@article {164, title = {Mental health and childhood adversities: a longitudinal study in Kabul, Afghanistan.}, journal = {J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry}, volume = {50}, year = {2011}, month = {2011 Apr}, pages = {349-63}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVE: To identify prospective predictors of mental health in Kabul, Afghanistan.

METHOD: Using stratified random-sampling in schools, mental health and life events for 11-to 16-year-old students and their caregivers were assessed. In 2007, 1 year after baseline, the retention rate was 64\% (n = 115 boys, 119 girls, 234 adults) with no evidence of selection bias. Self- and caregiver-rated child mental health (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire), depressive (Depression Self-Rating Scale), and posttraumatic stress (Child Revised Impact of Events Scale) symptoms and caregiver mental health (Self-Report Questionnaire) were assessed. Lifetime trauma and past-year traumatic, stressful, and protective experiences were assessed.

RESULTS: With the exception of posttraumatic stress, one-year trajectories for all mental health outcomes showed significant improvement (p \< .001). Family violence had a striking impact on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire data, raising caregiver-rated scores by 3.14 points (confidence interval [CI] 2.21-4.08) or half a standard deviation, and self-rated scores by 1.26 points (CI 0.50-2.03); past-year traumatic beatings independently raised self-rated scores by 1.85 points (CI 0.03-3.66). A major family conflict raised depression scores by 2.75 points (CI 0.89-4.61), two thirds of a standard deviation, whereas improved family life had protective effects. Posttraumatic stress symptom scores, however, were solely contingent on lifetime trauma, with more than three events raising scores by 5.38 points (CI 1.76-9.00).

CONCLUSIONS: Family violence predicted changes in mental health problems other than posttraumatic stress symptoms in a cohort that showed resilience to substantial socioeconomic and war-related stressors. The importance of prospectively identifying impacts of specific types of childhood adversities on mental health outcomes is highlighted to strengthen evidence on key modifiable factors for intervention in war-affected populations.

}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Afghan Campaign 2001-, Afghanistan, Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depressive Disorder, Developing Countries, Domestic Violence, Family Conflict, Female, Humans, Life Change Events, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Mental Disorders, Personality Assessment, Psychometrics, Psychosocial Deprivation, Resilience, Psychological, Risk Factors, Social Environment, Socioeconomic Factors, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic}, issn = {1527-5418}, doi = {10.1016/j.jaac.2010.12.001}, author = {Panter-Brick, C. and Goodman, A. and Tol, W. and Eggerman, M.} } @article {197, title = {Practitioner review: Engaging fathers--recommendations for a game change in parenting interventions based on a systematic review of the global evidence.}, journal = {J Child Psychol Psychiatry}, volume = {55}, year = {2014}, month = {2014 Nov}, pages = {1187-212}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: Despite robust evidence of fathers{\textquoteright} impact on children and mothers, engaging with fathers is one of the least well-explored and articulated aspects of parenting interventions. It is therefore critical to evaluate implicit and explicit biases manifested in current approaches to research, intervention, and policy.

METHODS: We conducted a systematic database and a thematic hand search of the global literature on parenting interventions. Studies were selected from Medline, Psychinfo, SSCI, and Cochrane databases, and from gray literature on parenting programs, using multiple search terms for parent, father, intervention, and evaluation. We tabulated single programs and undertook systematic quality coding to review the evidence base in terms of the scope and nature of data reporting.

RESULTS: After screening 786 nonduplicate records, we identified 199 publications that presented evidence on father participation and impact in parenting interventions. With some notable exceptions, few interventions disaggregate {\textquoteright}father{\textquoteright} or {\textquoteright}couple{\textquoteright} effects in their evaluation, being mostly driven by a focus on the mother-child dyad. We identified seven key barriers to engaging fathers in parenting programs, pertaining to cultural, institutional, professional, operational, content, resource, and policy considerations in their design and delivery.

