceful world}, journal = {International Journal of Behavioral Development}, volume = {32}, number = {4}, year = {2008}, month = {July 1, 2008}, pages = {359-365}, abstract = {

For nearly four decades, Sesame Workshop has brought the joy of learning to the world\&$\#$39;s youngest citizens through the introduction of locally-produced coproductions of the preschool television series, Sesame Street. Many of these television shows have been specifically designed to forward important prosocial messages directly linked to the complex socio-political backdrop in which they are created. Focusing on recent projects in Israel, Palestine, Jordan, and Kosovo, this article reviews research on the educational effectiveness of these initiatives and highlights the ways in which study results provide information on best practices for media projects designed for children living in regions of conflict. The paper also reviews the strengths and weaknesses of various approaches and provides practical information on how difficult issues have been presented in an age-appropriate and culturally-relevant manner. By acknowledging the challenges inherent to producing media designed to effect attitudinal and behavior changes in places mired in ongoing conflict, these studies, when examined as a group, provide emerging evidence of the need for increasingly direct and specific media intervention efforts. Presenting these studies in light of the projects that they evaluate and the related socio-political circumstances offers a body of evidence suggesting the educational value of these media efforts and indicating a need for further study in this field.

}, doi = {10.1177/0165025408090977}, author = {Cole, C. F. and Labin, D. B. and del Rocio Galarza, M.} } @article {2791, title = {Biologic findings of post-traumatic stress disorder and child maltreatment}, journal = {Curr Psychiatry Rep}, volume = {5}, number = {2}, year = {2003}, note = {De Bellis, Michael D
Thomas, Lisa A
eng
5K08MH01324-02/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t
Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S.
Review
2003/04/11 05:00
Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2003 Jun;5(2):108-17.}, month = {Jun}, pages = {108-17}, abstract = {Child maltreatment is a serious problem in US society, affecting approximately three million children. Children and adolescents exposed to child abuse and neglect experience high rates of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In addition, they are at risk for comorbid mental illness. Biologic stress systems affected in trauma and in PTSD are complex. Findings in cognitive testing, neuroimaging, and affected pathways shed light on the consequences of child maltreatment. What is known about treatment and outcomes for children with history of maltreatment and maltreatment-related PTSD indicates the need for prevention, intervention, and treatment of children exposed to abuse and neglect. The following is a brief review of the most recent neurobiologic findings in child maltreatment and related PTSD.}, keywords = {Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/*metabolism, Aggression/psychology, Antisocial Personality Disorder/epidemiology/etiology, Aspartic Acid/*analogs \& derivatives/metabolism, Child, Child Abuse/*psychology/statistics \& numerical data, Cognition Disorders/epidemiology/etiology, Depressive Disorder/epidemiology, Humans, Hydrocortisone/*metabolism, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/*metabolism, Pituitary-Adrenal System/*metabolism, Serotonin/metabolism, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/epidemiology/*etiology/*metabolism, Suicide, Attempted/statistics \& numerical data}, isbn = {1523-3812 (Print)
1523-3812 (Linking)}, author = {De Bellis, M. D. and Thomas, L. A.} } @book {2651, title = {Blood Rites: Origins and History of the Passions of War}, year = {1998}, publisher = {Henry Holt and Company}, organization = {Henry Holt and Company}, isbn = {9780805057874}, url = {https://books.google.com/books?id=C2GM_xXM3pYC}, author = {Ehrenreich, B.} } @article {3021, title = {Beyond allostatic load: rethinking the role of stress in regulating human development}, journal = {Dev Psychopathol}, volume = {26}, number = {1}, year = {2014}, note = {Ellis, Bruce J
Del Giudice, Marco
eng
Review
2013/11/28 06:00
