@article {2741,
	title = {Cooperation beyond the dyad: on simple models and a complex society},
	journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences},
	volume = {365},
	number = {1553},
	year = {2010},
	month = {2010-09-12 },
	pages = {2687-2697},
	abstract = {Players in Axelrod and Hamilton{\textquoteright}s model of cooperation were not only in a Prisoner{\textquoteright}s Dilemma, but by definition, they were also trapped in a dyad. But animals are rarely so restricted and even the option to interact with third parties allows individuals to escape from the Prisoner{\textquoteright}s Dilemma into a much more interesting and varied world of cooperation, from the apparently rare {\textquoteleft}parcelling{\textquoteright} to the widespread phenomenon of market effects. Our understanding of by-product mutualism, pseudo-reciprocity and the snowdrift game is also enriched by thinking {\textquoteleft}beyond the dyad{\textquoteright}. The concepts of by-product mutualism and pseudo-reciprocity force us to think again about our basic definitions of cooperative behaviour (behaviour by a single individual) and cooperation (the outcome of an interaction between two or more individuals). Reciprocity is surprisingly rare outside of humans, even among large-brained {\textquoteleft}intelligent{\textquoteright} birds and mammals. Are humans unique in having extensive cooperative interactions among non-kin and an integrated cognitive system for mediating reciprocity? Perhaps, but our best chance for finding a similar phenomenon may be in delphinids, which also live in large societies with extensive cooperative interactions among non-relatives. A system of nested male alliances in bottlenose dolphins illustrates the potential and difficulties of finding a complex system of cooperation close to our own.},
	doi = {10.1098/rstb.2010.0150},
	url = {http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/365/1553/2687.full.pdf},
	author = {Connor, Richard C.}
}