CONCLUSIONS: Barriers to engaging men as parents work against father inclusion as well as father retention, and undervalue coparenting as contrasted with mothering. Robust evaluations of father participation and father impact on child or family outcomes are stymied by the ways in which parenting interventions are currently designed, delivered, and evaluated. Three key priorities are to engage fathers and coparenting couples successfully, to disaggregate process and impact data by fathers, mothers, and coparents, and to pay greater attention to issues of reach, sustainability, cost, equity, and scale-up. Clarity of purpose with respect to gender-differentiated and coparenting issues in the design, delivery, and evaluation of parenting programs will constitute a game change in this field.

}, keywords = {Fathers, Humans, Parenting, Psychotherapy, Research Design}, issn = {1469-7610}, doi = {10.1111/jcpp.12280}, author = {Panter-Brick, C. and Burgess, A. and Eggerman, M. and McAllister, F. and Pruett, K. and Leckman, J. F.} } @article {446, title = {Violence, suffering, and mental health in Afghanistan: a school-based survey.}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {374}, year = {2009}, month = {2009 Sep 5}, pages = {807-16}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: Studies in Afghanistan have shown substantial mental health problems in adults. We did a survey of young people (11-16 years old) in the country to assess mental health, traumatic experiences, and social functioning.

METHODS: In 2006, we interviewed 1011 children, 1011 caregivers, and 358 teachers, who were randomly sampled in 25 government-operated schools within three purposively chosen areas (Kabul, Bamyan, and Mazar-e-Sharif municipalities). We assessed probable psychiatric disorder and social functioning in students with the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire multi-informant (child, parent, teacher) ratings. We also used the Depression Self-Rating Scale and an Impact of Events Scale. We assessed caregiver mental health with both international and culturally-specific screening instruments (Self-Reported Questionnaire and Afghan Symptom Checklist). We implemented a checklist of traumatic events to examine the exposure to, and nature of, traumatic experiences. We analysed risk factors for mental health and reports of traumatic experiences.

FINDINGS: Trauma exposure and caregiver mental health were predictive across all child outcomes. Probable psychiatric ratings were associated with female gender (odds ratio [OR] 2.47, 95\% CI 1.65-3.68), five or more traumatic events (2.58, 1.36-4.90), caregiver mental health (1.11, 1.08-1.14), and residence areas (0.29, 0.17-0.51 for Bamyan and 0.37, 0.23-0.57 for Mazar-e-Sharif vs Kabul). The same variables predicted symptoms of depression. Two thirds of children reported traumatic experiences. Symptoms of post-traumatic stress were associated with five or more traumatic events (3.07, 1.78-5.30), caregiver mental health (1.06, 1.02-1.09), and child age (1.19, 1.04-1.36). Children\&$\#$39;s most distressing traumatic experiences included accidents, medical treatment, domestic and community violence, and war-related events.

INTERPRETATION: Young Afghans experience violence that is persistent and not confined to acts of war. Our study emphasises the value of school-based initiatives to address child mental health, and the importance of understanding trauma in the context of everyday forms of suffering, violence, and adversity.

FUNDING: Wellcome Trust.

}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Afghan Campaign 2001-, Afghanistan, Attitude to Health, Child, Child Welfare, Cross-Sectional Studies, Faculty, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Life Change Events, Male, Mental Disorders, Mental Health, Parents, Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Schools, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Violence}, issn = {1474-547X}, doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61080-1}, author = {Panter-Brick, C. and Eggerman, M. and Gonzalez, V. and Safdar, S.} } @article {447, title = {Social stressors, mental health, and physiological stress in an urban elite of young Afghans in Kabul}, journal = {Am J Hum Biol}, volume = {20}, year = {2008}, month = {2008 Nov-Dec}, pages = {627-41}, abstract = {