Dev Psychopathol. 2014 Feb;26(1):1-20. doi: 10.1017/S0954579413000849. Epub 2013 Nov 26.}, month = {Feb}, pages = {1-20}, abstract = {How do exposures to stress affect biobehavioral development and, through it, psychiatric and biomedical disorder? In the health sciences, the allostatic load model provides a widely accepted answer to this question: stress responses, while essential for survival, have negative long-term effects that promote illness. Thus, the benefits of mounting repeated biological responses to threat are traded off against costs to mental and physical health. The adaptive calibration model, an evolutionary-developmental theory of stress-health relations, extends this logic by conceptualizing these trade-offs as decision nodes in allocation of resources. Each decision node influences the next in a chain of resource allocations that become instantiated in the regulatory parameters of stress response systems. Over development, these parameters filter and embed information about key dimensions of environmental stress and support, mediating the organism{\textquoteright}s openness to environmental inputs, and function to regulate life history strategies to match those dimensions. Drawing on the adaptive calibration model, we propose that consideration of biological fitness trade-offs, as delineated by life history theory, is needed to more fully explain the complex relations between developmental exposures to stress, stress responsivity, behavioral strategies, and health. We conclude that the adaptive calibration model and allostatic load model are only partially complementary and, in some cases, support different approaches to intervention. In the long run, the field may be better served by a model informed by life history theory that addresses the adaptive role of stress response systems in regulating alternative developmental pathways.}, keywords = {Adaptation, Physiological/*physiology, Allostasis/*physiology, Child, Child Development/*physiology, Humans, Models, Theoretical, Stress, Physiological/*physiology, Stress, Psychological/*physiopathology}, isbn = {1469-2198 (Electronic)
0954-5794 (Linking)}, author = {Ellis, B. J. and Del Giudice, M.} } @article {3011, title = {Beyond mental health: an evolutionary analysis of development under risky and supportive environmental conditions: an introduction to the special section}, journal = {Dev Psychol}, volume = {48}, number = {3}, year = {2012}, note = {Ellis, Bruce J
Bjorklund, David F
eng
Introductory
2012/05/02 06:00
Dev Psychol. 2012 May;48(3):591-7. doi: 10.1037/a0027651.}, month = {May}, pages = {591-7}, abstract = {Evolutionary approaches to behavior have increasingly captured the attention and imagination of academics and laypeople alike. One part of this trend has been the increasing influence of evolutionary theory in developmental science. The articles in this special section of Developmental Psychology attempt to demonstrate why an evolutionary analysis is needed to more fully understand the contexts and contingencies of development. The 3 theoretical articles articulate the core evolutionary logic underlying conditional adaptation (and maladaptation) to both stressful and supportive environmental conditions over development. These theoretical articles are then followed by 9 empirical articles that test these evolutionary-developmental theories and hypotheses. Finally, 6 commentaries evaluate the prospects, pitfalls, and implications of this body of work.}, keywords = {*Biological Evolution, *Child Development, *Environment, Adaptation, Psychological/*physiology, Child, Humans, Psychological Theory, Psychology, Child}, isbn = {1939-0599 (Electronic)
0012-1649 (Linking)}, author = {Ellis, B. J. and Bjorklund, D. F.} } @article {5753, title = {Bullying and your child. What every parent needs to know and do}, year = {2017}, publisher = {European Network Against Bullying in Learning and Leisure Environments (ENABLE)}, keywords = {Bullying, cyberbullying, parenting support and education, social and emotional skill development}, url = {http://www.azzurro.it/sites/default/files/Bullying\%20and\%20your\%20child\%20\%28ENG\%29.pdf}, author = {ENABLE} } @article {7434, title = {Boosting Intergenerational Mobility: The Lasting Effects of Early Childhood Education on Skills and Social Mobility }, year = {2022}, publisher = {Heckman}, keywords = {Early childhood education, Perry Preschool program}, url = {https://heckmanequation.org/www/assets/2021/11/F_Heckman_Perry-2021_OnePager_092321.pdf?utm_source=The+Heckman+Equation\&utm_campaign=e7d978d77c-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2019_08_23_01_40_COPY_01\&utm_medium=email\&utm_term=0_861cad7111-e7d978d77c-456846769}, author = {Garc{\'\i}a, J.L. and Heckman, J.J. and Ronda, V.} } @article {6488, title = {Brain Matters. A ground-breaking documentary on the critical nature of the early years of life}, year = {2019}, publisher = {Genesis Foundation}, abstract = {

}, url = {https://brainmattersfilm.com/}, author = {GenesisFoundation} } @article {6258, title = {Breaking the silence on early child care and education costs}, year = {2019}, institution = {Economic Policy Institute}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {

