@article {211,
	title = {The relationships between personality traits and plasma gastrin, cholecystokinin, somatostatin, insulin, and oxytocin levels in healthy women.},
	journal = {J Psychosom Res},
	volume = {37},
	year = {1993},
	month = {1993 Sep},
	pages = {581-8},
	abstract = {<p>In earlier studies performed on a group of women with gastrointestinal symptoms, significant positive correlations between the gastrointestinal hormone gastrin and anxiety, and a negative correlation with socialization were obtained. These and other relationships were tested on 33 healthy women. A comprehensive and concise statistical model was used for the analysis of correlations between, on one hand, the levels of oxytocin and the gastrointestinal hormones gastrin, cholecystokinin, somatostatin and insulin, and, on the other hand, personality traits. Almost all explained variance of the hormone levels could be referred to three personality trait factors, Anxiety, Aggressive non-conformity, and Detachment. The statistical explanation of the gastrin level variance was most successful, the three personality trait factors explaining 48\% of this variance. Gastrin \&quot;increased\&quot; Anxiety while reducing Aggressive non-conformity and Detachment. A similar pattern for insulin was also reliable. Considering general trends, the negative correlations between all hormones and Detachment are interesting. Present data suggest that there is a psychoendocrinological antithesis to the fight-flight individual, characterized by high activity in the sympathoadrenal system: these contrasting persons, with high levels of the gastrointestinal hormones gastrin and insulin, tend to be warm and caring and non-aggressive--but often not free from anxiety. We do not think that the demonstrated associations between hormone levels and personality traits implicate a direct causal relationship. They rather may mirror the activity of centrally acting or hypothalamic control systems which influence both behavioural and endocrine profiles.</p>
},
	keywords = {Adult, Cholecystokinin, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Gastrins, Hormones, Humans, Insulin, Middle Aged, Oxytocin, Personality, Reference Values, Somatostatin},
	issn = {0022-3999},
	author = {Uvn{\"a}s-Moberg, K. and Arn, I. and Jonsson, C. O. and Ek, S. and Nilsonne, A.}
}