Afghanistan provides a unique setting in which to appraise psychosocial stress, given the context of persistent insecurity and widening economic inequality. In Kabul, people experience widespread frustrations, hinging on restricted opportunities for social advancement, education, and employment. We appraised social aspirations, every-day stressors, psychosocial distress, and mental health problems for a random sample of 161 male and female students at Kabul University. The survey featured both existing and newly-developed instruments (Self-Reported Questionnaire SRQ-20; Afghan Symptom Checklist; Afghan Daily Stressor Scale; and Social Aspirations and Frustrations), implementing both internationally-used and culturally-grounded measures of mental health assessment. We also included indicators of physical health (blood pressure, immune responses to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), C-reactive protein, and body mass index), to map physiological function with reported psychosocial distress. This young, urban elite expressed major feelings of frustrations, related to physical, economic, social, and political stressors of day-to-day life in Kabul. There were striking gender differences for psychosocial and physiological markers of wellbeing; specifically, women showed poorer mental health (SRQ-20, P = 0.01) and elevated EBV antibody titers (P = 0.003). Both diastolic blood pressure (P = 0.018) and EBV (P = 0.038) were associated with a subscale of family stressors among women, but not among men, consistent with women\&$\#$39;s social vulnerabilities to stressful family dynamics. This is the first study to integrate approaches from anthropology, cross-cultural psychiatry, and human biology to document social stressors, psychosocial distress, and physiological wellbeing in the challenging setting of present-day Afghanistan.

}, keywords = {Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Adult, Afghanistan, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, Cross-Sectional Studies, Epstein-Barr Virus Infections, Family Conflict, Female, Health Status Indicators, Humans, Hypertension, Male, Prevalence, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Sex Distribution, Social Class, Social Environment, Stress, Physiological, Stress, Psychological, Urban Population, Young Adult}, issn = {1520-6300}, doi = {10.1002/ajhb.20797}, author = {Panter-Brick, C. and Eggerman, M. and Mojadidi, A. and McDade, T. W.} } @article {448, title = {How might global health master deadly sins and strive for greater virtues?}, journal = {Glob Health Action}, volume = {7}, year = {2014}, month = {2014}, pages = {23411}, abstract = {

In the spirit of critical reflection, we examine how the field of global health might surmount current challenges and prioritize its ethical mandate, namely to achieve, for all people, equity in health. We use the parlance of mastering deadly sins and striving for greater virtues in an effort to review what is needed to transform global health action. Global health falls prey to four main temptations: coveting silo gains, lusting for technological solutions, leaving broad promises largely unfulfilled, and boasting of narrow successes. This necessitates a change of heart: to keep faith with the promise it made, global health requires a realignment of core values and a sharper focus on the primacy of relationships with the communities it serves. Based on the literature to date, we highlight six steps to re-orienting global health action. Articulating a coherent global health agenda will come from principled action, enacted through courage and prudence in decision-making to foster people-centered systems of care over the entire lifespan.

}, keywords = {Delivery of Health Care, Global Health, Health Status Disparities, Healthy People Programs, Humans}, issn = {1654-9880}, doi = {10.3402/gha.v7.23411}, author = {Panter-Brick, C. and Eggerman, M. and Tomlinson, M.} } @article {449, title = {Trauma memories, mental health, and resilience: a prospective study of Afghan youth.}, journal = {J Child Psychol Psychiatry}, volume = {56}, year = {2015}, month = {2015 Jul}, pages = {814-25}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: Studies of war-affected youth have not yet examined how trauma memories relate to prospective changes in mental health and to subjective or social experiences.

METHODS: We interviewed a gender-balanced, randomly selected sample of Afghan child-caregiver dyads (n = 331, two waves, 1 year apart). We assessed lifetime trauma with a Traumatic Event Checklist, past-year events with a checklist of risk and protective events, and several child mental health outcomes including posttraumatic distress (Child Revised Impact of Events Scale, CRIES) and depression. We examined the consistency of trauma recall over time, identified mental health trajectories with latent transition modeling, and assessed the predictors of posttraumatic distress and depression trajectories with multinomial logistic regressions.

RESULTS: From baseline to follow-up, reports of lifetime trauma significantly changed (p \≤ 0.01). A third of the cohort reported no trauma exposure; only 10\% identified the same event as their most distressing experience. We identified four CRIES trajectories: low or no distress (52\%), rising distress (15\%), declining distress (21\%), and sustained high distress (12\%). Youth with chronic posttraumatic distress were more likely to be girls (OR = 5.78, p \≤ 0.01), report more trauma exposure at baseline (OR = 1.55, p \≤ 0.05) and follow-up (OR = 5.96, p \≤ 0.01), and experience ongoing domestic violence (OR = 4.84, p \≤ 0.01). The risks of rising distress and sustained distress showed a steady increase for youth recalling up to four traumatic experiences. Depression and CRIES trajectories showed weak comorbidity.