}, keywords = {children, Cost of Child Care, early childhood, Education, Teacher pay, Wages}, url = {https://www.epi.org/publication/breaking-the-silence-on-early-child-care-and-education-costs-a-values-based-budget-for-children-parents-and-teachers-in-california/}, author = {Gould, E. and Whitebook, M. and Mokhiber, Z. and Austin, L.J.E.} } @article {6172, title = {Breastfeeding and family-friendly policies. An evidence brief}, year = {2019}, publisher = {UNICEF}, address = {New York, NY}, abstract = {

}, keywords = {breastfeeding, early childhood development, family-friendly policies, maternal physical and mental health}, url = {https://www.unicef.org/sites/default/files/2019-07/UNICEF-Breastfeeding-Family-Friendly\%20Policies-2019.pdf}, author = {Griswold, M. and Palmquist, A. and UNICEF} } @article {7490, title = {Bronfenbrenner{\textquoteright}s ecological systems theory}, journal = {Simple Psychology}, year = {2020}, month = {11/2020}, keywords = {Developmental psychology}, url = {https://www.simplypsychology.org/Bronfenbrenner.html}, author = {Guy-Evans, O.} } @article {6471, title = {The Brain Architects Podcast: COVID-19 Special Edition: A Different World}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Center for the Developing Child at Harvard University}, address = {Boston}, abstract = {In this first episode from a special COVID-19 series of The Brain Architects podcast, Center Director Jack P. Shonkoff, M.D. discusses the COVID-19 pandemic in the context of early childhood development. He offers advice to help ensure that adults and the children they care for don{\textquoteright}t experience the long-term effects of stress, and explains how society can work together to continue to support healthy development.}, keywords = {brain development, COVID-19, early childhood development}, url = {https://developingchild.harvard.edu/resources/the-brain-architects-podcast-covid-19-special-edition-a-different-world/?utm_source=announcement\&utm_medium=email\&utm_campaign=covid_podcast}, author = {HarvardCenterDevelopingChild} } @article {6173, title = {Business and family-friendly policies. An evidence brief}, year = {2019}, publisher = {UNICEF}, address = {New York, NY}, abstract = {

}, keywords = {breastfeeding, childcare support, early childhood development, employment policies, family-friendly policies, maternal physical and mental health, parental leave}, url = {https://www.unicef.org/sites/default/files/2019-07/UNICEF-Business-Family-Friendly-Policies-2019.pdf}, author = {Jayasekaran, S. and Kampfer, I. and Kip, C. and Knaak, B. and UNICEF} } @article {191, title = {Breastfeeding, brain activation to own infant cry, and maternal sensitivity.}, journal = {J Child Psychol Psychiatry}, volume = {52}, year = {2011}, month = {2011 Aug}, pages = {907-15}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: Research points to the importance of breastfeeding for promoting close mother-infant contact and social-emotional development. Recent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have identified brain regions related to maternal behaviors. However, little research has addressed the neurobiological mechanisms underlying the relationship between breastfeeding and maternal behavior in human mothers. We investigated the associations between breastfeeding, maternal brain response to own infant stimuli, and maternal sensitivity in the early postpartum.

METHODS: Seventeen biological mothers of healthy infants participated in two matched groups according to feeding method - exclusive breastfeeding and exclusive formula-feeding at 2-4 weeks postpartum. fMRI scanning was conducted in the first postpartum month to examine maternal brain activation in response to her own baby\&$\#$39;s cry versus control baby-cry. Dyadic interactions between mothers and infants at 3-4 months postpartum were videotaped in the home and blindly coded for maternal sensitivity.

RESULTS: In the first postpartum month, breastfeeding mothers showed greater activations in the superior frontal gyrus, insula, precuneus, striatum, and amygdala while listening to their own baby-cry as compared to formula-feeding mothers. For both breastfeeding and formula-feeding mothers, greater activations in the right superior frontal gyrus and amygdala were associated with higher maternal sensitivity at 3-4 months postpartum.

CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest links between breastfeeding and greater response to infant cues in brain regions implicated in maternal-infant bonding and empathy during the early postpartum. Such brain activations may facilitate greater maternal sensitivity as infants enter their social world.