CONCLUSIONS: Memories of violent events are malleable, embedded in social experiences, and present heterogeneous associations with posttraumatic distress. Our study provides insights on resilience and vulnerability to multiple adverse childhood experiences, highlighting research and clinical implications for understanding trauma in conflict-affected youth.

}, issn = {1469-7610}, doi = {10.1111/jcpp.12350}, author = {Panter-Brick, C. and Grimon, M. and Kalin, M. and Eggerman, M.} } @article {450, title = {Editorial Commentary: Resilience in child development--interconnected pathways to wellbeing.}, journal = {J Child Psychol Psychiatry}, volume = {54}, year = {2013}, month = {2013 Apr}, pages = {333-6}, keywords = {Child, Child Development, Child, Preschool, Cognition, Early Intervention (Education), Humans, Infant, Quality of Life, Resilience, Psychological, Social Adjustment}, issn = {1469-7610}, doi = {10.1111/jcpp.12057}, author = {Panter-Brick, C. and Leckman, J. F.} } @article {684, title = {Health, Risk, and Resilience: Interdisciplinary Concepts and Applications}, journal = {Annual Review of Anthropology, Vol 43Annual Review of Anthropology, Vol 43Annual Review of Anthropology, Vol 43}, volume = {43}, year = {2014}, note = {Bb9la
Times Cited:2
Cited References Count:84
Annual Review of Anthropology}, pages = {431-448}, abstract = {

Risk and resilience research articulates major explanatory frameworks regarding the persistence of health disparities. Specifically, scholars have advocated a sophisticated knowledge of risk, a more grounded understanding of resilience, and comprehensive and meaningful measurements of risk and resilience pathways across cultures. The goal is to operationalize research issues into sustainable health practice and equity-focused policy. This article synthesizes current understandings on risk and resilience from the lens of medical anthropology: It reviews key insights gained from the standpoint of cultural narratives, political economy, and life history theory, as well as current shortcomings. The emergent literature on health-related risk and resilience is breathing new life into collaboration and dialogue across diverse fields of research and policy.

}, keywords = {Child Development, child-development, conflict, context, culture, developmental origins, life history, mental-health, policy, political economy, prevention, public-health, Violence, youth}, isbn = {0084-6570}, doi = {10.1146/annurev-anthro-102313-025944}, author = {Panter-Brick, C.} } @article {5186, title = {Conflict, violence, and health: setting a new interdisciplinary agenda}, journal = {Soc Sci Med}, volume = {70}, number = {1}, year = {2010}, note = {Panter-Brick, Catherine
eng
Introductory
England
2009/11/26 06:00
Soc Sci Med. 2010 Jan;70(1):1-6. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.10.022. Epub 2009 Nov 22.}, month = {Jan}, pages = {1-6}, keywords = {*Conflict (Psychology), *Health Status, *Violence, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Risk Factors}, isbn = {1873-5347 (Electronic)
0277-9536 (Linking)}, author = {Panter-Brick, C.} } @article {5251, title = {Insecurity, distress and mental health: experimental and randomized controlled trials of a psychosocial intervention for youth affected by the Syrian crisis}, journal = {J Child Psychol Psychiatry}, volume = {59}, number = {5}, year = {2018}, note = {Panter-Brick, Catherine
Dajani, Rana
Eggerman, Mark
Hermosilla, Sabrina
Sancilio, Amelia
Ager, Alastair
eng
Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom
T32 MH096724/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/
England
2017/10/03 06:00
J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2018 May;59(5):523-541. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.12832. Epub 2017 Oct 2.}, month = {May}, pages = {523-541}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Strengthening the evidence base for humanitarian interventions that provide psychosocial support to war-affected youth is a key priority. We tested the impacts of an 8-week programme of structured activities informed by a profound stress attunement (PSA) framework (Advancing Adolescents), delivered in group-format to 12-18 year-olds in communities heavily affected by the Syrian crisis. We included both Syrian refugee and Jordanian youth. METHODS: We followed an experimental design, comparing treatment youth and wait-list controls over two programme implementation cycles, randomizing to study arm in cycle 2 (ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT03012451). We measured insecurity, distress, mental health difficulties, prosocial behaviour and post-traumatic stress symptoms at three time-points: baseline (n = 817 youth; 55\% Syrian, 43\% female), postintervention (n = 463; 54\% Syrian, 47\% female), and follow-up (n = 212, 58\% Syrian, 43\% female). Regression models assessed: prospective intervention impacts, adjusting for baseline scores, trauma exposure, age, and gender; differential impacts across levels of trauma exposure and activity-based modality; and sustained recovery 1 year later. We analysed cycle-specific and cycle-pooled data for youth exclusively engaged in Advancing Adolescents and for the intent-to-treat sample. RESULTS: We found medium to small effect sizes for all psychosocial outcomes, namely Human Insecurity (beta = -7.04 (95\% CI: -10.90, -3.17), Cohen{\textquoteright}s d = -0.4), Human Distress (beta = -5.78 (-9.02, -2.54), d = -0.3), and Perceived Stress (beta = -1.92 (-3.05, -0.79), d = -0.3); and two secondary mental health outcomes (AYMH: beta = -3.35 (-4.68, -2.02), d = -0.4; SDQ: beta = -1.46 (-2.42, -0.50), d = -0.2). We found no programme impacts for prosocial behaviour or post-traumatic stress reactions. Beneficial impacts were stronger for youth with exposure to four trauma events or more. While symptoms alleviated for both intervention and control groups over time, there were sustained effects of the intervention on Human Insecurity. CONCLUSIONS: Findings strengthen the evidence base for mental health and psychosocial programming for a generation affected by conflict and forced displacement. We discuss implications for programme implementation and evaluation research.}, keywords = {evaluation, forced displacement, implementation science, Mental health and psychosocial support, Refugees, War}, isbn = {1469-7610 (Electronic)
0021-9630 (Linking)}, author = {Panter-Brick, C. and Dajani, R. and Eggerman, M. and Hermosilla, S. and Sancilio, A. and Ager, A.} } @article {5256, title = {The field of medical anthropology in Social Science \& Medicine}, journal = {Soc Sci Med}, volume = {196}, year = {2018}, note = {Panter-Brick, Catherine
Eggerman, Mark
eng
Historical Article
Review
England
2017/11/16 06:00
Soc Sci Med. 2018 Jan;196:233-239. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.10.033. Epub 2017 Oct 31.}, month = {Jan}, pages = {233-239}, abstract = {Conceptually and methodologically, medical anthropology is well-positioned to support a "big-tent" research agenda on health and society. It fosters approaches to social and structural models of health and wellbeing in ways that are critically reflective, cross-cultural, people-centered, and transdisciplinary. In this review article, we showcase these four main characteristics of the field, as featured in Social Science \& Medicine over the last fifty years, highlighting their relevance for an international and interdisciplinary readership. First, the practice of critical inquiry in ethnographies of health offers a deep appreciation of sociocultural viewpoints when recording and interpreting lived experiences and contested social worlds. Second, medical anthropology champions cross-cultural breadth: it makes explicit local understandings of health experiences across different settings, using a fine-grained, comparative approach to develop a stronger global platform for the analysis of health-related concerns. Third, in offering people-centered views of the world, anthropology extends the reach of critical enquiry to the lived experiences of hard-to-reach population groups, their structural vulnerabilities, and social agency. Finally, in developing research at the nexus of cultures, societies, biologies, and health, medical anthropologists generate new, transdisciplinary conversations on the body, mind, person, community, environment, prevention, and therapy. As featured in this journal, scholarly contributions in medical anthropology seek to debate human health and wellbeing from many angles, pushing forward methodology, social theory, and health-related practice.