}, keywords = {Adult, Amygdala, Brain Mapping, Breast Feeding, Connecticut, Corpus Striatum, Crying, Cues, Female, Frontal Lobe, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Maternal Behavior, Mother-Child Relations, Object Attachment, Postpartum Period}, issn = {1469-7610}, doi = {10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02406.x}, author = {Kim, P. and Feldman, R. and Mayes, L. C. and Eicher, V. and Thompson, N. and Leckman, J. F. and Swain, J. E.} } @book {542, title = {Blackwell Handbook of Early Childhood Development}, year = {2006}, pages = {680}, publisher = {Wiley}, organization = {Wiley}, abstract = {

The Blackwell Handbook of Early Childhood Development presents a comprehensive summary of research into child development from age two to seven.

}, isbn = {9781405120739}, url = {http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-1405120738.html}, author = {McCartney, K. and Phillips, D.} } @article {432, title = {Brain on stress: how the social environment gets under the skin.}, journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A}, volume = {109 Suppl 2}, year = {2012}, month = {2012 Oct 16}, pages = {17180-5}, abstract = {

Stress is a state of the mind, involving both brain and body as well as their interactions; it differs among individuals and reflects not only major life events but also the conflicts and pressures of daily life that alter physiological systems to produce a chronic stress burden that, in turn, is a factor in the expression of disease. This burden reflects the impact of not only life experiences but also genetic variations and individual health behaviors such as diet, physical activity, sleep, and substance abuse; it also reflects stable epigenetic modifications in development that set lifelong patterns of physiological reactivity and behavior through biological embedding of early environments interacting with cumulative change from experiences over the lifespan. Hormones associated with the chronic stress burden protect the body in the short run and promote adaptation (allostasis), but in the long run, the burden of chronic stress causes changes in the brain and body that can lead to disease (allostatic load and overload). Brain circuits are plastic and remodeled by stress to change the balance between anxiety, mood control, memory, and decision making. Such changes may have adaptive value in particular contexts, but their persistence and lack of reversibility can be maladaptive. However, the capacity of brain plasticity to effects of stressful experiences in adult life has only begun to be explored along with the efficacy of top-down strategies for helping the brain change itself, sometimes aided by pharmaceutical agents and other treatments.

}, keywords = {Allostasis, Brain, Child, Glucocorticoids, Hippocampus, Humans, Models, Neurological, Models, Psychological, Neuronal Plasticity, Social Conditions, Social Environment, Stress, Physiological, Stress, Psychological}, issn = {1091-6490}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.1121254109}, author = {McEwen, Bruce S} } @article {594, title = {Building a generation of reconciliation: The role of early childhood development in peace building}, year = {2009}, address = {Istanbul, Turkey}, author = {MotherChildEducationFoundation and A{\c C}EV} } @article {867, title = {Building resiliency in families with young children exposed to violence: The safe start initiative pilot study}, journal = {Best Practice in Mental Health}, volume = {8}, year = {2008}, chapter = {48}, abstract = {

This study investigated the relationship between risk and protective factors among families with young children who have been exposed to violence and Safe Start treatment outcomes as measured by the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form. Three groups of clients receiving different interventions were studied over the course of two years to investigate changes in parental stress and parent-child interaction. The results suggest that the groups differed in number of needs and protective factors and that these differences were strong predictors of variation in Parenting Stress Index-Short Form scores. Based on this finding, we conclude that families with higher levels of stress require immediate attention and support in linking with services that promote resiliency by reducing parental stress.

}, keywords = {parental stress, Safe Start, violence exposure}, url = {http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/31545478/building-resiliency-families-young-children-exposed-violence-safe-start-initiative-pilot-study}, author = {Ortega, S. and Beauchemin, A. and Kaniskan, R.B.} } @book {545, title = {The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature}, year = {2003}, publisher = {Penguin Publishing Group}, organization = {Penguin Publishing Group}, abstract = {

Our conceptions of human nature affect every aspect of our lives, from the way we raise our children to the political movements we embrace. Yet just as science is bringing us into a golden age of understanding human nature, many people are hostile to the very idea. They fear that discoveries about innate patterns of thinking and feeling may be used to justify inequality, to subvert social change, to dissolve personal responsibility, and to strip life of meaning and purpose. In The Blank Slate, Steven Pinker, bestselling author of The Language Instinct and How the Mind Works, explores the idea of human nature and its moral, emotional, and political colorings. He shows how many intellectuals have denied the existence of human nature by embracing three linked dogmas: the Blank Slate (the mind has no innate traits), the Noble Savage (people are born good and corrupted by society), and the Ghost in the Machine (each of us has a soul that makes choices free from biology). Each dogma carries a moral burden, so their defenders have engaged in desperate tactics to discredit the scientists who are now challenging them. Pinker injects calm and rationality into these debates by showing that equality, progress, responsibility, and purpose have nothing to fear from discoveries about a rich human nature. He disarms even the most menacing threats with clear thinking, common sense, and pertinent facts from science and history. Despite its popularity among intellectuals during much of the twentieth century, he argues, the doctrine of the Blank Slate may have done more harm than good. It denies our common humanity and our individual preferences, replaces hardheaded analyses of social problems with feel-good slogans, and distorts our understanding of government, violence, parenting, and the arts. Pinker shows that an acknowledgment of human nature that is grounded in science and common sense, far from being dangerous, can complement insights about the human condition made by millennia of artists and philosophers. All this is done in the style that earned his previous books many prizes and worldwide acclaim: wit, lucidity, and insight into matters great and small.

}, isbn = {9781101200322}, url = {http://emilkirkegaard.dk/en/wp-content/uploads/Steven-Pinker-The-Blank-Slate-The-Modern-Denial-of-Human-Nature.pdf}, author = {Pinker, S.} } @article {6382, title = {Breaking the Cycle of Intergenerational Violence: The Promise of Psychosocial Interventions to Address Children{\textquoteright}s Exposure to Violence}, year = {2020}, institution = {Promundo}, keywords = {intergenerational violence, psychosocial interventions, violence exposure, violence prevention}, url = {https://promundoglobal.org/resources/breaking-the-cycle-of-intergenerational-violence-the-promise-of-psychosocial-interventions-to-address-childrens-exposure-to-violence/$\#$}, author = {Promundo} } @article {396, title = {A brief primary care intervention helps parents develop plans to discipline.}, journal = {Pediatrics}, volume = {125}, year = {2010}, month = {2010 Feb}, pages = {e242-9}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVE: The objective was to determine if a primary care intervention can help caregivers develop appropriate methods of discipline.

PATIENTS AND METHODS: A randomized, controlled trial was conducted in a pediatric primary care clinic. Consecutive English- or Spanish-speaking caregivers of 1- to 5-year-old children were randomly assigned (1:1 ratio) at triage. Members of the intervention group (n = 130) were instructed (ie, required) to view at least 4 strategies of their choosing for responding to childhood aggression in the Play Nicely educational program; Spanish-speaking caregivers viewed the Spanish edition. The intervention duration was 5 to 10 minutes. Those in the control group (n = 129) received standard care. At the end of the clinic visit, 258 of 259 caregivers (99.6\%) consented to participate in a brief personal interview. The key measure was whether caregivers were helped in their plans to discipline, defined as a caregiver who could verbalize an appropriate change in how they would discipline their child in the future.

RESULTS: Overall, caregivers in the intervention group were 12 times more likely to have been helped in developing methods of discipline compared with caregivers in the control group (83\% vs 7\%; P \< .001). Within this group, Spanish-speaking caregivers (n = 59) in the intervention group were 8 times more likely to have been helped compared with those in the control group (91\% vs 12\%; P \< .001). Caregivers in the intervention group were more likely than caregivers in the control group to report that they planned to do less spanking (9\% vs 0\%; P \< .001).

CONCLUSIONS: A brief, required, primary care intervention helps English- and Spanish-speaking caregivers develop appropriate methods of discipline. The findings have implications for violence prevention, child abuse prevention, and how to incorporate counseling about childhood aggression and discipline into the well-child care visit.