}, keywords = {Anthropology, Medical/*history, Biology, Ethnography, Health, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Humans, Interdisciplinary, Medical anthropology, Periodicals as Topic/*history, Social Medicine/*history, Social Sciences/*history, Theory}, isbn = {1873-5347 (Electronic)
0277-9536 (Linking)}, author = {Panter-Brick, C. and Eggerman, M.} } @article {5919, title = {Practitioner review: Engaging fathers--recommendations for a game change in parenting interventions based on a systematic review of the global evidence}, journal = {J Child Psychol PsychiatryJ Child Psychol PsychiatryJ Child Psychol Psychiatry}, volume = {55}, number = {11}, year = {2014}, note = {1469-7610
Panter-Brick, Catherine
Burgess, Adrienne
Eggerman, Mark
McAllister, Fiona
Pruett, Kyle
Leckman, James F
Journal Article
Review
Systematic Review
England
J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2014 Nov;55(11):1187-212. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.12280. Epub 2014 Jul 1.}, month = {Nov}, pages = {1187-212}, edition = {2014/07/02}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Despite robust evidence of fathers{\textquoteright} impact on children and mothers, engaging with fathers is one of the least well-explored and articulated aspects of parenting interventions. It is therefore critical to evaluate implicit and explicit biases manifested in current approaches to research, intervention, and policy. METHODS: We conducted a systematic database and a thematic hand search of the global literature on parenting interventions. Studies were selected from Medline, Psychinfo, SSCI, and Cochrane databases, and from gray literature on parenting programs, using multiple search terms for parent, father, intervention, and evaluation. We tabulated single programs and undertook systematic quality coding to review the evidence base in terms of the scope and nature of data reporting. RESULTS: After screening 786 nonduplicate records, we identified 199 publications that presented evidence on father participation and impact in parenting interventions. With some notable exceptions, few interventions disaggregate {\textquoteright}father{\textquoteright} or {\textquoteright}couple{\textquoteright} effects in their evaluation, being mostly driven by a focus on the mother-child dyad. We identified seven key barriers to engaging fathers in parenting programs, pertaining to cultural, institutional, professional, operational, content, resource, and policy considerations in their design and delivery. CONCLUSIONS: Barriers to engaging men as parents work against father inclusion as well as father retention, and undervalue coparenting as contrasted with mothering. Robust evaluations of father participation and father impact on child or family outcomes are stymied by the ways in which parenting interventions are currently designed, delivered, and evaluated. Three key priorities are to engage fathers and coparenting couples successfully, to disaggregate process and impact data by fathers, mothers, and coparents, and to pay greater attention to issues of reach, sustainability, cost, equity, and scale-up. Clarity of purpose with respect to gender-differentiated and coparenting issues in the design, delivery, and evaluation of parenting programs will constitute a game change in this field.}, keywords = {*Fathers, *Parenting, *Psychotherapy, Child Development, coparent, Family, father involvement, Humans, prevention, Research Design, Research Design/*standards, Violence}, isbn = {0021-9630}, author = {Panter-Brick, C. and Burgess, A. and Eggerman, M. and McAllister, F. and Pruett, K. and Leckman, J. F.} } @article {5920, title = {Editorial Commentary: Resilience in child development--interconnected pathways to wellbeing}, journal = {J Child Psychol PsychiatryJ Child Psychol PsychiatryJ Child Psychol Psychiatry}, volume = {54}, number = {4}, year = {2013}, note = {1469-7610
Panter-Brick, Catherine
Leckman, James F
Editorial
Introductory Journal Article
England
J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2013 Apr;54(4):333-6. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.12057.}, month = {Apr}, pages = {333-6}, edition = {2013/03/23}, keywords = {*Child Development, *Resilience, Psychological, Child, Child, Preschool, Cognition, Early Intervention (Education), Humans, Infant, Quality of Life/*psychology, Social Adjustment}, isbn = {0021-9630}, author = {Panter-Brick, C. and Leckman, J. F.} } @inbook {7390, title = { Resilience humanitarianism and peacebuilding}, booktitle = {Multisystemic resilience: Adaptation and transformation in contexts of change}, year = {2021}, pages = {361-74}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, organization = {Oxford University Press}, chapter = { Resilience humanitarianism and peacebuilding}, keywords = {crisis, culture, Health, humanitarian action, Interventions, partnerships, peacebuilding, political economy, structural resilience, transformation}, url = {https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/oso/9780190095888.001.0001/oso-9780190095888-chapter-20}, author = {Panter-Brick, C. and Ungar, M.} }