}, keywords = {Caregivers, Child Behavior, Child Rearing, Child, Preschool, Counseling, Female, Health Education, Humans, Infant, Infant Behavior, Male, Parent-Child Relations, Parenting, Physician{\textquoteright}s Role, Play and Playthings, Primary Health Care, Videotape Recording}, issn = {1098-4275}, doi = {10.1542/peds.2009-0874}, author = {Scholer, Seth J and Hudnut-Beumler, Julia and Dietrich, Mary S} } @article {621, title = {Best Practices for Parent Education: Programs Seeking to Prevent Child Abuse}, year = {2003}, institution = {North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension Service}, address = {Raleigh, North Caroline}, url = {http://npen.org/pdfs/BestPra.pdf}, author = {L. C. Shannon} } @article {203, title = {Building a new biodevelopmental framework to guide the future of early childhood policy.}, journal = {Child Dev}, volume = {81}, year = {2010}, month = {2010 Jan-Feb}, pages = {357-67}, abstract = {

Four decades of early childhood policy and program development indicate that evidence-based interventions can improve life outcomes, and dramatic advances in the biological and behavioral sciences now provide an opportunity to augment those impacts. The challenge of reducing the gap between what we know and what we do to promote the healthy development of young children is to view current best practices as a starting point and to leverage scientific concepts to inspire fresh thinking. This article offers an integrated, biodevelopmental framework to promote greater understanding of the antecedents and causal pathways that lead to disparities in health, learning, and behavior in order to inform the development of enhanced theories of change to drive innovation in policies and programs.

}, keywords = {Child, Child Development, Health Policy, Health Promotion, Health Status Disparities, Humans, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Psychological Theory}, issn = {1467-8624}, doi = {10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01399.x}, author = {Shonkoff, Jack P} } @article {3131, title = {Birth preparedness and place of birth in Tandahimba district, Tanzania: what women prepare for birth, where they go to deliver, and why}, journal = {BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, year = {2016}, pages = {165}, type = {journal article}, abstract = {As making preparations for birth and health facility delivery are behaviours linked to positive maternal and newborn health outcomes, we aimed to describe what birth preparations were made, where women delivered, and why.}, isbn = {1471-2393}, author = {Tancred, Tara and Marchant, Tanya and Hanson, Claudia and Schellenberg, Joanna and Manzi, Fatuma} } @article {6032, title = {Building better brains: New frontiers in Early Childhood Development}, year = {2014}, institution = {UNICEF}, address = {New York City}, keywords = {early childhood development, neuroscience}, url = {http://www.unicef.cn/en/uploadfile/2015/0319/20150319103627793.pdf}, author = {UNICEF} } @article {5787, title = {Best of UNICEF research 2017. Miscellanea UNICEF Office of Research - Innocenti, Florence}, year = {2017}, institution = {UNICEF}, address = {Florence, Italy}, keywords = {child protection, development research, disabled children, Education, evaluation research, Health, participatory research, Research, research methods}, url = {https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/927-best-of-unicef-research-2017.html}, author = {UNICEF} } @article {5759, title = {Beyond borders: How to make the global compacts on migration and refugees work for uprooted children}, year = {2017}, pages = {1-56}, institution = {United Nations Children{\textquoteright}s Fund (UNICEF)}, address = {New York, NY}, keywords = {Displacement, refugees and migrants}, isbn = { 978-92-806-4933-8 }, url = {https://www.unicef.org/publications/index_101735.html}, author = {UNICEF} } @article {5945, title = {Best practices and specific measures to ensure access to birth registration, particularly for those children most at risk*}, year = {2018}, address = {United States}, url = {http://undocs.org/A/HRC/39/30}, author = {UnitedNationsGeneralAssembly} } @article {3271, title = {Burundi: Population-based Survey on Peace and Education}, year = {2015}, url = {http://s3.amazonaws.com/inee-assets/resources/Population-Based_Survey_on_Peace_and_Education_-_Burundi.pdf}, author = {Vinck, P. and Pham, P. N. and HarvardHumanitarianInitiative} } @article {7167, title = {A bioecocultural approach to supporting adolescent mothers and their young children in conflict-affected contexts}, journal = {Development and Psychopathology}, year = {2021}, month = {Jan-02-2021}, pages = {1 - 13}, keywords = {2030 Sustainable Development Goals, advocacy and social policy, early childhood development, parenting programs, peacebuilding}, issn = {0954-5794}, doi = {10.1017/S095457942000156X}, url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S095457942000156X/type/journal_articlehttps://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S095457942000156X}, author = {Wuermli, Alice J. and Yoshikawa, Hirokazu and Hastings, Paul D.} }